Bomhold_CH4_Scan.docx

INTRODUCTION A library catalog is a listing of all the items available in a particular library—whether in tangible form (printed books, periodicals, DVDs, CD-ROMs, etc.) or in Web-based form. Each record in a library catalog describes a particular item (book, microform, video, map, audio tape, CD-RO...

INTRODUCTION A library catalog is a listing of all the items available in a particular library—whether in tangible form (printed books, periodicals, DVDs, CD-ROMs, etc.) or in Web-based form. Each record in a library catalog describes a particular item (book, microform, video, map, audio tape, CD-ROM, DVD, e-book, e-journal, or Internet site), and gives its location in the library or its address (URL) on the Internet. In order to provide access to its physical collections, libraries organize materials by classifying them and assigning specific location numbers or call numbers. In this way materials on similar subjects are grouped together on the shelves. This rationale has resulted in the development of uniform classification systems that are used by libraries throughout the world. Items available on the Internet are usually not given classification numbers; rather they are assigned subject headings and can be accessed by any of the searchable fields in the catalog—author, title, subject—or by keyword. This chapter will discuss some of the important things you need to know about using the catalog to find information. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS The purpose of any classification system is to bring together comparable materials in a logical arrangement so they can be found easily. This also allows library patrons to browse the shelves in a given subject classification number or letter in order to find materials on that subject grouped together. In most libraries, books are classified and placed in numeric or alpha-numeric order in bookshelves (called "stacks" in library lingo), while other materials may be grouped according to format, such as microforms, maps, and audio or audiovisual media. These materials may be assigned accession numbers that identify location, rather than numbers based on classification. The two most commonly used classification systems in American libraries are the Dewey Decimal Classification System—commonly called Dewey or DC—and the Library of Congress Classification System—referred to as LC (see Figure 4.1). Public libraries and small college libraries tend to use the Dewey system while larger colleges and universities use the Library of Congress system. Both classification systems start with a general classification and then proceed to a more specific classification. The main differences between the two are: Dewey begins with numbers while LC begins with letters. o Dewey has ten major classes; LC has 21. LC allows more room for expansion than Dewey. This is important as new subjects are constantly being added to the fields of knowledge. A comparison of the two systems can be seen in Figure 4.2. Note that Dewey classifies all "engineering" in 620, while LC subdivides it into several branches under "T Technology." While there are few exceptions, the Library of Congress system is generally used in academic (colleges or university) libraries or research libraries because its broader base allows room for expansion as new subjects are added to the fields of knowledge. Materials covering one particular subject can be classified easily under that subject. However, when the item deals with more than one subject, it is classified under the largest subject covered or under what the catalogers feel is the most important subject. Subjects covered in the book that are not reflected in the call number selected by the cataloger are brought out by means of subject headings. Example Libraries with extensive collections of materials published by the United States Government often use the Superintendent of Documents or SuDocs System to classify the publications. The system was devised by the Government Printing Office to organize the thousands of publications it issues annually. In addition to the three major systems discussed previously, libraries may also use other systems for classifying smaller special collections such as state documents, United Nations documents, or archives. It is not necessary to learn all the details of the classification systems in order to use the library effectively, but you do need to be able to recognize which classification systems are used in your library and to understand the basic principles of each. DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The Dewey Decimal Classification System was originated by Melvil Dewey in the latter part of the 19th century and is most commonly used in school and public libraries. The system divides all knowledge into ten different classes. These ten primary classes are further subdivided into subclasses. Decimals are used to subdivide further. The following example illustrates how the addition of each decimal number to the