Health and Disease PDF

## Health and Disease ### Definition - **Health:** A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being where all organs and the organ system are functioning properly in a perfect balanced way. - **Disease:** The sickness of body and mind. ### Causes of Diseases 1. **Biological agents or pat...

## Health and Disease ### Definition - **Health:** A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being where all organs and the organ system are functioning properly in a perfect balanced way. - **Disease:** The sickness of body and mind. ### Causes of Diseases 1. **Biological agents or pathogens** - Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoans, helminthes are called pathogens. 2. **Nutrient Agent**: Excessive presence or absence of nutrients like vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, fats cause diseases. 3. **Chemical Agent** - **Endogenous chemicals:** These chemicals are produced in the body, e.g. - Urea, uric acid, ammonia etc cause diseases. - **Exogenous chemicals:** Pollution causing chemicals like mercury, sulphuric acid, ozone, cobalt are major causes of diseases. 4. **Physical Agent:** Heat, cold, humidity, sound, radiation cause different diseases. 5. **Mechanical Agent:** The mechanical friction causes fracture, dislocation, and injury. 6. **Absence, or presence in excess of a factor:** Hormones and enzymes cause diseases. ### Classification of Diseases - Diseases are divided into two categories - **Congenital Disease**: These are present since birth. These are hereditary, human genetic disorders, transmitted by genes present in autosome, e.g. - Polydactyly - **Acquired Disease**: - **Communicable Disease:** These occur due to biological agents and spread rapidly. - **Viral Disease:** Chickenpox, Rabies, Polio, AIDS, common cold, Influenza - **Bacterial disease:** TB, Diphtheria, Cholera - **Protozoan Disease:** Amoebiasis, Malaria - **Fungal Disease:** Ringworm, dandruff - **Helminthes disease:** Filaria, Ascarciasis - **Non-Communicable Disease:** These diseases don't spread. - **Degenerative diseases:** Heart, Lungs, Stomach - **Deficiency diseases:** Beriberi (vit-B), Scurvy - **Allergy:** Occurs due to hypersensitivity to some substance. - **Cancer:** Uncontrolled cell growth. - **Metabolic disease:** Gastric acid, Ulcer in Stomach - **Mental disease:** Depression - **Communicable disease:** These diseases are not transmitted from infected persons. - Some of these diseases are: Diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure etc, which aren't transmitted. ### Typhoid - **Causative Agent:** *Salmonella typhi* (bacteria) - **Transmission:** Found on the intensive intestine of infected persons, it spreads by water and contaminated food. - **Symptoms:** Headache, fever, cough, abdominal pain, red colored rash in chest, diarrhea, enlarged spleen and liver. - **Diagnosis:** Widal test - **Treatment:** Paracin (4 daily for 6 days), fluoroquinolone, cyprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or cefaclor. Other medicines are ampicillin, amoxicillin etc. ### Pneumonia - **Cause:** Fungi, bacteria, virus and other parasites. The agents are *Streptococcus pneumonia*. - **Transmission:** Spread by air or contaminated utensils. - **Symptoms:** Cough, chest pain, fever, difficulty in breathing, vomiting. - **Diagnosis:** Chest x-ray, Blood test, and liver function test (LFT). - **Treatment:** Vaccination, oral antibiotics, rest, and some analgesics. ### Common Cold - **Cause:** An infectious viral diseases caused by a group of virus called *rhinovirus* or *adenovirus* - **Effects:** Nose, throat, sinuses. - **Symptoms:** Runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and fever. - **Transmission:** Infected through contaminated objects like pen, books, handkerchiefs, towels etc. - **Treatment:** Medicines like Sinarest, Namcold, Mancold, Sumocold, H.D cold etc., bedrest, gargling with warm salt water, drinking plenty of water, nasal spray, using vicks, and taking aspirin, vitamin-C. - **Prevention:** Wash hands because cold viruses can easily enter the body through hand, avoid meeting infected persons, using vaccine, honey and Dietary Herbal supplements, zinc containing vitamins. ### Amoebiasis - **Cause:** Protozoan parasite called *Entamoeba histolytica* - **Transmission:** Spread through food, drinks contaminated with cysts and infective stage of *Entamoeba* that infects the human intestine. - **Effects:** Causes ulcer, 4-5 motions daily, fever, and general sickness. - **Organs Affected:** Liver, lungs, brain, spleen - **Treatment:** Metronidazole, Enteroquinol, Emetin. - **Prevention:** Live under good sanitary condition. Hands should be properly washed with soap and nails should be cut regularly. Drinking water should be protected against