Blood Typing (2019) PDF

BLOOD TYPING Dr. Samantha Solecki, DC, MS Instructor, Biology Thinker. Learner. Motivator. Lover of Anatomy & Physiology [email protected] 1 © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. ...

BLOOD TYPING Dr. Samantha Solecki, DC, MS Instructor, Biology Thinker. Learner. Motivator. Lover of Anatomy & Physiology [email protected] 1 © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.  2 Learning Objectives *Acquired from the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) with personal additions  Explain the role of surface antigens on RBCs in determining blood groups.  List the type of antigen and the type of antibodies present in each ABO blood type.  Describe how the presence or absence of Rh antigen results in blood being classified as positive or negative.  Distinguish between the development of anti-Rh antibodies and the development of anti-A and anti-B antibodies.  Predict which blood types are compatible and what happens when the incorrect ABO or Rh blood type is transfused.  State which blood type is considered the universal donor and which blood type is considered the universal recipient, and explain why.  3 Blood Transfusions  Cardiovascular system minimizes effects of blood loss by: 1. reducing volume of affected blood vessels 2. stepping up production of RBCs  Body can compensate for only so much blood loss  Loss of 15–30% causes pallor and weakness  Loss of more than 30% results in potentially fatal severe shock  4 Restoring Blood Volume  Death from shock may result from low blood volume  Volume must be replaced immediately with  Normal saline or multiple-electrolyte solution (Ringer’s solution) that mimics plasma electrolyte composition  Replacement of volume restores adequate circulation but does not replace oxygen-carrying capacities of RBCs  5 Transfusing Red Blood Cells  Whole-blood transfusions are used only when blood loss is rapid and substantial  Infusions of packed red blood cells, or PRBCs (plasma and WBCs removed), are preferred to restore oxygen-carrying capacity  Blood banks usually separate donated blood into components; shelf life of blood is about 35 days  Human blood groups of donated blood must be determined because transfusion reactions can be fatal  Blood typing determines groups  6 BLOOD TYPING  Classification of the blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic markers present on the surface of the RBCs  Blood test performed where the blood is mixed with antibodies against Types A & B to see if agglutination occurs  Cross matching is imperative to make sure there will not be agglutination between the donor and recipient’s blood  Transfusion reaction can occur when mismatched blood is infused. The recipient’s plasma agglutinins attack the donor’s RBCs  7 DOMINANT-RECESSIVE INHERITANCE  Multiple-allele inheritance  Genes that exhibit more than two allele forms  Example: ABO blood groups have three alleles: I A, I B, and i  8 DOMINANT-RECESSIVE INHERITANCE  The combination of two out of the three alleles determine a person’s ABO blood type  I A and I B are codominant: both are expressed if present (type AB)  i is recessive type O  Heterozygotes express dominant A or B  So a person with OA is type A blood  A person with OB is type B blood  Homozygote person with ii results in OO, so type O blood  9 Table 29.2 ABO Blood Groups Table 29.2 ABO Blood Groups.  1 0 BLOOD TYPES A B  AB O  Rh Factor  1 1 Human Blood Types  Glycoprotein & glycolipid markers present or absent on human red cells identify the different blood types.  These external markers present or absent on the outer surface of the RBC are called antigens or agglutinogens  Presence in the plasma of performed antibodies are called agglutinins  Agglutinins act against the RBCs carrying ABO antigens that are NOT present on a person’s own RBC  i.e. Type A blood has anti-B antibodies in their plasma  1 2 Transfusing Red Blood Cells Human blood groups  Humans have at least 30 naturally occurring RBC antigens  Presence or absence of each antigen is used to classify blood cells into different groups  Some blood groups (MNS, Duffy, Kell, and Lewis) are only weak agglutinogens  Not usually typed unless patient will need several transfusions  Antigens of ABO and Rh blood groups cause most vigorous transfusion reactions; therefore, they are major groups typed 1 3  1 4 BLOOD TYPING  Type A : Receives only Types A & O  Blood agglutination only when B cells (Anti-A serum) are mixed with your blood  Type B : Receives only Types B & O  Blood agglutination when A cells (Anti-B serum) are mixed with your blood  Type AB : Receives Types A, B, AB and O  UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR  Type O : receives only Type O  Agglutinates when either types of cells are added  UNIVERSAL DONOR  1 Blood Typing of ABO Blood Types 5 Figure 17.17 Blood typing of ABO blood types.  1 6 Rh Factor  Rh antigen is agglutinogen D  Presence of the D antigen on the surface of the RBC is said to be Rh positive (85% of Americans are Rh positive)  Unlike the ABO blood groups, anti-D antibodies are not spontaneously formed in the plasma of those with Rh negative  If an Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood, the body’s immune system will start to produce anti-D antibodies against the presence of the foreign antigen, however this take time, so the first transfusion is not harmful…it’s the second transfusion that will result in hemolysis  *HDN  1 7 Transfusing Red Blood Cells  Transfusion reactions  Occur if mismatched blood is infused  Donor’s cells are attacked by recipient’s plasma agglutinins  Agglutinate and clog small vessels  Rupture and release hemoglobin into bloodstream  Result in:  Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity  Decreased blood flow beyond blocked vessel  Hemoglobin in kidney tubules can lead to renal failure  1 8 Transfusing Red Blood Cells Transfusion reactions (cont.)  Symptoms: fever, chills, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting  Treatment: preventing kidney damage with fluids and diuretics to wash out hemoglobin  Type O universal donor: no A or B antigens  Type AB universal recipient: no anti-A or anti-B antibodies  Misleading as other agglutinogens that cause transfusion reactions must also be considered  Autologous transfusions: patient predonates own blood that is stored and available if needed  1 9 Table 17.4 ABO Blood Groups Table 17.4 ABO Blood Groups. 2 0