whole number makes the classification more precise. and α- o α- δ o o o a- c G0 1.u = co ο Οο O οο οo ο o (J ο ο σ) αηα' αηά LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The Library of Congress Classification System was designed by the Library of Congress in the latter part of the 19th century solely for its own use. Because it is so comprehensive, it has been adopted by many other large libraries both in the United States and in other parts of the world. The LC system has 21 different classes with numerous subdivisions under each class. Each primary class is designated by a single letter as illustrated in Figure 4.1. The first letter or group of letters is followed by a whole number that indicates a subdivision. Example Sociology Sociology (General) Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform The family. Marriage. Women Societies: Secret, benevolent, etc. Communities. Classes. Races Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology Socialism. Communism. Anarchism The initial classification number can be subdivided further as shown in the three call numbers below. Although the system is based on the alphabet, not all of the letters have been used in either the main classes or the subclasses. These letters are reserved for new subjects, for the expansion of older subjects, or, in the case of I and O, to avoid confusion with the numbers one and zero. SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The SuDocs system is used by the United States Government Printing Office to assign call numbers to government documents before they are sent to depository libraries. Libraries that serve as depositories for govemment publications usually establish separate collections arranged by SuDocs number. This system is an alphanumeric scheme based on the agency that issues the publication rather than on subjects, as in the case of Dewey or LC. The initial letter or letters designate the government agency, bureau, or department responsible for the publication. The letters are subdivided further to indicate subagencies. As new agencies are created, such as HS for Homeland Security after 9/11/01, they are added to the system. Publications that are part of a series are assigned a number that designates a particular series. Each individual publication in the series is assigned a number or letter/number combination that identifies the individual title, volume, year, or issue number. This number follows a colon. The following example illustrates the elements in a typical SuDocs number. Example Department City Data Book, 1995 UNITED NATIONS SYMBOL NUMBERS United Nations publications are classified by series/symbol number designed by the UN library. Figure 4.1 shows the top level of the classification scheme. The numbers are divided further to indicate departments and series. The series symbol numbers are composed of capital letters in combination with numerical notations. The elements in the numbers are separated by slash marks. CALL NUMBERS The call number assigned to an item usually indicates its subject matter (classification), author, and title. The call number, either alone or in conjunction with an added location symbol, determines the location of the item in the library. Libraries throughout the world use call numbers for three main purposes: l) to provide a unique number for each item in the library collection. (Usually the number is taped to the lower edge of the material's spine, or somewhere prominent on the cover of the material. The call number is also written inside or within the material's contents, such as on the back of the title page.) to group call numbers on similar subject matter together on library shelves, making it easier to browse titles in the same subject area. to provide access through the library's catalog. (Shows the locations of materials in the library stacks or in specially designated areas, such as Reference, Periodicals, Archives, or Oversize.) The following examples identify each element in both the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress numbers: Figure 4.3 illustrates both classification systems for the same item in three different online catalogs within the Nebraska State College System libraries: Wayne State College (WSC), Chadron State College (CSC), and Peru State College (PSC). Peru uses the Library of Congress Classification; the other two use the Dewey Decimal system. Chadron State College Library (CSC) has elected to add the first letter of the title to their call number, as seen in 329 B514a, 1962 in Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3 C) Title entry illustrating holdings at three Nebraska state college libraries using two different classification systems. In both the Dewey and LC systems, it is necessary to read the numbers/letters in the call numbers sequentially in order to locate books on the shelves. In Dewey, the number before the decimal point is always treated as a whole number or integer, while all of the numbers following the decimal point are