contamination. All precautions must be taken to keep food and water uncontaminated. Educating people about simple hygiene and sanitary measures. ### Ringworm - **Cause:** Fungi like *tinea* and *microspore* - **Transmission:** May infect skin and nails. - **Symptoms:** Dry and scaly patches skin, nails, scalp, accompanied by severe itching. - **Signs:** Round spots found on the skin with a blue light in a darkroom. - **Diagnosis:** KOH exam, skin biopsy, skin culture. - **Treatment:** Medicines like Miconazole, Clotrimazole in powder, cream or jelly form. - **Prevention:** Keep the skin clean and dry, washing of clothes everyday during infection. - **Other Precautions:** Keep the skin and feet clean and dry, shampoo regularly, specially after hair cut, avoid touching the pets, don't share clothes, comb etc, wear shoes. ### Ascariasis - **Cause:** Nematode parasite *Ascaris lumbricoides* - **Transmission:** Commonly called roundworm disease and complete its lifecycle in the human body. The infective stage is larva. - **Symptoms:** Abdominal pain, patient experience indigestion, diarrhea, some anemia, and vomiting. Children growth and mental development are decreased. - **Treatment:** Ascaricide, Mebendazole, Albendazole, Piperazine etc. - **Prevention:** Live under good sanitary conditions. Hands should be properly washed with soap and nails should be cut regularly. Drinking water must be protected against contamination. All precautions must be taken to keep food and water uncontaminated. Educating people about simple hygiene and sanitary measures. ### Filariasis - **Cause:** Nematode parasite *Wucheria bancrofti* - **Transmission:** The vector is female Culex mosquito. - **Effects:** Infective stage is filariform larva, grows in lymphatic organs, lower parts of leg and male genital organs. Extreme enlargement of legs is called elephantiasis. - **Transmission:** When an infected mosquito bites a person, it infects them with the larva, the larva enters the lymphatic glands, they become mature and live for 4-5 years. - **Control and Treatment:** Fill the breading grounds of mosquitoes with sand. Use mosquito nets during sleep. Medicines like Neostibosan, Arenamdes, Diethyl carbomozine may be used. Medicines like Hetrazan, Banoxide forte, Efiles forte, decit and may be used. ### Malaria - **Cause:** Protozoan parasite called *Plasmodium*. - **Transmission:** The infective stage of *Plasmodium* is sporozoite. The disease is spread by a bite of female *Anopheles mosquito* (Vector). - **Effects:** The sporozoites enter the liver cells and multiply to form merozoites. The merozoites enter the RBC and multiple schizogony (asexual erythrocytic merocites) by a process called schizogony. These merozoites produce a toxic substance called hemozoin that causes malaria fever. They then enter the stomach of female *Anopheles mosquito*. Two merozoites fuse to form zygote when divides to form sporozoites by a process called sporogony (sexual). - **Types of Malaria:** - *Benign Tertian*: Caused by *Plasmodium vivax*. Fever occurs at 48 hours intervals. Incubation period is 14 days. - *Malignant Tertian:* Caused by *Plasmodium falciparum*. It is also called brain fever or cerebral malaria. Fever occurs at every 48 hours. Incubation period is 12 days. - *Quartan Malaria:* Caused by *P. Malariae*. Fever occurs at 72 hour. Incubation period is 28 days. - *Mild tertian:* Caused by *P. Ovale*. Incubation period is 14 days. Fever occurs at every 48 hours. - **Treatment of Malaria:** Quinine, Chloroquine, Eng emquin, Loriago, Falcigo, laminate, resochin DS, Malarcid DS. Arctisuncote, Rezizforte may be used. Some ayurvedic medicines like syrup of Nyctionthes leaves have been proved useful. - **Control of Mosquito:** The breading ground should be filled by sand. Lime water or kerosene oil should be spread on the drain water. Some brvivivorous fish may be introduced in pond and ditches. DDT and other insecticides are to be spread on the houses. Prevention of mosquito bite occurs by use of mosquito net. Fever prevention can also be achieved by two ways: - **Prevention from Mosquito bite:** Use mosquito nets during sleep, body parts should be covered with Odomos, mustard oil or neem oil. - **Chemoprophylaxis:** This means prevention of infection by medicines. A small regular dosage of preventive medicines can only check the development of the disease. ### Immunity - **Definition:** The ability of the immune system of the body to fight against the disease-causing organisms. - **Types:** - **Innate Immunity:** It is the non-specific defense present at the time of birth. It provides barriers to the entry of foreign agents so our body can prevent infection. - **Acquired Immunity:** A pathogen specific immunity. It is not present since birth but develops during the lifetime of