Blood Story PDF

Oodis composedof 55 Plasma 45 formalelements RBCs plateletsetc 1 WBC aracteristics ofblood 56thickerthanwater viscosity concentration offormedelements sticky Normalteme is 100.4 F pHrangesfrom7.35 7.45 Slightlyalkalotic varieswith Color oxygencontent Br...

Oodis composedof 55 Plasma 45 formalelements RBCs plateletsetc 1 WBC aracteristics ofblood 56thickerthanwater viscosity concentration offormedelements sticky Normalteme is 100.4 F pHrangesfrom7.35 7.45 Slightlyalkalotic varieswith Color oxygencontent Brightred highoxygenlevel Dancredblue lowoxygenlevel ctionsofblood Transportation Deliverysystemforthe body Pelfygen carbondioxide Electrolytes Nutrients FromGItracttobodycells Hormones Fromglandstotargetcells Enzymes Antibodies Medication ctionofBlood Regulation Homeostasis pHregulationviabuffers Temperature regulation viaplasma Watercapableof absorbingheat frommuscles flowtotheskinthrough vascularchanges Bodycapable of controllingblood Regulation ofosmoticpressuretoadjustthecontentofwaterincells Fluidbalance tobloodfromG1lostinsweaturine added Water ctionsofbloodProtection Abilitytoclot Ifyougetcutyourbloodclots platelets soyoudontbleedoutfrom a papercut AbilitytoProtect againstinfection White bloodCells sma Fluidmatrixofblood Accountfor55 ofblood volume 92 is water 8 is solute Mostlyproteins 7 Electrolytes Nat ktCatandnutrients it 3 Strawcoloredliquid verysimilar to cytoplasm asmaProteins Blood is a colloid afluidw proteins init Exertosmotic pressure preventslossof fluidfromblood asit moves throughcapillaries whentherearefewerproteinsfluidwillleave the vesselsand thethirdspace enter ifeng.siiriiwes byhepatocytes Mostsynthesizedinliver Albumin 54 largestinquantityoftheplasmaproteinssmallestinsize Majorfunctionistomaintainosmoticpressurebetweenbloodandsurroundingtissue Importantmarkersofnutrition globulin 28 Immunoglobulins orgamma globulins Participate inimmuneresponse Alphaandbetaglobulin important fortransport of Felipid fat Madeinliverexceptimmunogloblinswhicharemade immunesystem by Fibrinogen 7 convertedtofibrintoformmeshwork forbloodclotting medElements rythrocytes RBCs Leukocytes WBCs granular leukocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranularleukocytes TandBlymphocytes Naturalkiller cells Monocytes Trombocytes platelets motionof bloodcells formation hematopoiesis aka hemopoiesis Children liverspleen thymuslymphnodesredbonemarrow Adults redbloodcell foundonlyinsternumvertebrae pelvisproxfemur proxhumans Eachcellhas a specificlifespan RBCapprox 120days WBCapprox 5days maylastmuchlonger platelets approx 7days controlled by negativefeedback mation of bloodcells Hematopoiesis Redbonemarrow Highlyvascularized connectivetissueinspongybone siteofallbloodcellproduction In newborns allbonemarrowis red In adults redbonemarrowis converted toyellowbonemarrow yellowbonemarrowismostlyfat  mationofbloodcells Allformedelementscomefromhematocytoblast Bloodstemcell Bloodstemcells are undifferentiated capableofdividing differentiatingintoALLof thebloodcells Bloodstemcellsmake two daughtercells Myeloidstemcellsbegin todevelopin thered bonemarrowandgive riseto RBCs Plateletsmonocytesandthegranulocytes lymphoidstemcellsbegintodevelop in theredbonemarrowBut development iscompletedin thelymphatic tissues thropoiesis Theprocessofchanging amyeloid cellinto an erythrocyte takes5 7 days Mostlyhappeninbonemarrow Erythropoietin hormonewhich