treated as decimals. Although the decimal point may not appear physically in the call number, the book number is nevertheless treated as a decimal. Example 338 A221i would be shelved before 338 A36 The following call numbers are arranged in correct order as they would stand on the shelf. Example 338 338 338.908 338.91 338.917 338.94 A221i A36 F911r B138e R896y R31c Materials classified in LC are arranged alphabetically, then by numbers within the sequence. Example 6 .S55 would be shelved before 6 In many call numbers, the date of the book is added. When call numbers are exactly the same except for dates, as in the case with multiple editions, the books are arranged in chronological order. Notice in the second and third entries in the following example that the call numbers are exactly alike except for the 1967, which is the date for a subsequent edition of this book. The call number without the date is shelved before the one with the date. The following example illustrates LC call numbers in the correct order as they would stand on the shelf. Example 6 .S55 56 56 56 57 .H63T5 .H63T5 .3 .A43L5 1967 .N4J6 The call numbers for U.S. documents classified in the SuDocs system are usually written horizontally unless there is not space on the spine of the book to write the numbers. In that case, the numbers are written vertically, with the break occurring at a punctuation mark. Documents with SuDocs call numbers are shelved in alphanumeric sequence. The numbers following periods are whole numbers as are the numbers following slashes or colons. The following example shows SuDocs numbers in shelf order. A13.103: 163 85 While most books in the library are shelved in the stack area by call number, other factors may determine where a book is shelved. These may include size, whether the book is a reference book, or whether it is in a remote storage area or a special collection. For example, books shelved elsewhere will often have the symbols "R" or "Ref" for Reference, or "RR" for Ready Reference, or "O" for oversize as shown below. Art 21: art in the 21st century / essays by Thelma Golden ... [et al.] ; introduction by Susan Sollins. Publisher New York : H.N. Abrams, 2001 LOCATION WSC Oversize Stacks CALL NO. 0 709.73 G565 The O before the call number indicates Oversize shelving for materials over 29 centimeters in height (such as music scores, art books, etc.). The dictionary of art / editor, Jane Turner Publisher New York : Grove, 1996 LOCATION WSC Reference CALL NO R703 D561 The R before the call number indicates shelving in the Reference area. Statistical abstract of the world / Annmarie Muth, editor Publisher Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research, 1997 LOCATION WSC Ready Reference CALL NO RR 910 st29 1997 The RR before the call number indicates shelving in the Ready Reference area. LIBRARY CATALOGS: KEY TO ACCESS The catalog is the key to the collections of any library. The catalog record gives the location of each item and provides a full description, including name of the author, complete title, edition, number of pages, size, publisher, place of publication, and date of publication. Thus, it is possible to learn a great deal about the item even before it is located in the library. One of the most important elements in any cataloging record is the subject headings. These are terms (sometimes referred to as controlled vocabulary) that are assigned to each item by catalogers. They are based on the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) (see Figure 4.4), used in most academic and research libraries, or on Sears Subject Headings (Sears), used in many public and school libraries. The subject headings in Sears are similar to those in LCSH, but not as extensive. Some specia libraries use subject headings that are peculiar to a particular field. For example, medical libraries MeSH, a system devised by the National Library of Medicine. Periodical databases also use standardized subject headings, often referred to as descriptors, which are based on LCSH or one of the specialized lists of subject headings. One advantage of using subject headings in searching is that it brings together all of the materials that are available on a particular topic. Another advantage of using standardized subject headings in a Television — Tnnsnitters and trangm,isgion (Continued) Here arc entered worb oa the technical oftelevision transmission, including televi*ion transmitters. Works on the transmission of progran:g that are intended for public recepdan eateed under Television UF Television transmission BT Image transmission Television—Equipment and supplies Television broadcasting tTK6655.T8, UF Television tuners Tuners, Television BT Television—Receivers and reception — Ul&ah.igh apparatus and supplies tTK6655.U61 UF UHF UHF television Ultrahigh frequency television BT Television—Equipment and supplies — guidance (May Here are entered varks on the opportunities the field Ot television. Works on the of occupations cm television are ea• tered