BMR 1105 Growth and Development (2024) PDF

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BMR1105 1 EARLY STIMULATION 2  True or False? The adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier in girls than in boys. 3  True or False? There is a significant diffe...

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BMR1105 1 EARLY STIMULATION 2  True or False? The adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier in girls than in boys. 3  True or False? There is a significant difference between female and male physique prior to puberty. 4  True or False? Within each of the life stages, there is individuality and variability in growth and development among people 5 STAGES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT The journey of life is NOT a simple juxtaposition of successive functional timetables Rather, physiologic competence at each stage of life: is influenced by the functional events in preceding stages And influences the degree of competence of the stages that follow The genome dictates the genetic characteristic of the species. Genetic expression of each individual within the species may be modified throughout life by the environment Thus, longevity depends not only on genetic inheritance but also on gene-environment interactions Longevity is an important decision nature must make. Usually, important decisions in nature are regulated in a complex way As organisms become more complex so does the need to balance life and death Genome meet your environment!  Stages of the Lifespan Prenatal Life Ovum: Fertilization - end 1st Postnatal Life week Embryo: 2nd-8th week Adulthood Fetus: 3rd-10 lunar month Prime & transition (20-65 yrs) Old age & senescence (65 yrs+) Neonatal Period Newborn: end of 2nd week Infancy: 3rd week-1st year Childhood: 2-15 years Adolescence: 6 yrs after puberty Stages of Growth & Development 1. Infancy 2. Childhood 3. Adolescence 4. Adult 5. Middle Age 6. Old Age 10 I. Stage 1- Infancy A. Birth to 1 ½ years B. Fastest growth period in life C. Developmental Tasks 1. learn to eat solid food 2. begin to walk 3. begin to talk 4. developing trust D. Trust vs. Mistrust Males are usually heavier and taller than females at birth  II. Stage 2 - Early Childhood A. Ages 2-3 B. Developmental tasks 1. walk and talk more 2. potty trained 3. social independence develops 4. Sense of autonomy- need to control impulses, body, environment. III. Stage 3 - Childhood A. 4-5 years B. Developmental tasks 1. initiate play with other kids 2. make-believe 3. ask questions 4. Learn initiative- the ability to start something on their own. IV. Stage 4 – Late Childhood A. 6 to 11 years B. Developmental Tasks 1. learn physical skills for sports, games, etc. 2. intellectually- learn to read, write, do math 3. learn right from wrong 4. develop attitudes towards themselves and others. 5. develop sense of industry- make things- cookies, models, etc. C. Industry vs. Inferiority V. Stage 5 – Puberty/Adolescence A. Ages 9 – 13 & 14-17 B. Beginning of adolescence C. Become capable of reproducing D. Secondary sex characteristics begin to develop E. Second fastest period of growth F. Hormones develop- estrogen & progesterone-girls & testosterone-boys G. Developmental Tasks 1. Form mature relationships 2. achieve a masculine or feminine social role 3. accept one’s physique and use one’s body effectively 4. Achieve emotional independence from parents and other adults 5. prepare for marriage and family life 6. prepare for career 7. acquire personal standards 8. develop social intelligence-aware of human needs-helping others 9. develop conceptual and problem-solving skills  VI. Stage 6- Young Adulthood A. Generally age 20 to early 30’s- can start as young as 17. B. Financially independent from parents C. Can deal with everyday life trials with maturity D. At peak of physical abilities- strength, quickness, alertness E. Crucial life decisions made- marriage, career, children F. Intimacy vs. Isolation VII. Stage 7- Middle A. 35-65 years Adulthood B. Start thinking in terms of what to do with the rest of their lives. C. Feeling that time is running out D. Start to face death of parents E. Mid-life crisis common- divorce, career change, remarriage 1. some have not accepted middle age- can lead to problems adjusting 2. Their children may be going through adolescence, during this time which can add to conflict.  VIII. Stage 8- Late A.Adulthood 65 and older B. Retirement common C. Senior citizen does not equate to old anymore. D. Longer life expectancy- 85 and older common. E. Better health practices than in the past. F. Measures of Age 1. Chronological- How old you actually are 2. Biological- how well your body is holding up influenced by diet, exercise, lifestyle, heredity 3. Social- a person’s lifestyle G. Grandchildren become important  IX. Death- Stages of Acceptance 1. Denial- “No not me”- can’t accept news of a death or their own imminent death. 