stimulates the change Drugabuseinathletes Noticethat eachstagehasanucleusuntilNormoblast Eachstagegrowssmallerinsize atomy of RedBloodcell Biconcavedisc flexible very Nonucleus ororganelles Nonucleus no mitosis Cytoplasm containshemoglobin volume forATPproduction Glycolysis anaerobic AllowsforRBCstomakeATPwithoutusinguptheoxygenitscarrying Bloodcells Whyabiconcavedisc optimalsurfaceareaformaximal capacitytocarryoxygen EachRBChasapprox280million hemoglobinmolecules hapeallowsfor Rouleauformation in vessels moglobin RespiratoryPigment QuaternaryProtein Globin 4 polypeptide chains 2alpha 2beta Heme ineach 4chains pigment Fetat centerofeachring Ironion can attachreversiblywithoneoxygenmolecule Eachhemoglobinholds 4oxygenmolecules conoglobin Iron Ironis necessaryfornormalHgbfunction 67 of ironinthehumanbody iswithinthehemoglobinmolecule Ironislostdaily infecesune andduringfemalemenstrualcycle ofthiswemustreplacethislostiron Because wedothisbyeatingit Moglobin Hsb Hsbbinds tooxygenfortransportto cells Alsobindsto carbondioxideawayfrom certs Hgb 02 Oxy hemoglobin Hgb CO carboxy hemoglobin at Hemoglobin 2alpha 2 gamma Highaffinityfor oxygencantakeoxygenawayfromadultHgbanddeliverit to fetaltissues Afterbirthfetalhemoglobin is nolonger produced Normalhemoglobindoesnotensurenormal adulthemoglobin matocuit HCT t Percentageoftotal bloodvolumeoccupied bycells NormalRanges iii iii whythedifference Testosterone increases EPOrelease In.EEoffion DecreaseHCT Defect Dysfunctional 3CDegradation Averagelifespanof120 days RBCmembranefragilityincreaseswithage Nonucleus noregeneration ThisdamagedRBCsdie whentheydietheyare removedfromcirculationbymacrophages in liverandspleen Ironandaminoacids are recycled inbonemarrow amoleculecalledtransferrin transportstheRe Heme biliverdin bilirubin urobilingen unoblin oneorstore cobiliafeces 3CDegradationtwoproducts token downintoaminoacidswhichareusedin proteinsynthesis Ibroken torelease IRONwhich is transported via transferrinthroughthebloodandintoliverandbonemarrowtobeusedwhenRBCsaremade again AlsocreatesBILIVERDIN whichbecomes BILRUBINwhichiseliminatedbyurineandfeces w Hemacrit anemia crit 20144 a Hema 911 9toothick cocytes whitebloodcells largerthanRBC Havenuclei candivide specialSkills andcells Chemotaxis Movementtowards damagedinjuredtissues Diapitiitmn.tniie'siiiiisse Runalongendothelium sticktoand thensqueezebetween endothelial cells  varyingdegree of phagocytosis Dependson theleukocyte liveforafewdaysto afewyears duringacuteinfectionsWBCs mayonlylastfewhours WBCcount leucocytosis abnormallyhigh Lenkopenia abnormallylowWBCcount grandocytes titi70 Neutrophils 60 Arganulocytes Lymphocytes 20 40 Monocytes 3w Basophils 0.5 1 Stainpurpleblue Elevatedwith allergies Parasites Holdshistaminesandheparin Acuteallergicreactionsanaphylaxis Vasodilatesincreasescapillary permeability measles Eosinophils stainsredorange 14 Nucleushastwolobesthat areconnected withallergiesandparasiticinfectionsautoimmunedisease Elevated Enzymethatdegradesinflammation stimulatingchemicals toxicproteinsthatattackdifferentparasites Release ietapeworm Neutrophils stain Mental 5070 Nucleusismulti lobar 2 5lobes thecellthemore older lobesthe nucleushas Mostcommonwide rangeofphysiologiceffects Duringanactiveinfectionyour bodyis makingmanyneutrophils Sofastthatsometimesimmaturecansarereleased Bands Bandamiaisanincreasein circulatingyoursneutrophilsandindicates prettysevereinfection