under Occupaäan.s an televiion. UF Television as a profession {Former he-dinn Television broadcasting—Vocational guidance Former headino Television, USE IndusEial television Television in management Television, Cable USE Cable television Television, Closed-circuit USE Closed-circuit television Television, Color USB Color television Television, Industrial USE Indutrial television Television, Low power USE Low power televisitm Television, atanna cTK6676J UF Master antenna television BT NT Satellite antenna television Television, Mil.inry USE Military television Television, Religious USB in religion Teleüion., Renn.l (May Geog) UF Renni television Television—Renting BT and rental services Television, Submarine USB Underwater televisiod Television. Three-dimensional USE Stereoscopic television Television •cang (May Subd Geog) UF Acdng for television 'Former hadina Acting for video Video acting BT Acting Television (May Subd Geog) (PM99241 BT Actors Television — Credib UF af television actors and Television of television actors and Television adaptations Adaptations, Television and video adaptations BT Li terature—Adaptations Television plays Television progams Televisian SA subdivision Film and video adaptations individual literaturN and nama.of indvidzn.l parsons, e.g. English literature—Film and video adapnüons; Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616—Fi1m and video Television addicøon (May Subd Geog) UF Addicdon to televiAion Addicäve use of television Compulsive behavior Televidon advertising (May Subd Geog) cHF6146,T421 UF Advertising, Television Commercials, Television Television commercials Television in advertising BT Advertising Broadcast adverdsing Radio advertising Television broadcasting RT Television commercial films NT Cable television advertising Sinang commercials — Awa:ds (May Subd Geog) —— United States UF Television advertising—United NT Clio Awards — Law and leøslation (May Subd Geog) BT Advertising laws — ReWoas aspects — — Baddhim, taristfan.ity; ete.l — States —— Awards USB Television advertising— Awards—United States Televidon advertising and andren (May BT Children Television advertising (May Su&i Geog) BT Television producers ud directors Television advertising films USE Television commercial films Television anchors USE Television news anchors Teløvtdon and (May Geog) UF Baseball and television BT Baseban Television and (May Subd Geog) [HQ784.T41 UF and television BT alildren Television and USE Copyright—Broadcasting rights Television and (May Subd Geog) rHQ5201 UF Family and television Family in television programs Television prouams for the family BT Family Television history (May Subd Geog) [PN1992.561 BT History Television and Infrared Observation Satellites USE TIROS Television and USE Libraries and television 6276 Television and literature (May Subd tPN19926551 UF Literature and television BT Literature Television and moäon pictures USE Moäon pictures and television Television and music (May Subd GeoÒ UF Music and television BT Music NT Television broadcasdng of music Televidon poHtics (May Subd Geog) tPN19926J Here are entered works on the interrelations television and potitieal institutions. Wotu the use of television as a medium of in the political arc entered undet Television in politics UF Poliäcs and television Television broadcasting—Political aspects BT Poliücal science Television and propaganda USE Television in propaganda Television and reading (May Geog) BT Books and reading Reading Television and spore (May Subd Geog) t0V742.31 UF Sports and television BT sports RT Television broadcasting of NT Video tapes in Television and teenagers (May Subd Geog) UF Teenagers and television BT Teenagers Television and the aged (May Subd UF Aged and television BT Aged Television and the arts (May tNX180.T441 UF Arts and television and the blind (May Subd Geog) UF Blind and television BT Blind Television and the performing arts (May Subd tPN1992.66J UF Performing arts and television BT Performing arts Television and theater (May Subd Geog) UF Theater and television BT Theater Television and war USE suuivisions Television and the war, Television and the revolution, etc undet individual wars, e.g. World war, 1939-1945--Telcvision and the war Televidon and women (May Geog) UF Women and television BT Women Television and youth (May Subd Geog) tHQ799.2.T41 UF Youth and television BT Youth Televidon announcing UF Announcing for television BT Television broadcast-ng RT Television public speaking NT Voice-oven Television antennas USE Television supplies industry Television archives (May Subd Geog) (PN1992.161 BT Broadcasting archives Television as a profession USE Television—Vocadonal guidance Figure 4.4 A sample page from LCSH, 2011 edition, for the topic "television advertising." Several of the headings listed here would be appropriate for the topic "the effect of television advertising on children." search is that the search results are likely to be more on target than keyword searching. This is because the