Book Oct 10, 2024 PDF

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Renaissance (REH nuh sahns), which They wanted to buy and then resell Asian means "rebirth." Ct began in Italy and goods such as silks and spices. Soon trad-., Lhen spread across Europe. crs from Europe began traveling the long, Johannes Gutenberg helped with this difficult land routes to Asia. To reach Asia, spread of ideas by d eveloping a printing they had to cross mountains and deserts. press in the 1450s. Before thls time, most At the time, no Europeans had trav- books were hand-written. The new print- eled to Asia by sea. Th':_Y had no maps ing press made it faster to print books. that showed the world co;rectly.-Sailors Marco Polo and Trade with Asia also lacked the technology, the scientific knowledge and tools, needed for such -- - One of the most popular books during along trip. Sailors and scientists began the Renaissance was The Travels of Marco · working to solve these problems. Polo. Wri ttcn almost 200 years earlier, it READING CHECK eMAIN IDEA AND DETAILS tells of Marco Polo's voyage to Cathay, as China was then called. Europeans were What kept Europeans from sailing to Asia? Chapter 3 111  This tool helped sailors try to find their The World Awaits latitude, or distance north or south of the In 1418, Prince Henry of Portugal helped equator. solve some of these problems by opening These and other developments made a school of navigation. Navigation is the ocean exploration possible. Portuguese science of planning and following a route. ships began making expeditions in search The aim of his school was to make better of a sea route to Asia..An expedition ships, maps, and tools for navigation. is a trip taken with the goal of explor- ing. Prince Henry believed that the most New Technology direct sea route to Asia from Europe At the school, sailors learned how to would be to sail south around Africa sail a new kind of ship called a caravel. and then e~st across the Indian Ocean. In This Jong, narrow ship could carry more time, the Portuguese found this route. goods than earlier ships. It could also sail quickly over long distances. A New View of the World Mapmakers at Prince Henry's school Europeans knew about Asia because read the journals of early explorers. They of Marco Polo's book and because of read about bodies of water and land trade. Traders had long oeen using the shapes. Using these details, they drew Silk Road-an ancient land route between better maps. China and Italy. At this time, Europeans To keep their ships going in the right knew all of Asia as "the Indies." direction, sailors needed navigational Europeans also traveled to Africa. They tools. Prince Henry hired scientists to traded with merchants in North African improve two of these tools-the compass cities such as Gao (GOW), Timbuktu and the astrolabe. Sailors used the com- (tim buhk TOO), and Jenne Ueh NAY). pass to help them find their longitude, or These cities were the centers of rich distance east or west of the prime merid- empires. An empire is made up of lands ian. They used the a strolabe to figure out ruled by the nation that won control the positions of the sun, moon, and stars. of them.  h"\,';; Eur~.l ~c1rts had any idea that there \\'hile hunting and fishing in the v. AN EARLY MAP This map was made in 1482, using information from ancient ) times. It shows only Europe, Africa, and Asia. around Africa. However, Columbus could The Business of not prove this until he had money for a ship, crew, and supplies. Exploring Risks and Rewards Most sailors thought the only way to Explorers had to be entrepreneurs reach Asia was to go east. Not everyone (ahn truh pruh NERZ). They_§_et u_pY-~d agreed. One such sai lor was Christopher ran their expeditions just as an entrepre- Columbus. neur sets up and runs a business. Often, Christopher Columbus explorers had to persuade others that the Columbus was fascinated by the cost, or effort made to achieve or gain stories he had heard of the wealth in Asia. something, was worth the risk of