Science Reviewer 2nd Quarter Reproductive System PDF

SCIENCE reviewer 4. Seminal Vesicle 2nd quarter version o Two small glands that store and produce the liquid that mixes with ˗ˏˋ REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ˎˊ˗...

SCIENCE reviewer 4. Seminal Vesicle 2nd quarter version o Two small glands that store and produce the liquid that mixes with ˗ˏˋ REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ˎˊ˗ sperm to form semen Gametes -> Sex Cells –> Male -> Sperm Cell o Involved in the production of Female -> Egg Cell seminal fluid Sexual reproduction o Semen = slightly alkaline (opposite - Gametogenesis = formation of sex cells of acid), contains citric acids, free - Fertilization = union of sperm and egg cell amino acids, fructose, enzymes, Functions phosphorylcholine, prostaglandin, 1. Production of Gametes potassium, and zinc, inside the body 2. Fertilization = 3-5 days, outside the body = 30 3. Development and nourishment (milk minutes production) 5. Prostate Gland 4. Production of hormones o secretes fluid that nourishes, DNA -> repair and produce higher quality of spring protects, and transports the sperm Sexual reproduction -> increase genetic variability 6. Cowper’s Gland o Bulbourethral Gland ˗ˏˋ MALE REPRODUCTIVE o Responsible for producing pre- SYSTEM ˎˊ˗ ejaculate fluid in the male 1. Testes reproductive system o singular = testis o Bartholin’s Gland = for women o Enclosed in a sac called scrotum o Lubricant for sexual intercourse o Primary male reproductive organ 7. Urethra o Responsible in making sperm o A tube which allows urine and semen o Puberty = change in physical and to exit the body sexual characteristic 8. Penis o Adolescence = period between onset o Male organ for copulation (act of puberty and adulthood, transitional engaging in an intercourse) phase between childhood and o Transfers sperm cells from male to adulthood female o Contain seminiferous tubules where o Genital Arousal = stimulation sperm cells develop o Parasympathetic Neurons System = o Produce testosterone morning erections, hormone shift o Testes is outside since body need 1 to 2 temp lower than 37 Celsius to ˗ˏˋ sperm production and produce sperm ejaculation ˎˊ˗ 2. Epididymis Spermatogenesis o A long, coiled rube that rests on the - Production and maturation of sperm cells backside of each testicle - Occurs in the seminiferous tubules through o Where sperm cells are temporarily the process of meiosis stored for maturation (capacity to - Sperm production stimulated by swim) testosterone and FSH o Transport sperm to the vas deferens - Seminiferous Tubules and Epididymis work 3. Vas Deferens together for 3-4 weeks o A tube which connects the testes to the urethra and allows semen to exit the body CORALS  Sperm - spermatozoa - Male gamete 1. Head o 23 chromosomes in the nucleus o Acrosomes contains the enzymes necessary for fertilization 2. Midpiece o contains mitochondria o produces ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) for motility (ability to move) 1. In the seminiferous tubules, spermatogonia 3. Tail are dormant from late fetal period until o flagellum puberty o moves in a whip-like spinning motion 2. At puberty, spermatogonia divide through to propel the sperm forward mitosis and grow into primary spermatocytes ˗ˏˋ FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE 3. Each spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I SYSTEM ˎˊ˗ producing 2 haploid cells called secondary External Parts spermatocyte - collective name = Vulva 4. Secondary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis - protect the internal parts and allows the II, producing 4 haploid daughter cells called sperm to enter vagina spermatids. 1. Labia Majora 5. Through spermiogenesis, the spermatids o “large lips” change shape, transforming into mature o the skin where pubic hair grows sperm cells (spermatozoa) o enclose and protect the other female 6. Sperm cells are then stored in the epididymis reproductive organs where they functionally mature. o contains sweat and oil secreting gland - Ejaculation = 80 million to 300 o Pubic Hair = protects, warms and million/ejaculation, 3.5 mL of semen, 5-10 moisturizes the vulva, protects million in just one drop delicate skin from friction - Adult male = 200 million to 300 million/day 2. Labia Minora = 1,500 per second o “small lips” - If a man does not ejaculate, a sperm can stay o can have different sizes and shapes up until 74 days o very delicate then can easily irritated - Spermatogenesis = whole process, and swollen Spermiogenesis = final 3. Clitoris - Semen = 95% secretion of gland, 5% sperm o small, sensitive protrusion cells, alkalinity is 7.2-7.5 pH o covered by a fold skin called prepuce o very sensitive to stimulation 4. Urethral opening o the hole for your pee 5. Vaginal opening o allows menstrual blood and babies to exit the body CORALS  6. Hymen 4. Ovaries o a piece of tissue o produces egg cells Internal parts o produces hormones such as 1. Vagina progesterone and estrogen o birth canal ▪ Estrogen o widens to allow babies to exit the responsible secondary body and shrink back to hold things characteristics like tampons development o depth is 3-4 inches long (for other highest in the first half female, it is 5-7 inches) of menstruation o lubricates to ease penetration before ovulation o Bartholin’s Gland = secretes mucus stimulates egg to lubricate penetration development 2. Cervix ▪ Progesterone o lowest part of uterus responsible for o 3-4 cm long breastfeeding o 25 mm diameter wide key role in menstrual o prevent narrow things from entering cycle and pregnancy the uterus/getting lost inside