professional catalogers assign the established subject headings after examining the work and determini-ng its subject. Most of the records for non-fiction material in the library's online catalog have one or more subject headings assigned to them. These search terms are helpful in the research process because they suggest related terms to use for finding additional information on a topic. MATERIALS THAT MIGHT NOT BE FOUND IN LIBRARY CATALOGS It is important to know what you will find in a library catalog as well as what you are not likely to find. MATERIALS OFTEN NOT FOUND IN LIBRARY CATALOGS o individual articles from magazines, journals, and newspapers; o individual titles in series (although some individual titles may be cataloged); 0 individual titles from anthologies; and 0 government publications (varies with individual libraries). FORMAT OF CATALOGED MATERIALS When looking at catalog records you should recall that format is a consideration. The online catalog not only includes the books in the collection, but also identifies materials in a variety of formats. These fomats include microforms, videocassettes, DVDs, maps, musical scores, CD-ROMs, online databases, e-books, e-journals, and information found on the Internet. The location of materials in special formats will be indicated on the catalog record. They usually have a location symbol such as "Reference," "Government Documents," or "Visual Media" plus a sequence number instead of a classification number as a means of locating them. The number given with the location symbol is often an accession number. This means that as the materials are received by the library, they are assigned a number indicating their order of receipt. Sometimes a classification number and a location symbol are assigned to nonbook materials. Material available only on the Internet will have a note identifying the location as "Internet," "electronic resource," or some similar notation, and will include the Internet address (URL) in a separate field. CARD CATALOG Even though online catalogs are now the norm, the card catalog record remains a standard for understanding the information provided for each cataloged item. Traditional card catalogs consisted of index cards arranged alphabetically. PRINTED CARDS Card catalogs consist of multiple drawers containing 3" x 5" printed cards arranged alphabetically by author, title, subject, and added entries. Added entries include series titles or contributors such as editors, compilers, translators, illustrators, and arrangers of music. Practically every book, with the exception of fiction, has at least three cards: author (or main entry), title, and subject in the catalog. With printed cards, except for the top line, all the cards are identical. Figure 4.5 illustrates the author card for a particular work. The access points for this book are author, joint author, title, and two subject headings. Cross reference cards are used to direct the card catalog user to the proper terminology or to additional sources of information. There are two kinds of cross reference cards—see and see also. The see reference directs the card catalog user from a subject heading or term that is not used to the synonymous term that is used (Figure 4.6). The see also reference card lists related subject headings under which more information can be found (Figure 4.7). l . Call number (Library of Congress class number and book number) Author (first one listed on the title page) Title of the book Restatement of the authors' names Place of publication, including city and state Publisher Publication date Physical description (preliminary paging, textual paging, note that it contains illustrations, height of book) Notes (book includes bibliographies) 10. Tracings (traces cards in catalog for this book) 1 Oa Subject headings 10b Joint author IOC Title l l . Classification numbers assigned by the Library of Congress International Standard Book Number Classification number as assigned for Dewey Decimal Library of Congress card number MARC note (record available in Machine Readable Catalog (MARC) format) Figure 4.5 0 Author or main entry card from a printed card catalog. Figure 4.6 (2) Subject cross reference. ARRANGEMENT OF CARDS IN CATALOG There are two commonly used methods of alphabetizing—letter by letter and word by word. Cards in the card catalog are filed word by word. The word-by-word method treats each word in a name, title, or subject heading as a separate unit, while the letter-by-letter method treats all the words in a name, title, or subject heading as if they were one unit. In other words, in the letter-by-letter method all the words in the heading are run together as if they were one word. You need to be aware of differences in the two methods so that you will not miss entries in reference sources. ONLINE CATALOGS Today most libraries have replaced the card catalog either entirely or in part by an online catalog. Online catalogs were made possible by the advent of MARC (MAchine Readable Catalog) records