Bleeding First Aid PDF

BLEEDING DR.YOSREAH MOHAMED OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lecture the student should be able to: - Define bleeding/haemorrhage. - List types of bleeding. - Discuss signs and symptoms of bleeding. - First aids for internal bleeding - Demonstrate first aids for...

BLEEDING DR.YOSREAH MOHAMED OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lecture the student should be able to: - Define bleeding/haemorrhage. - List types of bleeding. - Discuss signs and symptoms of bleeding. - First aids for internal bleeding - Demonstrate first aids for external bleeding. OUTLINES 1. Introduction 2. Definition of bleeding/haemorrhage. 3. Types of bleeding. A. Internal bleeding. B. External bleeding. 4. First aids for bleeding 5. Types of external bleeding. ▪ Arterial. ▪ Venous. ▪ Capillary. 6. Signs and symptoms. 7. First aids for external bleeding. ▪ Direct pressure. ▪ Elevation. ▪ Pressure point. Tourniquet INTRODUCTION The cell of the body is supplied with oxygen and nutrients via the blood stream; thus, the blood must be kept circulating in order to maintain that supply. The average adult body contains 5 to 6 liters of blood; the loss of one liter of blood in an adult, and 500 milliliters in a child is very dangerous. Bleeding is the loss of blood from the circulatory system. Causes can range from small cuts and abrasions to deep cuts and amputations. Injuries to the body can also result in internal bleeding, which can range from minor as superficial bruising to massive bleeds. DEFINITION OF BLEEDING It is leakage or flow of blood outside the blood vessels. DEFINITION OF HAEMORRHAGE It refers to a large amount of bleeding in a short time. TYPES OF BLEEDING: Internal bleeding. External bleeding. A. INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE Definition It is bleeding that flows into a body cavity, an organ, or between tissues (not obvious blood flow). It can result from: Blunt or penetrating trauma Acute or chronic medical illnesses SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Tenderness and swelling at site of injury. Hematemesis. Vomiting of blood Hematuria. Urine with bleed Melena. Stool with blood Hemoptysis. Coughing of blood Epistaxis. Blood from nose Vaginal bleeding Signs and symptoms of shock may be present if bleeding is severe. FIRST AID OF INTERNAL BLEEDING Follow standard precautions: look for Maintain the airway danger, personal with cervical protection, look for immobilization. response.  FIRST AID OF INTERNAL BLEEDING ✓ Call for emergency. ✓ Perform the Primary Survey. ✓ Lay the casualty down and raise the casualty’s legs above the level of the heart, unless there is a fracture of the lower limb, pelvis, head or spinal injury. ✓ Loosen tight clothing. ✓ DO NOT leave the casualty unattended at any time.  FIRST AID OF INTERNAL BLEEDING ✓ Monitor the casualty and record the vital signs at regular intervals. ✓ start chest compressions and use the AED if the casualty is not breathing. ✓ Give nothing by mouth and reassure the casualty. ✓ Apply a splint to an extremity where internal bleeding is suspected. FIRST AID OF ✓ Keep the patient warm. INTERNAL BLEEDING ✓ Provide immediate transport for patients with signs and symptoms of shock. REPORT Report any changes in the victim condition to hospital personnel. NOTE Internal bleeding is associated with higher morbidity and mortality than external bleeding. NOSEBLEED Occur when tiny blood vessels ruptured inside the nostrils, either by a blow to the nose, or a result of sneezing and high blood pressure. FIRST AID OF NOSEBLEED Reassure the victim. Ask the victim to Sit down and tilt head forwards. Ask the victim to breath from mouth. Pinch the soft part of the nose. Tell the victim to keep pinching nose, and not to speak, swallow, or cough.  If bleeding continues, hold the position for an additional 2 times of 10 minutes. FIRST AID Apply ice bag to nose and cheeks OF to constrict the blood vessels in NOSEBLEED nose and stop the bleeding. If bleeding does not stop in short time, victim should be transferred to the hospital. B. EXTERNAL BLEEDING/ HAEMORRHAGE Definition of external bleeding: Is bleeding that can be seen coming from a wound. (obvious bleeding) TYPES OF EXTERNAL BLEEDING According to the type of blood vessel that has been injured: Arterial bleeding. Venous bleeding. Capillary bleeding. 