an individual. It is characterized by memory. ### Innate Immunity - **Physical Barriers:** - **Skin:** The first and main barriers which prevent entry of micro-organisms. It is the first line defense. Skin covers our body's the entire body. It is the protective layer. - **Mucous Coating:** The epithelium lining the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, also help in trapping the microbes entering our body. - **Physiological Barriers:** Acid in the stomach, saliva in mouth, tears from eye, they all prevent the microbial growth. - **Cellular Barriers:** Certain types of WBC of our body like polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes, and natural killer cells in the blood as well as macrophages in tissue can destroy the microbes. - **Cytokine Barriers:** Virus-infected cells secret interferon which protect the non-infected cells from further viral infection. ### Acquired Immunity - **Definition:** A pathogen specific immunity. It is not present since birth but develops during the life time of an individual. It is characterized by *memory*. - **Primary Response:** When the body encounters a pathogen for the first time, it produces a primary response, with low intensity. - **Secondary Response:** If the same pathogen is encountered again it produces a secondary response with high intensity. The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out by B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. - **B lymphocytes:** B cells produce antibodies. - **T lymphocytes:** Help B cells to produce antibodies. - Each antibody has four polypeptide chains, i.e., two small light chains and two large heavy chains (H2L2). - In our body different types of antibodies are produced: IgA, IgD, IgM, IgE, IgG. ### Acquired Immune Response: - Acquired immune response is of two types. - **Humoral or Antibody Mediated Response** - Antibodies are found in blood plasma so it is called as humoral immune response. It includes B and T lymphocytes. - **Cell-mediated Immunity** - It is T cells mediated immune system. It causes graft rejection. - The body is able to differentiate self and non-self. - Tissue matching and blood grouping are matching one. - It is essential before transplant. ### Active Immunity - Active immunity is again of two types: - **Natural Active Immunity:** Antibodies are produced in a host body when the host is exposed to antigens. It is a slow process and produced by two ways: - **Natural infection by microbes**:: During natural infection by microbes. - **Artificial active immunity:** Injecting the microbes during immunization. - **Passive Immunity:** Readymade antibodies are directly given to protect the body. It is of two types: - **Natural Passive Immunity:** Anti-body IgA in colostrum. - **Artificial Passive Immunity:** Antitetanus serum. ### Adolescence, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse - **Definition:** Adolescence is the period of rapid growth and development between childhood and adulthood. It is called adolescence. This period ranges from 12 to 20 years. It is marked by development of physical growth. During adolescence increased secretion of hormone occurs, which controls and changes the mood. The person feels their self-identity, self-respect, and encounters the condition of stress. - **Common Problems:** - **Acne:** The development of acne and pimples is a side effect of more secretion of hormone. It is a matter of worry as it affects their appearance. - **Hypo-chondria:** The change in hormone secretion leads to fat deposition. So the adolescent adopt dieting to maintain body weight. Other complications of body occur during the inability to concentrate. - **Neurasthenia:** During this, irritability, depression, and headaches may occur. - **Addiction:** During adolescence, advertisements, curiosity, pressure from seniors (cagging), frustrations, depression, feeling of independence may lead to addiction of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, smoking, etc. - **Other Problems** - Lack of communication of adolescence with family members, teachers, or community lead to reproductive problems. - **Remedy:** Improvement of nutritional and health status of adolescents. To provide educations and information regarding reproductive health, general health, nutrition, marriage age, and child care, etc. To educate them about STD, contraception, unsafe sex, blood donation, safe abortion etc, by teachers. ### Common Changes During Adolescence - **Physical Changes:** - **Growth:** Increase in height, weight, change in voice and development of secondary sexual characteristics. - **Psychological Changes:** - Behavior, emotions, and attitudes are marked in their behavior. They show a tendency to differ from parents, find difficulty due to pressure of studies, and need for money. - **Behavioral Changes:** - **Changes in Eating and Sleeping Habit** - **Changes in emotions, mood** - **Eager to find opposite sex partners** - **Low confidence** - **Lack of interest in study** - **Tendency to become lier, uncooperative, and do-criminal activities.