Blood Group & Blood Transfusion PDF

BLOOD (3) ABO system& Rh factor Pr. Dr. Sahar Ahmed Elsawy Pr. Dr. Nermine madi 8/12/2024  By the end of this lecture, we will be able to understand: 1. Identify different types , functions and properties of leucocytes....

BLOOD (3) ABO system& Rh factor Pr. Dr. Sahar Ahmed Elsawy Pr. Dr. Nermine madi 8/12/2024  By the end of this lecture, we will be able to understand: 1. Identify different types , functions and properties of leucocytes. Lecture 2. Identify ABO system& Rh factor ILOs/ 3. Clinical significance of ABO system in blood Objectives: transfusion & pregnancy (WBCs) Types of leucocytes Granular leucocyte Non granular leucocyte  Leucocytes (WBCS) Life span: Lifespan of WBCs is not constant. WBCS count: 4000-11000/ cubic mm. Common properties of WBCs 1-Margination: The leucocytes attracted to the capillary endothelial surface. 2-Diapedesis:The leucocytes can squeeze through narrow pores by sliding of small portion of the cell at the pore being momentarily constricted until it passes. 3-Motility:- The granulocytes have amoeboid movement by sending out pseudopodia. The other leucocytes are less motile. 4-Chemotaxis: Certain substances attract the leucocytes "+ve Chemotaxis" and other substances repel leucocytes “-ve Chemotaxis”. e.g. inflamed tissues, some bacterial toxins.(+ve Chemotaxis) 5- Phagocytosis:-It is a property of neutrophils and monocytes. It means that the cell can ingest the bacteria.  Common functions of leucocytes 1- Neutrophil: -Important in inflammation. Have properties of margination, diapedesis, motility, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. 2- Eosinophil: -Phagocytic but less motile. -Increased in allergic reactions and parasitic infestation. 3-Basophils -Non phagocytic. - Synthetize histamine and heparin.  Common functions of leucocytes 4- Monocytes: (Tissue macrophages). -Highly phagocytic for bacteria and large particles. 5- Lymphocytes: -B lymphocytes: antibody formation. -T lymphocytes: increased in chronic inflammation.  ABO system Blood Agglutinogen on Agglutinin % of group (antigen) (antibodies) in plasma population R.B.C's A A Anti B () 42% B B Anti A () 9% AB A,B ------ 3% O ------ & 46%  A B Group B Group A A B Group A B Group O BLOOD GROUPS  NB The possible reactions of incompatible blood transfusion occur between the agglutinogens on R.B.Cs of donor and the agglutinins of the plasma of recipient “due to large amounts of agglutinins relative to the amounts of R.B.Cs of donor”. While, the agglutinins of the donor's plasma get diluted in the recipient plasma and accordingly become ineffective. ABO system Blood group AB : Can receive blood from all blood groups so it is called universal recipient. Blood group O: Can donate blood to all other blood groups so it is called universal donor.  Rhesus system Rh positive Rh negative 85 % of the population 15% of the population Have antigen D on RBC’s Have no antigen on RBC’s Neither Rh positive nor Rh negative persons have anti-Rh antibodies (anti- D antibodies) in their plasma Rh antibodies are formed in the plasma of an Rh negative person if he receive blood from Rh positive blood Importance of Rh factor A- blood transfusion. B-Erythroblastosis fetalis {hemolytic disease of the newly born}. ** Causes ** Clinical picture ** Prevention ** Treatment Rh incompatibility It is occur if the father is Rh+ve and the mother is Rh-ve, and the fetus is Rh+ve like his father. In the first pregnancy: Small amounts of fetal blood leak into maternal circulation at the time of delivery. Mother’s immune system will form anti-Rh antibodies. Rh incompitability In subsequent pregnancies: The mother's blood (containing anti-Rh antibodies) cross the placenta to the fetus causes hemolysis to his blood. If hemolysis in fetus is severe the infant may die in the uterus or may develop severe anemia (erythroblastosis fetalis). Or hemolytic disease of the newly born. Prevention &Treatment of Rh incompitability Passive immunization of Rh –ve mother by injecting anti Rh antibodies immediately after delivery. Active immunization by injecting synthetic Rh antigen this stimulates the body to synthesize deformed antibodies against Rh antigen. Replacement of the newborn’s blood with Rh–ve blood group O. Indication of blood transfusion 1-loss of blood 2-Diseases 3-Erythroblastosis fetalis Surgery Anemia. Accidents Thrombocytopenia Burns Hypoprotenemia Hemophilia. Leukemia. Precautions 1. Blood Typing 2. Cross Matching 3. Hb content of transfused blood is not