2. Anger- “Why me?” Stage- resentment, sometimes leads to isolation, rejection 3. Bargaining- begins to accept reality, but bargains for more time by praying, other medical treatments, etc. 4. Depression-time of grieving for what the patient has already lost and will lose. Worries about family, money, fells sense of great loss.- Encourage him or her to grieve 5. Acceptance – Allows for action and facing reality in a constructive way. Closure is important. Not a happy stage, but not helpless either.  Most influential ERIKSON – developmental researcher of the 20th Century  PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY – personality development occurs during eight stages of life. At each stage, people must successfully face and resolve a psychological or social conflict to continue development. Birth to 1 Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust year Autonomy vs. Shame & Toddler Ages 1 to 3 Doubt Early Childhood Ages 3 - 6 Initiative vs. Guilt Middle Ages 6 - 12 Industry vs. Inferiority Childhood Ages 13 – Adolescence Identity vs. Role Confusion 18+ Young Ages 18 – Intimacy vs. Isolation Adulthood 40+ Middle Ages 40 to Generativity vs. Self- Adulthood 65 Absorption Older Adulthood Ages 65+ Integrity vs. Despair  What is Heredity? Heredity = the passing on of traits from one generation to the next. What is a Trait? A trait is a specific characteristic that is unique. Traits affect the way we look Traits affect how our bodies function Traits are inherited Examples are hair color, eye color, handedness, etc. Dominant Trait A dominant trait is a trait that is always expressed, or shown. – Examples are brown hair, brown eyes, right Recessive Trait handed A recessive trait is a trait that is covered up or seems to disappear. Examples are blonde hair, blue eyes, left handed Where Do Traits Come From? Factors that make up an individual come from both parents. The trait information is passed on from generation to generation in the form of genes. Do you see any ways that these children are similar to their parents or brothers and sisters? Look around. Is anyone just like you? You and everyone else are unique. No two people are exactly alike, including identical twins. However, many of your traits are inherited. People in a family may have things in common. They can share traits. You can inherit traits from your parents. Eye Color Hair color Hair Texture Skin Color Body Shape Heredity and Genetics Your genes determine whether or not you possess certain physical traits. Your genes make you blue eyed or brown eyed, or have brown or blond hair. These traits are highly complex, and involve the interaction of many genes.  Where Do Genes Come From? An individual needs 2 genes for each trait – one gene from each parent. This gene pair is called an allele. – One gene comes from the sperm cell (from the Father) – One gene comes from the egg cell (from the Mother) How Do Genes Get Their Information? A chromosome is a structure in the cell that contains the genetic information. This information is passed on from one generation to the next generation. How Do We Look The Way We Do? Parents pass on copies of their DNA to their offspring. The DNA from each parent combines to form the DNA of the offspring. How the offspring develops depends on the instructions coded in the DNA donated by both parents. Offspring are similar to parents, but different due to the many possible combinations of the 4 bases. Every individual is unique. What Are the Factors that Influence the Growth and Development of Children? Environment – Conditions – Experiences In the early years this is primarily the family. What Are the Factors that Influence the Growth and Development of Children? Heredity and Environment COMBINED! – Your height is influenced by your diet (environment) and your genes (heredity) What is Environment? What is Environment? Important environment factors that can affect children. Heredity & Environment Interaction in Real Ways Ge et al, 1996 Effects of Poverty  What does a child need in his or her environment to develop well? What does it cost? 2. What is the poverty level income for a family of 3 that has 1 child? See www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/threshld/thresh03.html for the answer. 