ymphocytes 2040 Nucleus is darkandroundwithasmallindentation mostofthecellisthenucleus islightblueincolor cytoplasm Increasedinvirusleukemia Threedifferentlymphocytes Bcells Tcells Nkcells Monocytes LargestWBL 28 kidney horseshoenucleus Blueappearance ofcytoplasm Increasedinvirusfungal infectionleukemia Differentiate live.TTkksnnodesspleenbonemarrow  removeforeign hatinanddes 3LFacts andmacrophagesareactivephagocytes Neutrophils attracted bychemotaxis mostquicklytotissuedamagebybacteria Neutrophilsrespond uselysozymesstrongoxidants defensins Monocytes take longertoarrive butarriveinlargernumbersanddestroymoremicrobes enlargeanddifferentiateinto macrophages Lymphocytes arethemajor soldiers of the immunesystem Bcells destroy bacteriaandinactivatetheirtoxins T cells attackvirusesfungitransplantedcellscancercellsandsomebacteria varietyofinfectious microbesandcertaintumorcell Naturalkillertells attack awide ombocytes platelets Beginasmega karyocytes spanis Averagelife 7days Removed bymacrophages intheliverandspleen Allaboutclotting rombopoiesiscontrol karyocytegrowthanddevelopmentfactor Thrombopoietin alsoknownas mega by and reduced liver kidney THRO isboundto outsideofplatelets feedbacksystemturnsproduction Negative onandoff bofPlatelet Hemostasis Mustoccur quicklyto stembloodloss Three phases Vascular seasm Immediateresponsetodamagedvessel vasoconstriction muscleclamasdown Smooth Bloodvessel diameternarrows Triggered bychemicals releasedbythedamagedbloodvessels Plateletsthataggregate atthedamagedareafortnerreleasechemicalswhich alsocausevasoconstriction PlateletPlug Formation Damagetothe vessel allowscollagenfiberstobeexposed blood teethFinetothesefires manyprojectionswhichallowplateletstocomeincontactwithoneanother Platelets areactivatedand theyextend chemicalsarereleased Thromboxane A2andADPattractotherplatelets andthromboxaneA2causevasoconstriction Serotonin Coagulation Involves manysubstanceswhichundergo a series ofchemical reactions clottingfactors Catt several inactiveenzymesvariousmoleculesassociatedwith platelets or released bydamagedtissue 13differentfactorsindicatedbyromannumerals CalciumPlateletsvitamink Clottingfactors I Idstateinactiveenzymes produced inliver vitamin K TIESie sin clottingfactors i vi ix x  aresy us 1 ll.ve v coenzyme Mayoccurbyoneoftwopathways Intrinsicpathway contactactivationby insideofthe damage vessel outsideof Extrinsicpathway damage thevessel Either way 1 Bothpathwaysleadtoformationof prothrombinase 2 Prothrombin aseconverts quothrombin intothrombin 3Thrombinconvertsfibrinogensolubleintofibrininsolubleformingthethreadsoftheclot retraction tighteningofthefibrinclot Astheclotretracts itpullstheedgesofthedamagedbloodvesselsclosertogether once it isdonewith itsjob Plasminbreaksdownthe fibrin Thisis Fibrinolysis ombocytosis EssentialMoreplateletsdue bonemarrowissue to secondary more plateletsmade duetootherissueInfectionwondeficiencyanemiamedications whathappens overclotting ombocytopenia lesscirculatingstunkinenlargedspleen Lessmadebonemarrowdisorder Morebrokendown infectionspregnancy autoimmunediseases whathappens difficultyclotting toomuchbleeding maleteBloodcount CBC Differentialcount Bloodtestwhichmeasures manycomponentsorblood cellnumbers percentages cellsize crit Hema Hemoglobin adtypes TypeA HasAantagen AntiBantibody TyreB HasBantigen AntiAantibody TypeAB Aasantigens AandB NOantibodies 42 antigens AusAndBantibodies