in 1965 by the Library of Congress. Since that time, MARC has been universally adopted by libraries throughout the world as a means of cataloging library materials. MARC records are stored in electronic format and retrieved by the use of a computer. MARC cataloging consists of a uniform system of numbers, letters, and symbols used to encode the different data elements in a record. Each MARC record is divided into fields, such as author, title, subject, and call number, each represented by a three-character tag. The tags generate the access points and provide the information which is displayed to the user. The example below and Figure 4.8 illustrate the most common field tags. 001 008 010 020 040 043 049 0 50 100 245 260 300 504 650 650 700 910 o 10 10 0 0 0 10 865481 740327s1973 maua b 00010 eng cam 73010592 0201032937 DI.ac cDLC t dm. c. I dLDL n-us--- LDLL, LDLR I aLL1.A HD6058 lb.J65 Jongeward, Dorothy Affirmative action for women: Iba practical guide I c [by] Dorothy Jongeward, Dru Scott, and contributors Reading, Mass. , lbÄddison-Wes1ey Pub. Co. lc [c1973] xvi, 334 p. Ibillus. lc22 cm Includes bibliographies Women I xEmp10yment zUnited States Sex discrimination in employment | zUnited States Scott, Dru RL02Äg85jor Figure 4.8 0 MARC record for the author card displayed in Figure 4.5. Note the 100 field indicates the author's name; the 245 field contains the title of the work. The Library of Congress classification number is seen in the 050 field. USING THE ONLINE CATALOG TO FIND INFORMATION Online public access catalog (OPACS) is a searchable database of the items in a library's collection that is usually accessed directly through the library's Web site. Access Points The purpose of cataloging materials in a library is to describe certain elements of each item in the collection so that it can be identified and retrieved. The elements used in describing the work are the keys to access, In card catalogs the access points are called entries. In online records, they are called fields. The main access points in any online cataloging record are author, title, subject, and keyword. Each of these is included in the discussion of basic search techniques in Chapter 3. Searching the Online Catalog The greatest advantage of an online catalog is that one can search for library materials by keyword as well as author, title, and subject. In addition to the public access catalog, online systems may have other capabilities. These include the ability to: 0 update the catalog on a daily basis; 0 provide information conceming materials on order; o provide circulation information, such as whether or not material has been checked out; o provide information on periodical holdings; 0 access the database from remote locations, such as a faculty office, dormitory room, or home; and o provide direct links to Web sites. Web-based catalogs have labeled fields for each record and explicit onscreen instructions and capabilities. One main advantage of a Web-based catalog is the capability of "hyperlinks" to Internet sites. That is, if you click on the URL in the catalog record you will go directly to the Internet site. This is extremely helpful to remote users, since they can now link directly from the online catalog to a Web-based document. It is also valuable to local and in-house users who can switch back and forth from cataloged information to full-text Web sites. You can compile bibliographies by downloading or exporting information or you can insert information from the Internet directly into a word processing document while you have the information on the screen. A typical entry for an online resource gives the citation information and a link to connect directly to the Web site: Title: Statistical abstract of the United States [electronic resource] Publisher: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1878— Available Online: https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/ Libraries throughout the world use different automated systems, each of which has its own command language. The basic search techniques discussed in Chapter 3 and the following illustrations from Conn Library at Wayne State College, should apply to searching any online catalog. Once you become familiar with searching the online catalog in your library, you should not have difficulty searching any catalog. The sample screens shown in Figures 4.9—4.17 illustrate the various features and capabilities of Innovative Interfaces Incorporated (Ill) used by the Nebraska State College System. Other automated systems can be seen in the Gateway to Library Catalogs listing from the Library of Congress, located at http://loc.gov/z3950/gateway.html. A list of other online library catalogs can also be found at any of the following sites: Lib-web-cats: http://www.librarytechnology.org/libwebcats/ LibDex: http://www.libdex.com/ ONLINE CATALOGS (WEB BASED): SAMPLE SCREENS The Nebraska State College System is a consortium of three state college libraries which share their library catalogs and Interlibrary Loan services. It is typical of such cooperative efforts underway today both at the state college and university level. Chadron State College library materials are indicated by CSC; Peru State College materials, by PSC; and Wayne State College materials, by WSC. Figure 4.9 depicts the initial online catalog screen. Web Catalog Mozilta FiseÍ0S: http:ÌÏIlbrary.nscs.edul st±e cogeæ Search Local Catalog Sear±l the library's holdings for books, eBooks, movies, Images, periodicals, and more. FIND INFORMATION YOUR ACCOUNT OUR LIBRARIES Home I Help Powe.