** - **Cheater and *** ### Addiction and Dependence - **Definition:** People get motivated easily and get addicted to various types of drugs and alcohol. Gradually the intake of dosage increases day by day and the person becomes dependent on drugs. - **Withdrawal Symptoms:** When addicted people are stopped taking drugs all of a sudden or is discontinued, the person shows severe symptoms like shakiness, profuse sweating, and even it may be fatal to live. ### Effects of alcohol or drugs - The adverse effects are: Careless behavior and unexplained absence in school or colleges. Lack of interest in hygiene. Isolation from family and friends. Depression. Lack of interest in hobbies. Change in sleeping and eating habit. Loss of appetite. - The addict persons are suffered from AIDS. - The alcoholic addicts may suffer from liver disease. - **Females:** Those are addicted of taking drugs; they show the following symptoms. - Deepening of voice. - Excessive growth of hair on face. - Muscular body - **Males:** Those have habit of taking drugs; they show the following symptoms. - Increased Aggressiveness. - Premature Baldness. ### Prevention and Controls - Avoid undue peer pressure. - Education and counseling. - Seeking health from parents. - To be away from danger signs. ### Drugs - It refers to some chemicals which is usually taken for the treatment of disease advised by the doctor and is withdrawn on curing. - Prolonged use of some drugs may form a habit that a person becomes drug dependant, and called as drugs addiction. ### Types of Drugs - **Mainly:** It is of two types: - **Inorganic:** Minerals, acids, salts. - **Organic:** Plant and animal origin. - **According to addiction:** The drugs are of two types: - **Psychotropic drugs:** - **Psychedelic drugs/Hallucinogenic drugs** - **Psychotropic Drugs:** These drugs influence mind, mood, feelings, behavior, etc. These are called mood alerting drugs. It is of the following types: - **Sedatives and Hypnotics:** Such drugs depress the activity of CNS. They give the feeling of calmness, of the body. E.g- Barbiturates, sleeping pills. - **Opiate Narcotics:** They relieve pain and suppress the brain activity. - **Opium:** It is derived from the capsule of the poppy plant. It has bitter taste and may cause hypotension, blocking of respiration, and sometimes death. - **Morphine:** It is derived from opium as white powder. - **Codeine:** It is used as cough syrup and chemical composition is methyl morphine. - **Heroine:** It is diacetyl morphine which induces lethargy, and decreases weight, sterility, and drowsiness. - **Smack:** It is diacetyl morphine hydrochloride and know as brown sugar. - **Tranquilizers:** These drugs reduce tension. E.g- Benzodiazepines. - **Stimulants:** They affect CNS, i.e., natural stimulants and synthetic stimulants. * **Natural Stimulants:** - **Caffeine:** It is an alkaloid derived from the leaves of tea, seeds of coffee plant and seeds cocoa. They increase the metabolic rate of neurons and causes addiction. - **Cocaine:** It is extracted from leaves and twig of coca plant (S. America). It is taken by chewing, eating, or taken as injection. Heavy dosage can cause severe headache, cardiac failure, etc. - **Crack:** It is a smokable cocaine and commonly called as French fries. - **Betel nut:** It contains an alkaloid 'arecoline' and a red tannin. It is a mild nervous stimulant. * **Synthetic Stimulants:** - **Amphetamines:** These are strong stimulants used by athletes to increase physical strength. Dope-test is related to this. E.g., Celoxa, Donyphin. They are used for the treatment of depressions. - **Biphasic:** The drug addict of alcohol and sometimes drug addicts take drugs and alcohol simultaneously to get rapid and strong effect. - **Psychedelic/Hallucinogenic drugs:** These drugs produce a number of problems, like a disturbance in thinking, moods, and hallucinations. They are of the following types: - **Natural Hallucination:** - **LSD:** It is Lysergic acid diethylamide, obtained from a fungus called claviceps. It affects CNS and causes horrible dreams). - **Mescaline:** It is a white powdered alkaloid, derived from the flower of a cactus. And it is inhaled and taken easily. It changes the moods. - **Psilocybin:** It is found in liquid or powder form from a Mexican Mushroom. - **Products of Hemp plant:** - It includes bhang, gonja, charras, and marijuana. - It contains an alkaloid called tetrahydrocannabinol. - **Synthetic Hallucination:** - **PCP:** Phenyl cylidine - **MDMA:** Methylene Diony, Methamphet Amine