3. Describe the most important fact from this website:  http://www.childtrends.org/_pressrelease_page.cfm?LID= AB8E4412-2165-4AF4-95383DA81AFE4D18 Nature Versus Nurture A personality is the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual. Nature Nurture Heredity is the transmission of Social environment can imprint genetic characteristics from characteristics on a child parents to children Pavlov’s experiments showed Instinct is an unchanging that behavior could be taught biologically inherited behavior Most social scientists believe Sociobiology searches for the personality arises from a biological basis of all social mixture of both nature and behavior nurture  Factors in Personality Development Heredity Birth Order Characteristics present at birth Personalities are influenced by include hair type, eye color, and brothers and sisters. certain aptitudes. Early-born siblings have different Biological needs include hunger traits than later-born siblings. and thirst. Culture decides how you will use or satisfy hereditary characteristics. Parental Characteristics The Cultural Environment Age, level of education, religious Each culture has set “model orientation, economic status, personalities.” cultural heritage, and occupation of Individuals experience a culture in parents can shape personalities of different ways. children.  Sensation and Perception Sensation – The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain; sensory information that has registered in the brain but has not been interpreted Perception – The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain  Process of Sensation Absolute threshold – The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time Difference threshold – The smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time – Just noticeable difference (JND) – The smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect 50% of the time  Process of Sensation Sensory receptors  Specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to sensory stimuli—light, sound, odors—and transduce (convert) the stimuli into neural impulses  Provide the essential link between the physical sensory world and the brain  Transduction  Process where the receptors change or convert the sensory stimulation into neural impulses  Sensory adaptation  The process of becoming less sensitive to an unchanging sensory stimulus over time  Allows you to shift your attention to what is most important at any given moment  Vision  Rods  Allow humans to see in black, white, and shades of gray in dim light  Mostly in the periphery  Take 20 – 30 minutes to fully adapt to darkness  Cones  Enable humans to see color and fine detail in adequate light, but that do not function in dim light  Mostly in the fovea  Adapt fully to darkness in 2 – 3 minutes Hearing  Audition  The sensation of hearing; the process of hearing  Sound requires a medium through which to move, such as air, water, or a solid object  Frequency  Measured in the unit called the hertz, the number of sound waves or cycles per second, determining the pitch of the sound  The human ear can hear sound frequencies from low bass tones of around 20 Hz to high-pitched sounds of about 20,000 Hz  Hearing Amplitude – Measured in decibels, the magnitude or intensity of a sound wave, determining the loudness of the sound; the amplitude of a light wave affects the brightness of a visual stimulus Decibel – A unit of measurement of the intensity or loudness of sound based on the amplitude of the sound wave  Smell and Taste  Olfaction  The sensation of smell; the process of smelling  You cannot smell a substance unless some of its molecules vaporize  Olfactory epithelium  Two 1-square-inch patches of tissue, one at the top of each nasal cavity, which together contain about 10 million olfactory neurons, the receptors for smell  Olfactory bulbs  Two matchstick-sized structures above the nasal cavities, where smell sensations first register in the brain Smell and Taste  Gustation  The sensation of taste  Five basic tastes  Sweet  Sour  Salty  Bitter  Umami  Triggered by the substance glutamate (monosodium glutamate is commercial product) Taste Taste receptors – Occur in taste buds Most are found on the surface of the tongue Homeostasis- taste is what keeps are body protected from what is going into are bodies. Skin Senses Skin – The largest organ of your body – Performs many important biological functions while also providing much of what is known as sensual pleasure Tactile – Pertaining to the sense of touch – Information that is conveyed to the brain when an object touches and depresses the skin, stimulating one or more of the several distinct types of receptors found in the nerve endings Skin is responsible for Regulating body temperature. Storing water and fat. Is a sensory organ. Preventing water loss. Preventing entry of bacteria. Gestalt Rules for Perceptual Organization  Common Fate  Elements moving together are grouped together (runners)  Closure  Fit bits of information into familiar patterns;  Perception of a complete figure, even when there are gaps in sensory information  Proximity  Nearness of objects  Similarity  Similarity of objects  Continuity  Series of points having unity THANK YOU