1. ARTERIAL BLEEDING: It is the most serious type of external bleeding. It is blood loss from an artery which carries blood away from the heart. Arterial Bleeding Characterized By: Spurts with each heartbeat Bright red in colour because it carries oxygenated blood Severe and hard to control Arterial bleeding requires immediate attention. VENOUS BLEEDING: It is blood loss from Steady flow of blood veins. characterized by: Dark blood More controllable than arterial bleeding BLEEDING SHOULD BE CONTROLLED QUICKLY BECAUSE OF: Potential sever blood loss. Consequent reduction in venous return. Danger of an air embolus (air bubble) may arise from air being sucked into a damaged vein  3. CAPILLARY BLEEDING: - It is oozing of blood from the wound in minor cuts, abrasions, and scratches. - Has a higher risk of infection - Controlled by first aid procedures SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF EXTERNAL BLEEDING/HEMORRHAGE Obvious Cold & Shallow Thirst. bleeding. clammy skin. respiration. Decrease level Weak, rapid Drop in blood of Restlessness. pulse. pressure. consciousness. First Aid For Bleeding Aimed To: * Stop The Bleeding * P re v e n t I n f e c t i o n * P re v e n t S h o c k FIRST AIDS FOR EXTERNAL BLEEDING: 1. Direct pressure Apply hard, firm direct pressure to the wound site with clean covering such as large, thick gauze of dressing or a clean material If the dressing soaked, don’t remove it, apply another dressing over the first and continue to apply pressure. APPLY A PRESSURE BANDAGE OVER THE WOUND A bandage, such as roll gauze, is used to hold a dressing in place. * After the bandage is in place, check the pulse to make sure circulation is not interrupted  2. ELEVATION: Elevation of the injured area over the heart level with direct pressure unless it causes additional pain. The force of gravity reduces the blood pressure at the wound site so it can slow bleeding. 3. PRESSURE POINT: ▪ Pressure points provide compression of major arteries against an underlying bone or muscle to close off the artery supplying the injured part and decrease the amount of bleeding. ▪ The pressure point is just above the wound PRESSURE POINTS Temporal artery’s compression is useful in controlling superficial wounds of the frontal part of the scalp or forehead. Facial artery control bleeding of the face and lower jaw. Carotid artery's compression is useful in controlling the serious hemorrhage from the head. Subclavian artery control bleeding of the arm and upper shoulder. Brachial artery’s compression stops bleeding from arm, hand and fingers. Femoral artery’s compression stops bleeding of lower limb. Radial artery is useful in controlling severe bleeding of the hand or fingers. Ulnar artery is used in conjunction with the radial artery to control bleeding of the hand. N.B. When correct pressure point is done numbness will be felt on injured area. 4. TOURNIQUET: - It is used when direct pressure, & elevation and pressure point are used but bleeding continues, and if life could be lost without the use of tourniquet. - Commonly used when partial or complete accidental amputation has occurred. - It should be avoided wherever possible because of the danger of nerve and blood vessel damage. APPLICATION OF TOURNIQUET Place the tourniquet between the heart and the wound but not touching the wound edges. The appropriate material should be wrapped around the limb twice and a secure knot tied (wire or rope should never be used). A suitable strong object as strong stick should be inserted between the 2 loops and turned until bleeding has been controlled. APPLICATION OF TOURNIQUET The tails of the cloth should then be wrapped around the object and tied in place. Indicate in a note the location of the tourniquet and the time it was applied and attach it in the victim’s clothing in an obvious place. Do not cover the tourniquet with clothes. Do not loosen the tourniquet unless the emergency personnel advises doing so. Transport the patient to a hospital as soon as possible.