an expe· He had already sailed along the coasts of dition. Ships and supplies cost a great Europe and Africa. Columbus believed deal. There were many risks, too. For he could reach Asia by sailing west across example, a ship could sink, or an exp1:.9rer the Ocean Sea, as the Atlantic Ocean was might not find any valuable goods. ii then knm-vn. He thought this would be However, the benefit, or reward 'II I a more direct route to Asia than sailing gained, was the chance of finding riches 114 ~ Unit 2 " ·tlrlh n1.my lime~ llh' rost. llw~t· ri ch1 :, Th i:~ 11111 \J l'llWlll ti, 111,11-.,· Sj'.till ,ill w,ndd m,m· tlMn n~pny lhl 1norwy poid C.111t11lir w.,~ 1,. ,1lh·d till' Reconqul1ta hV tlw trip 's ~upporh. r~. (rc1 y- l-..nh11- I\ I·l \..i 1,1h). Und1 ·r I III' R,·co11q11i,l.1, Mrn,li111:, h,1d t,1 glv1· 11p Columbus Wins Support tlwir bl.11111, rt ligin11. '1lwy Ii.tel lo , ill11 r Finding a ruk·r In pa y l11r hi l-i lrip w.i s bl'n>IIH' C.,tltol ic or l,·.iv, Sp.1i11. lly l 41)2, nnl t ,11,y fo r ( olurnbw,. I li s kh.l of s,iiling h nli11,111d ,111d 1~.1bdl,1 h.id I l.1i1111.. d c1ll nf W\'Sl Sl'l'llll'd risky. No Olll' k,ww how l.ir l11t l.1111I 1111' Mu1-,lims 01111 IIC'ld 111 ~, 1,ii11. WL'SI you hnd lo snil lo l'l'cld1 ;\~i.1. 1:irsl, Tlwy It.id.tl i-;n (orn·d m,my tlio11 K,11ltl "l nl (\1l111nhus.,~kL d llw 1-.ing nl Pnrlugal for lt·w :-. Ip l1·t1Vl' Spi1l11. 111ot1L'Y, but Uw king t11nwd him down. By Wh, 11 ~.,,,,1i11 Wtl l-i 111111, d 1111tlt r ( ·.11llol1l sniling nround Afri r ,1, tlw Port11g11t·Sl' h,1d lwli1·I H, C,,l11111liwi !11 1,ii11 i1 11 kl'd F1·rdi11.1nd already found n ~c n rnuh lo !\ sin from ,111d l~alH'll,1 to l'"Y (or hi 1-, voy.ig1. I le· Europt·. prrnnh..,·d llll'tn ,;n.il ridws ,1111I 11, w Three YL'ilr~ latC'f', in 148S, Columbus land ~. ('11lu111h11 ~ al1,11 ~.dd 111,11 lw wo11ld ilsked King Ferdinand ,ind Queen lt1kl' ( ·,1IJ1olil' ht lil'fs lo l\11 i,1. TfliH li11w, Isabella of Spain to support hi s plnn. 1111 king ,inti qtwt·t1.ign t·d to lu lp lti,n. F( rdin,md ,ind lst1hl'lli1 Wl'rt' Cnllwlic, and al llw liml', IIH'y Wt! n· fighl in,; ,1 war READING CHECK {)MAIN IIJCA AND UF. rAI LS to push all Mu slim 1wopl1' ni1l of Sp.tin. How did Columbus purauodo tho kinu nnd 11ueon They ~mid 1111 to C olu111h11i,;. of Spoin to a1111r1or1 hit O>CJ1ttdilion? ) SUPPORTING EXPLORATION Thh, paintinu 11hows Chri11tu11hor Colu111hu11 asking King Fordi111tnd 1111d Ouoon laoholht of 6p11l11 lo 1111111111rt hi s u>e11udllio11. Chapter 3._ 1115  - the sai lor s fin all y saw their go al- land, Two Worlds Meet Today, we kn ow tha t Co lum bu s anct · his cre w ha d tra ve led ab ou t 4,1 On Au gu st 3, 1492, Co lum bu s an 00 rniles da acr oss the At lan tic Oc ea n to an cre w of ne arl y 90 sai led from Sp island i.n ain on the Ca rib be an Se a. three shi ps. Th e shi ps we re cal led the Ni fi a (N EE N yuh}, the Pinta A Historic Meeting (PEEN tuh), an d the Santa Ma rfa. Two mo nth All thr ee sh ips an ch ore d off an s later, islanct Co lum bu s an d his cre w we re sti tha t Co lum bu s na me d Sa n Sa ll at sea. lvador. Be They faced ma ny pro ble ms. Of cla im ed thi s isl an d for Sp ain. ten , sto rm s Columbus d am aged the ir shi ps. Wh en the be lie ve d he ha d rea ch ed As ia re wa s no an d was wi nd to fill the sails, the shi ps dri no w in the Ind ies. Th is be lie f exp fte d for lains d ay s. Th e sai lor s gre w restless. wh y he cal led the pe op le he me TI1 en the sai lor s be ga n to notic t on the ea isl an d Ind ian s. ch an ge in the we ath er. Th ey saw bir ds Th e pe op le Co lum bu s me t we flying sou th. Co lum bu s ch an ge re part of d direc- the Taino (TY noh) tri be. Th ey tion, ho pin g to follow the bir ds welcomed to lan d. Co lum bu s an d his me n. Al tho Th e nig ht of Oc tob er 11, 1492, wa ug h the sa Eu rop ean s we re up se t no t to fin go od nig ht for sailing. A str on g d any silk wi nd or spices, Co lum bu s co lle cte d pu sh ed the sh ips from be hin d. a few gold The mo on ite ms an d so me of the isl an ds ' wa s shi nin g