Sex Differences In Human Skull and Pelvis PDF

## Table 10: Sex differences in human skull | S.No | Criteria | Male | Female | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | General appearance | (i) Larger (ii) heavier (iii) more massive | (i) Smaller (ii) lighter (iii) less massive | | 2. | Architecture | Rugged | Smooth | | 3. | Walls | Thicker | Thinner | | 4. |...

## Table 10: Sex differences in human skull | S.No | Criteria | Male | Female | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | General appearance | (i) Larger (ii) heavier (iii) more massive | (i) Smaller (ii) lighter (iii) less massive | | 2. | Architecture | Rugged | Smooth | | 3. | Walls | Thicker | Thinner | | 4. | Surface | Rough | Smooth | | 5. | Muscular ridges | More marked esp at base and in occipital and temporal areas | Less marked | | 6. | Capacity | 1500-1550 ml | 1350-1400 ml | | 7. | Forehead | Steeper, less rounded | Vertical, fuller and rounder | | 8. | Glabella | More prominent | Small or absent | | 9. | Frontonasal junction | Distinct angulation | There is smooth curve | | 10. | Orbits | (i) Size - relatively smaller (ii) shape - square (iii) position - set lower on face (iv) margins -rounded | (i) Size - relatively larger (ii) shape - Rounded (iii) position - set higher on face (iv) margins - sharp | | 11. | Supraorbital ridges | Prominent | Less prominent or absent | | 12. | Zygomatic arch [cheek bones] | (i) Heavier and more prominent (ii) Laterally arched | (i) Lighter and lessprominent (ii) Lateral arching less; more compressed | | 13. | Nasal aperture | Higher and narrower | Lower and broader | | 14. | Bony ridge along the upper border of external auditory meatus | Prominent | Less prominent or absent | ## Table 12: Sex differences in human pelvis | S.No | Criteria | Male | Female | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | Bony framework | (i) Massive (ii) More erect (iii) Muscular markings more marked (iv) Rougher (v) Stands higher | (i) less massive (ii) less erect (iii) muscular markings less marked (iv) smoother (v) stands lower | | 2. | Bones | Tough, thick and heavy | More delicate, thin and light | | 3. | General shape | Deep funnel shaped | Flat bowl shaped | | 4. | Ilium | (i) Curve of iliac crest reaches higher level (ii) More prominent (iii) Less vertical (iv) Iliac fosse deep (v) Distance between iliac crests is more [26.7 cm] (vi) Curves of iliac crest less marked | (i) curve reaches lower level (ii) less prominent (iii) more vertical (iv) lliac fosse shallow (v) Distance between iliac crests is less [25.4 cm) (vi) Curves of iliac crest well marked | | 5. | Preauricular sulcus [attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament] | Not prominent [sometimes not even visible], narrow, shallow | More frequent, broad, deep | | 6. | Acetabulum | Large [dia 52 mm), directed laterally | Small [dia 46 mm), directed anterolaterally | | 7. | Obturator foramen | Large, oval with base upwards | Small, triangular with apex forwards | | 8. | Greater Sciatic Notch | Larger, wider, shallower | Smaller, narrower, deeper | | 9. | Average width of greater sciatic notch | 46.5 mm | 51.5 mm | | 10. | Average depth of greater sciatic notch | 32 mm | 31 mm | | 11. | Sciatic notch index | 145 [in adults] 4-5 [in fetuses] | 166 [in adults] 5-6 [in fetuses] | | 12. | Iliopectineal line [syn, linea terminales; divides pelvis into greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis] | Rough, well marked. Less vertical | Smooth, rounded. More vertical | | 13. | Ischial spines | Closer together, inverted | More separated, everted | | 14. | Ischial tuberosity | Inverted | Everted; more widely separated | | 15. | Pelvic part prominent | Sacral part prominent | Sacral part prominent | | 16. | Chilotic line [line extending backwards from the iliopectineal eminence to the nearest point on the anterior margin of the auricular surface and then to the iliac crest (Fig 3.15). The auricular point divides it into anterior (pelvic) and posterior (sacral) segments] | Sacral part of chilotic line x100 Pelvic part of chilotic line | Sacral part of chilotic line x100 Pelvic part of chilotic line | | 17. | Body of pubis | (i) Narrow, (ii) triangular. (iii) No parturition pits [syn, parturition scars] | (i) Broad, (ii) square or quadrangular, (iii) depressions, pits or scars on posterior surface, if borne children [parturition pits] | | 18. | Superior ramus of pubis | It is like continuation of body of pubis | Short and thick. Has a constricted or narrowed appearance | | 19. | Ischiopubic rami | Distinctly roughened, heavier. More everted (attachment of crus penis] | Smoother, lighter, less everted [attachment of clitoris) | | 20. | Ischiopubic index [Washburn's index]: Pubic length [mm] x100 Ischial length [mm] | 73-94 | 91-115 | | 21. | Symphysis pubis | Higher, narrower | Lower, wider | | 22. | Margins of pubic arch [formed by both ischiopubic rami] | Everted | Not everted | | 23. | Distance between two pubic tubercles [syn, pubic spines] | Lesser | Greater | | 24. | Pelvic brim (inlet) | Heart shaped | Circular or elliptical. All diameters longer. | | 25. | Pelvic cavity | Conical and funnel shaped | More spacious. | | 26. | Pelvic outlet | Smaller | Broad and round | | 27. | Subpubic angle | V-shaped. Angle 70°-75° | U-shaped. Angle 90°-100° | | 28. | Sacroiliac joint surface | Large. Angulation is less sharp | Small. Angulation is sharp; almost L-shaped | | 29. | Coccyx | Less moveable | More moveable | ## Table 17: Sex differences in human vertebral column | S.No | Criteria | Male | Female | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | Breadth of atlas | 7.4-9.9 cm | 6.5-7.6 cm | | 2. | Length of vertebral column | 73 cm | 60 cm | ## Table 18: Sex differences in human femur | S.No | Criteria | Male | Female | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | Head | Larger (i) Forms 2/3 of a sphere (ii) vertical dia >46 mm | Smaller (i) Forms <2/3 of a sphere (i) vertical dia <42 mm | | 2. | Angle of Neck with shaft [caput-collum-diaphyseal angle or CCD angle] | 125°[Obtuse angle] | <125° [less obtuse angle] | | 3. | Popliteal length [Fig 3.17] | >145 mm. | <106 mm | | 4. | Bicondylar width | >78 mm | <72 mm | | 5. | Trochanteric oblique length | >450 mm | <390 mm | | 6. | Angulation of shaft with condyles | 80° [Memory aid - Both angles-) Neck with shaft and Shaft with condyles are ↑ in males | 75° | ## Table 28: Differences in mandible in infancy, adult life and old age [Fig 3.46] | S.No | Feature | Infancy | Adult | Old age | |---|---|---|---|---| | 1. | Body | Shallow | Thick and long | Shallow | | 2. | Ramus | Short and oblique | Longer | Longer | | 3. | Angle of ramus with body) | Obtuse. 140° | Almost a right 140° | Obtuse (about 140° | | 4. | Mental foramen | Towards the lower margin | Midway and lower margin | Near the alveolar margin [It is useful to visualize mental foramen as traveling upwards during life] | | 5. | Condyloid process | At a lower level than coronoid process | Elongated and projects above coronoid process | At a lower level than coronoid process | ## Table 11: Sex differences in human Mandible [(Please correlate with Fig 3.12) | S.No | Criteria | Male | Female | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | General size | Larger and thicker | Smaller and thinner | | 2. | Chin [Symphysis menti] | Square | Rounded | | 3. | Body height at symphysis | greater | Smaller | | 4. | Breadth of ascending ramus | Greater | Lesser | | 5. | posterior border of ascending ramus | Shows indentation at the level of occlusal surface of the molars | No such indentation | | 6. | Angle of body and ramus | Less obtuse [<125°]. | More obtuse [>125°]. | | 7. | Angles | everted | Less everted or inverted | | 8. | Condyles | Larger | Smaller | | 9. | Mental tubercle | Large and prominent | Insignificant | ## Table 27: Ages of skull suture closure. | Suture | Commencement | Halfway closed | Completion | |---|---|---|---| | Spheno-occipital synchondrosis | 20 | - | 20 - first closed | | Coronal suture | 25 | 30 | 40 | | Sagittal suture | 25 | 30 | 40 | | Lambdoid suture | 25 | 30 | 45 | | Pterion | 40 | - | 65 | | Masto-occipital suture | 45 | - | 80 - last closed | | Asterion | 50 | - | 50 | ## Table 13: Sex differences in the human sacrum (Please correlate with Fig 3.14) | S.No | Criteria | Male | Female | |---|---|---|---| | 1. | Size and shape | Longer, narrower; more evenly distributed. Well marked. | Shorter, wider; curvature not seen in the upper half; lower half curves suddenly | | 2. | Curvature | Well marked. | Less marked. | | 3. | Sacral Promontory | larger | smaller | | 4. | Body of first sacral vertebra | Large. Extends to 2½-3 vertebrae | Small. Extends to 2-2½ vertebrae | | 5. | Sacroiliac articulation | - | - | | 6. | Sacral index: Anterior Superior Breadth of Sacrum x100 Anterior length [Fig 3.14] | 105 | 115 | | 7. | Kimura's base-wing index [Alar index]: Width of wing Breadth of 1st Sacral Vertebra x100 [Fig 3.15] | 65 | 80 | | 8. | Corporobasal index: Breadth of 1st Sacral Vertebra Anterior Superior Breadth of Sacrum x100 [Fig 3.15] | 45 | 40 | ## Teeth eruption | | Temporary teeth (months) | Permanent teeth (years) | |---|---|---| | Central incisor | 6-8 lower 7-9 upper | 6-8 | | Lateral incisor | 7-9 upper 10-12 lower | 7-9 | | 1st premolar | Absent | 9-11 | | 2nd premolar | Absent | 10-12 | | 1st molar | 12-14 | 6-7 | | Canine | 17-18 | 11-12 | | 2nd molar | Absent | 12-19 | | 3rd molar | Absent | 17-25 |