•eðby 2004 http:$$libtary.nscs -edu$ Figure 4.9 Main screen for three state college libraries within the Nebraska State College System, using Innovative Interface's Millennium Web Catalog. By clicking on different links, patrons can search the checkout record for overdue fines, determine which materials they have checked out, and keep track of their library materials much like an online banking system or consumer credit account. Other options include offering suggestions for library purchases and searching for materials left at the Reserve Desk by their professors. Figure 4.10 provides a guide to search commands in the online catalog and gives additional information on search strategies. Web Catalog íde Call Number Standard Number Number Keyword Searching Dore Figure 4.10 Search Tips for assistance in using commands, different access tools, and keyword searching. In searching for information on "the effect of television advertising on children," you may be unaware of the standardized subject headings for this topic. In which case, you should begin with a keyword search. Figure 4.11 depicts the results of a keyword search for "television advertising and children.' Nebraska State EEYWOROSO-i2 of 12). psc' 2c2005 Add to wsc -E.Iå,zBR.A.ue.á.s 2003 EÐW•rtoinmeot Figure 4.11 Q) Results of a keyword search for "television advertising and children." Before you select an item, consider your options. Depending on the system your library uses, you may be able to: limit your search to available items so that you do not have to look for material that may be checked out; 0 sort your items by date (as shown in Figure 4.11, keeping the most current items listed first); "modify search" (shown in Figure 4.11), which limits your results to those items held at one of the libraries included in that particular online catalog; O search additional libraries from the top menu (in this case, the University of Nebraska at Lincoln (UNL), at Omaha (UNO), at Kearney (UNK), and the McGoogan Library of Medicine's Online Catalog); and/or 0 save a list of your selected items for further research. Once you obtain a list of results, browse the selections and eliminate those not appropriate for your particular purpose. Selecting materials based on currency, authorship, and other factors is discussed in Chapter 2. Of the four entries shown in Figure 4.11, only the first three items might be of value to use for research on this topic. The book listed in item I is an electronic book that is not available to all libraries in the Nebraska State College System. Item 2 is sufficiently current to be useful if it is available. When you click on the title, you will see the record depicted in Figure 4.12. Additional subject headings (topics) covered by this work are listed under "Subject" in the record and are linked for additional research. The ISBN field indicates the international standard book number for this particular book. Note the location of this work "On Display." You will need to know where the library's display items are located in order to retrieve this work. Figure 4.11 displays information for an additional work which might be of value in your research for this topic: "Research on the Effects of Television Advertising on Children . . ." Although published in 1977, it might be of some historical value for your topic. Figure 4.12 Q) Selected item record #2 from Figure 4.11 's keyword search results. Figure 4.13 indicates the result of a subject search for the topic "the effect of television advertising on children." Using standardized terms found either in LCSH (see Figure 4.4) or in the Sears Subject Headings produces a more focused search. If you are unsure of the exact subject heading, begin with a keyword search as shown in the Figure 4. I l , then analyze the subject headings included to begin a new search. State Tiietox Num Save Year Entries F0Uñd 1 -Home I Help Figure 4.13 Subject search for "television advertising and children' in Figure 4.11. Figure 4.14 (C) Selected results of subject search from Figure 4.13. Tips Starting your strategy with a keyword search often results in related information not ordinarily found through just a subject search. With Web-based catalogs, it is often easier to begin with specific terms or phrases rather than to guess the standardized terms. Using the LCSH listings would lead you directly to the correct subject headings, or standardized terms to conduct a subject search. For the topic