BIU Lesson No. 06 Part 01 Behavioral Sciences and Ethics Module 2024 PDF

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics: Lesson 06-Part 01 Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU Learning Outcome At the end of sessions stud...

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics: Lesson 06-Part 01 Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU Learning Outcome At the end of sessions students will be able to: – Explain an overview of learning as a concept. – Define learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge resulting from experience. – Introduce key concepts: formal vs informal learning. – Explore the significance of understanding learning in healthcare: Influencing patient behaviour. Ensuring adherence to treatment. Promoting healthcare professionals' ongoing development. What is Learning?  Definition: o Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that occurs through experience and sharing.  Key Features: o Results from interaction with the environment. o Can be observed directly (e.g., actions) or inferred (e.g., knowledge).  Examples in Everyday Life: o Learning to ride a bike. o Mastering a new medical technique. Learning  Key Features: o Involves acquiring new information or skills. o Leads to long-term change, not just short-term memorization. o Results from active engagement with the environment. Quote: "Learning is not attained by chance; it must be sought for with ardour and attended to with diligence." — Abigail Adams Key Characteristics of Learning 1. Active Process: o Requires interaction and engagement. 2. Intentional or Incidental: o Can occur with deliberate effort or unintentionally through experiences. 3. Cumulative: o Builds upon existing knowledge and skills. 4. Context-Dependent: o Influenced by cultural, social, and environmental factors. Theories of Learning  Behaviorist Perspective: o Learning occurs through conditioning (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs). o Focus on observable behaviours.  Cognitive Perspective: o Emphasis on mental processes like memory, problem-solving, and comprehension.  Constructivist Perspective: o Learning as a process of building knowledge through active exploration. Types of Learning 1. Experiential Learning: o Learning through direct experience (e.g., clinical rotations). 2. Social Learning: o Observing and imitating others (e.g., role modeling by senior practitioners). 3. Self-Directed Learning: o Taking initiative to learn (e.g., researching new treatment protocols). 4. Formal vs Informal Learning: o Structured vs unstructured approaches. Key Concepts in Learning 1. Formal Learning: o Structured, intentional, and often credentialed (e.g., university courses, certifications). o Examples:  Medical school lectures.  Training workshops. 2. Informal Learning: o Unstructured, spontaneous, and experiential. o Examples:  Learning through clinical rotations.  Observing colleagues in practice. Why Does Learning Matter?  For Individuals: o Enables personal growth and adaptability. o Enhances decision-making abilities.  In Healthcare: o Improves patient outcomes by educating patients. o Promotes professional development among healthcare providers.  In Society: o Drives innovation and social progress. Why is Learning Important in Healthcare? 1. For Patients: o Understanding health information promotes better health literacy. o Influences behavioural changes for a healthier lifestyle. o Improves adherence to treatment plans. 2. For Healthcare Providers: o Encourages continuous professional development (CPD). o Helps adapt to evolving medical technologies and treatments. o Promotes effective communication with patients. Why is Learning Important in Healthcare?  Improves Patient Care  Better Diagnosis and Treatment  Enhanced Patient Outcomes Encourages Patient Adherence to Treatment  Educating Patients  Behavioral Change Keeps Professionals Up-to-Date with Advancements  Rapidly Evolving Field  Professional Development Why is Learning Important in Healthcare? Supports Interdisciplinary Collaboration  Team-Based Care  Improved Decision-Making Enhances Skills for Crisis Management  Preparedness  Adaptability Promotes Patient Safety  Minimizing Errors  Improved Communication Why is Learning Important in Healthcare? Advances Research and Innovation  Evidence-Based Practice  Driving Innovation Fosters Professional Growth and Satisfaction  Career Advancement  Job Satisfaction Addresses Health Disparities  Cultural Competence  Reducing Gaps in Access Examples of Learning in Healthcare  Clinical Learning: o A nurse learning to use a new diagnostic tool.  Patient Education: o Teaching patients about lifestyle modifications for hypertension.  Team Learning: o Healthcare teams collaborating to learn new treatment protocols. Learning in Action: Healthcare Applications 1. Patient Behaviour: o Example: A patient learning the benefits of regular exercise to manage diabetes. 2. Adherence to Treatment: o Example: Educating patients on medication schedules and side effects. 3. Professional Development: o Example: Learning advanced diagnostic tools to enhance patient care. Learning Styles  Visual Learners: o Prefer images, diagrams, and spatial understanding.  Auditory Learners: o Learn best through listening and verbal instructions.  Kinesthetic Learners: o Prefer hands-on activities and movement-based learning.  Application in Healthcare:  Adapting patient education to their preferred learning styles (e.g., visual aids for visual learners). The Learning Process Stages of Learning: 1. Acquisition: Gaining new knowledge or skills. 2.Retention: Storing the learned information in memory. 3.Application: Using the knowledge in practical settings. Feedback: Essential for reinforcing or correcting understanding. Examples: Peer reviews, supervisor feedback during training. Learning Theories (Overview) 1. Behaviorism: o Focus on observable behaviours. o Learning through reinforcement and punishment. o Example: Patient rewards for compliance with treatment. 2. Cognitivism: o Emphasis on mental processes like memory and understanding. o Example: Problem-solving in medical diagnoses. Learning Theories (Overview) 3. Constructivism: o Learning as an active process of building new knowledge. o Example: Case-based learning in medical education. 4. Humanism: o Focus on personal growth and self-actualization. o Example: Encouraging empathy in patient care. Motivation in Learning  Intrinsic Motivation: o Learning driven by internal rewards (e.g., curiosity, passion). o Example: A student studying to master anatomy out of interest.  Extrinsic Motivation: o Learning driven by external rewards (e.g., grades, promotions). o Example: Completing a course for professional certification. The Role of Experience in Learning  Experiential Learning: o Emphasizes learning through experience. o Kolb's Learning Cycle: 1.Concrete Experience (doing). 2.Reflective Observation (thinking about the experience). 3.Abstract Conceptualization (learning from the experience). 4.Active Experimentation (applying what was learned). o Example in Healthcare: 1.Simulations in skill labs. Transfer of Learning  Definition:  The ability to apply knowledge or skills learned in one context to new situations.  Examples in Healthcare: o Applying classroom knowledge to clinical settings. o Using experience from one patient case to treat others. Lifelong Learning  Definition:  Continuous learning throughout one’s career and life.  Importance in Healthcare: o Keeps professionals updated on new research and treatments. o Improves patient outcomes. The Role of Ethics in Learning  Informed Consent: o Patients must understand treatments and participate willingly.  Cultural Sensitivity: o Adapting learning approaches to individual backgrounds.  Equity in Learning: o Ensuring all patients and professionals have access to education and resources. The Role of Ethics in Learning Ensures Academic Integrity  Honesty and Fairness  Trust in Academic Outcomes Encourages Respect for Intellectual Property  Recognizing Contributions  Promotes Innovation Fosters Inclusivity and Equity in Learning  Equal Opportunities  Avoiding Bias The Role of Ethics in Learning Guides Ethical Application of Knowledge  Benefiting Society  Avoiding Harm Reinforces Professionalism  Accountability  Maintaining Standards Shapes Ethical Decision-Making  Critical Thinking  Frameworks for Action The Role of Ethics in Learning Promotes Lifelong Ethical Learning  Adapting to Change  Commitment to Improvement Builds Trust in Educational Systems  Public Confidence  Collaborative Learning Protect Vulnerable Populations  Respect for Participants in Learning Activities  Safeguarding Rights