on the sea in front animals of the m. an d pla nts. He als o ca ptu red sev In the ear ly mo rni ng ho urs of Oc era l Taina tob er 12, an d too k the m to Sp ain. retJ IN HISTORY Diego Bermudez So me of the sailors on Colum bus's expedition we re as you ng as 12. That wa s the age of Die go Be rm ude z wh en he sailed on the San ta Maria in 1492. Die go wa s a page , wh ich wa s the low est rank on a ship. Pages did the jobs tha t m ost sa ilors did not wa nt to I cleaning , and keeping track of do, like cooking , kep t t rack of the t ime by using Eve ry 30 minute s, wh en all the the tim e. Diego a half-hour glass. sand had fa llen to the bot tom of the glass, Die go rang a bell and called out a short prayer. His act ions let eve ryo ne know w hat t ime it was. Ma ke It Relevant What jobs do you have to do at home or at school? Columbus Returns to Spain When Colu mbus and his crew got - -- RE VIE W tii.lck to Spain , they were treated like 1. WltAT TO KNOW Why did Eu ropea ns begin heroe s. They had crossed the Atlantic to look for a sea route to As ia? Ocean and then retur ned home. When 2. VOCABULARY Explain how technology King Ferdi nand and Quee n Isabella saw helped impro ve navigation. the gold, anim als, plant s, and people 3. HISTORY What did Columbus find on his from the Indies, they paid for another 1492 voyage? expedition. The Span ish rulers made the 4. CRITICAL THINKING What were th e advantages and disadvantages of sailin g reasons for this secon d expedition clear. west from Europe to Asia? Columbus was expected to find more 5. ~ WRITE A CONVER~ATION Write a riches, start settle ment s, and convert the...J\ short conversation between a people he met to the Catholic religion. Spanish sailor and a Tai no leader. Have the speakers ask one another questions READING CHECK about each other's culture. lSMAIN IDEA AND DETAILS What problems did Columbus and his crew face? 6. - MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS Focus f On a separate sheet o paper, copy 5 k 111 and complete this graphic organizer. liiii,\11f\;:1a___________ In the 1400s, storie s of riches in Asia Europeans faced problems finding a see route to Asia. made sailo rs want to explo re. Faster ships _ _____,_,,J- and new tools made explo ration possi ble. While most explo rers looke d to the east for a route to Asia , Colum bus sailed west I- *_r..__-- and reached land across the Atlan tic Ocean. { I ) I I" I' i ·1;;-· I. ) A NORTHERN VOYAGE Cabot sailed to present-day Newfoundland and Labrador. England Explores of Columbus's first route. After a long, slow journey, they reached land on Columbus returned three times to June 24. Once on shore, Cabot claimed what he thought was the Indies. He the land for England. He then sailed never found great riches, but he did south along the coast before returning show that it was possible to sail across to England. Cabot's son Sebastian joined the Atlantic. Columbus's trips inspired him on this voyage. Years later, Sebastian several European rulers to send ships described the place as "a very sterile west to claim lands. In time, Europeans [lonely] land." created a new culture in the Americas. When Cabot returned to England, he said he had found the Indies. Cabot, John Cabot Sets Sail like Columbus, thought he had reached In England, King Henry VII heard of Asia. Many people today believe Cabot Columbus's success for Spain. The king had actually reached the coast of present- paid an Italian sailor, Giovanni Caboto, day Newfoundland and Labrador, now to lead an expedition sailing west across a part of Canada. This was the same the Atlantic. The English called him John place that the Vikings had visited almost Cabot. King Henry's aim was to help 500 years earlier. England compete with other European nations for land and wealth. READING-CHECK 8MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS ln May 1497, Cabot and a crew of What was the aim of King Henry VII when he paid 18 sJilcd west on a course far north for Cabot's expedition? 