of "effects of television advertising on children," the correct subject headings would be "television advertising," "television advertising and children," or "television and children," according to the 2011 edition of the LCSH. Subdivisions on the resulting pages would indicate suitable categories for you to search. (See Figure 4.4.) Materials listed in previous screens that are held by Chadron and Peru Libraries can easily be retrieved by selecting the "Request" icon on the screens. Student name and other identification information is relayed to the appropriate library. The requested item is delivered to the student's campus library through a local interlibrary loan process. Limiting Your Search Limitation options for online catalogs are discussed in Chapter 3. Figure 4.15 provides a typical example of this approach. Use the "advanced search" feature from the catalog home page. Begin by searching for your topic, such as "television advertising" and "children." Use the "limit" or "modify" command to select only the local library materials ("Wayne State College" in this example.) Limiting the material type to "serial" would identify periodicals where relevant articles might be found. Figure 4.15 Q) Formulating an advanced keyword search with limiting features. The Search Tips at the bottom of the screen in Figure 4.15 provide additional information for Boolean and proximity operators, and other ways to refine a search. Study the examples given in the last column to get a better perspective of each type of search. The results of the search shown in Figure 4.15 can be seen in Figure 4.16, where 72 periodical titles are retrieved. However, this is NOT the best approach for locating specific articles on this topic. The results from this search include TV Guide and Television Quarterly as possibilities for locating articles on the topic of "television advertising and children." Neither would be appropriate for research on this topic. Chapter 8 discusses periodical indexes and databases where you can search by topic for particular articles. This example illustrates the benefits and features of using an advanced search with limiting features to help you identify specific periodical titles covering this topic. Many instructors require students to identify prominent joumals in their particular field of study. Using the online catalog in this manner would be beneficial for this purpose. Nebraska State Cgllege Library System Mozilla Firefox 72) KEYWORDS ( 1-12 of Meciiawetžk 1991Add to : SERIAL Brewster, N.Y. A/S/M Communications, 1991- v. ill. (some cot,) ; REVIEW 28 cm wsc Marketinq Add to SERIAL U [New York, Dedslons Publications) $36.00 wsc 3 Add toSERIAL [New York] Advertlsing Research Foundation v. 1- Sept, 1960- 4 Add to SERIAL [Chicago, Ill.] : Crain Communications, • 42 cm REVIEW wsc Figure 4.16 C) Results of the limited search constructed in Figure 4.15 Figure 4.17 0 Holdings information for Mediaweek illustrating all formats available for the title retrieved in Figure 4.16. LIBRARY CATALOGS FROM AROUND THEWORLD Researchers have a great advantage in being able to search online catalogs from all over the world— from the Library of Congress (the national library of the United States) to the Bibliothèque Nationale (the national library of France). In many instances, they are able to find materials in a distant library that are not available locally. Most online catalogs are searched with the same search commands discussed earlier: author, title, subject, and keyword. Many have call number searching and other features. Although the search engines are not totally standardized, the search commands are easily recognized. We have seen how the Nebraska State College Library System provides access to all of the materials held by its members to students and for all three colleges. Larger systems such as the Louisiana Library Network (LOUIS) and OhioLink have similar options. This additional access to materials provides patrons much needed material that their local library does not have. Sharing of materials among libraries through interlibrary loan programs has been in practice for many years, but the technology now allows patrons to request and receive materials directly, thus simplifying the procedures. Taking this concept of shared resources one step further, WorldCat, the OCLC catalog of catalogs, is a database comprised of the holdings of thousands of libraries around the world. Member libraries continually add cataloged materials to the database, making this an excellent source for identifying and locating material, In addition to providing cataloging information for the item, WorldCat also lists libraries that hold the material, making interlibrary loan procedures much easier. The basic principles discussed in this chapter should apply in large part to any online library catalo c . The electronic search commands discussed in Chapter 3 combined with the examples given here should give you ample expertise in using almost any library catalog in the world.