7  > MAPMAKERS In the 1500s, mapmakers made new maps of the world based on information from early exploration s of the Americas. A New Map of the World The Naming of America No t eve ryo ne bel iev ed tha t Co Ov er tim e, Ve spu cci cam e to rea lum bu s l- and Ca bo t had fou nd Asia. Am ize tha t he, Co lum bu s, an d Ca bo erigo t Vespucci (ve h S PO O c hee ) of Ita ha d fou nd lan ds no t ye t kn ow n ly aim ed to to fin d ou t for himself. In 1499, Eu rop ean s. In 1507, a Ge rm an ma he sai led p- to a pla ce jus t sou th of wh ere Co ma ker na me d Ma rtin W ald se~ lum bu s iil ler had lan ded. Tw o yea rs later, Ve (YAHLT zay mool er ) p_11blished spucci a wo rld sai led do wn the coa st of So uth ma p tha t inc lud ed the se ne wl y Am eri ca. fou nd Amerigo Vespucci's New Idea lan ds. He na me d the ne w lan ds in "honor of Am eri go Vespucci. l Ve spu cci loo ked for sig ns tha t he had Th e lan d on thi s ne w ma p sto od l rea che d As ia, bu t he fou nd non e. The pre sen t-d ay con tin ent of So uth for the f pla ces he saw did not fit Marco Po lo's America. des cri pti ons of Asia. Ve spu cci beg Later, the wo rd America wa s als an to o use d for thi nk tha t ma ybe Ea rth wa s lar ger the lan d kn ow n tod ay as the con tha n tin ent of mo st peo ple tho ugh t. If so, tha t No rth Am eri ca. wo uld me an As ia wa s far the r aw ay fro l tha n Co lum bu s bel iev ed. m Eu rop e iilfii jjmjij@Mt 8M AIN IDEA ANO DETAILS I How did Vespucci's voyage change how the i world was seen? 1, 12 2 Un it 2 :L'J  Reaching the Pacifi c After Balboa arrived, he met the survJ - vors of a failed Spanish settlement. Later, Aftr Yt-spucci 's voyages, other explor- he helped them take land from Native ers s.1ilcd around the mysterious "new" American groups and start a settlement in 1c1nds. Not one of them found China. Still, what is now the country of Panama. Europeans wondered what these lands Balboa heard about a huge ocean to the could be if they were not a part of Asia. west. In 1513, Balboa and other explorers vasco Nunez de Balboa made their way west across the Isthmus The Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de of Panama, which connects North Balboa (NOON yays day bahl B0H uh) America and South America. An isthmus was one of the first Europeans to settle in is a narrow strip of land that connects two large land areas. In time, Balboa's the Americas. He had set up a farm on the group reached the Pacific Ocean. They island of Hispaniola (ees pah NYOH lah), proved that Amerigo Vespucci was right but he was not a good farmer. Soon he about an unknown continent. owed money to many people. Instead of paying them, he escaped from READING CHECK CAUSE AND EFFECT Hispaniola by hiding on a ship bound What caused Balboa to travel across for what is now Colombia. the Isthmus of Panama? ) BALBOA REACHES THE PACIFIC Balboa was 38 years old when he first saw the Pacific Ocean. I  cific Ocean? VE ME NT Wh ich exp lor er sailed across the Pa MO To hi m, its wh ich me an s "p ea ce fu l." A N e w V ie w of wa ter s se em ed ca lm co mp ar ed wi th those of th e At lan tic. the World a we ste rn Magellan's Long Voyage W ith th e ai m of fin di ng M ag ell an th ou gh t he co ul d cro ss the gu es e ex pl or er k mo re tha n ro ut e to As ia, th e Po rtu Pa cif ic in a few da ys. It too uh JE H lu hn ) rs die d of hunger Fe rd in an d M ag ell an (m thr ee mo nt hs. M an y sa ilo ci wa s rig ht. elf wa s killed als o pr ov ed th at Ve sp uc an d ill ne ss. M ag ell an hi ms ain wi th fiv e in e Islands, In 15 19 , M ag ell an lef t Sp in a ba ttl e in th e Ph ili pp rs. Th ey pa ss ed sh ip s an d ab ou t 25 0 sa ilo 50 0 mi les of f th e co as t of so uth ea ste rn th e tip of So ut h de it ba ck to th ro ug h a wa te rw ay at As ia. On e sh ip fin all y ma rs fo un d th em - we re the fir st Am er ica. Th en th e sa ilo Sp ain in 1522. Its sa ilo rs th at Ba lbo a nd th e wo rld. se lv es in th e sa m e oc ea n Eu ro pe an s to tra ve l ar ou ed it th e Pacific, ha d se en. M ag ell an na m ~l' 12 4 lil Un it 2 ;~,- "-