the 5. Fallopian tube body o 4-5 inches long o hole that allows the sperm to enter o where fertilization takes place and menstrual blood to exit o opens (dilates) to allow the baby to ˗ˏˋ MENSTRUAL CYCLE ˎˊ˗ come out during delivery - Oogonium = immature egg cell 3. Uterus - Ovum = matured egg cell o divided into two parts: - At birth, female has 2 million egg cells ▪ Cervix - At puberty, egg cells decrease to 400,000 ▪ Corpus = largest part of the - In lifetime, female only has 300-500 matured uterus, expands during egg cells pregnancy - Oogenesis = production of egg cells o Endometrium - Ovulation = monthly release of an ovum ▪ inner most layer from the ovary ▪ tissue that sheds during - About every 28 days, the ovum released from menstrual period the ovary to the fallopian tube o Myometrium - The ovum can survive 12-24 hours ▪ muscle layer ▪ contains smooth muscle cells 1. Menstruation phase o Perimetrium - If egg is not fertilized, egg cell disintegrates ▪ Serosa and the levels of estrogen and progesterone ▪ contains epithelial cells decrease, causing the endometrium to shed. When this happens, blood vessels break, and bleeding occurs. - Before ovulation, estrogen and progesterone levels increase - During disintegration, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease - Happen 14 days after ovulation - Less Fertile CORALS  2. Follicular phase o connects the dopamine (feel-good o The anterior pituitary gland secretes system) the FSH and LH into the blood o releases Thyrotropin-Releasing stream. These hormones will cause Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropin- the follicles to produce estrogen that Releasing Hormone (GnRH), aids in the growth of the ovarian Growth Hormone-Releasing follicle in the ovary Hormone (GHRH), Corticotropin- o happens at the start of menstruation Releasing Hormone (CRH), and ends during ovulation Dopamine (pleasuring sensation, o creates overlap phase learning, and memory) o Estrogen = aids in the growth of o Dopamine = neurotransmitter ovarian follicle o Brain responsible for regulating o Progesterone = helps in early sleeps, emotions, hormones, physical pregnancy expression of emotions 3. Ovulation phase 2. Pituitary gland o The ovary releases an ovum. The o Growth hormones ovum travels down the fallopian tube o Oxytocin for 12-24 hours where it waits to be ▪ love hormone fertilized by the sperm cell ▪ childbirth, breastfeeding, and 4. Luteal phase strong parent-child bonding o The ruptured follicle will form the o Prolactin corpus luteum. LH causes the ▪ stimulates breastmilk corpus luteum to secrete both production estrogen and progesterone. This o Follicle-Stimulating Hormone phase often involves hormonal ▪ follicle maturation and sperm changes such as mood changes, production headache, acne, bloating, and breast o Luteinizing Hormone tenderness. ▪ ovulation and testosterone o Corpus luteum will break down synthesis between 9 and 11 days. 3. Pineal gland o produces melatonin that regulates ˗ˏˋ ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ˎˊ˗ sleep - consists of ductless glands that secrete 4. Thyroid hormones directly into the bloodstream o regulates metabolism (Thyroxine, - coordinates all the body’s sources of chemical reaction in the body that hormones change food into energy) - Glands = organs that produce and release 5. Adrenal gland substances that perform a specific function o Cortisol in a body ▪ stress hormone - Hormones = chemical messengers that send o Androgen instruct to the cells to change their activities ▪ male sex hormone - 50 hormones and 12 glands = effects can last ▪ develop and maintain for an hour(s), week(s), or years. masculine characteristics in reproductive tissues 1. Hypothalamus o Adrenaline (Epinephrine) o connects the nervous system and ▪ helps prepare in stressful or endocrine system; controls hormones dangerous situation (fight or from the central nervous system flight) CORALS  6. Pancreas o Theory by Dr. Jeff Anderson o produces hormones that regulate ▪ Left Brain blood glucose (insulin and glucagon) analysis, logic, ideas, ▪ Insulin facts, math, and beta cells training helps the body use ▪ Right Brain sugar for energy creativity, intuition, ▪ Glucagon arts, creation, feeling alpha cells and imagination if the blood sugar 2. Spinal cord level is too low, it o 40-50 cm long sends message to the o composed of gray and white matter liver to release the o transmits impulses stored blood sugar o involuntary movements (reflexes) 7. Ovaries o Estrogen Peripheral Nervous System ▪ controls female puberty - contains the nerves outside of the brain and o Progesterone the spinal cord ▪ manages fertility - carries impulses from the sensory nerves to 8. Testes the CNS and from the CNS to the motor o produces testosterone that controls nerves male puberty and ability to produce 1. Neurons sperm o basic functional units of structure of ˗ˏˋ NERVOUS SYSTEM ˎˊ˗ the nervous system Central Nervous System o carry nerve impulses - receives and processes all information from o Parts: all parts of the body ▪ Cell Body (Soma) - control the entire organ system in the body largest part 1. Brain contain nucleus o Cerebrum ▪ Dendrites ▪ makes up about 80% of the arms of the neuron brain reception of stimuli ▪ interprets sights, sounds, and from the other touches neurons ▪ emotions, remembering, threadlike structure learning, reasoning and ▪ Axon movement transmits electrical o Cerebellum signals between ▪ balance, posture, neurons coordination, fine motor have never endings skills wrapped in a myelin o Brain Stem sheath that are ▪ breathing, digestion, heart responsible for rate, blood pressure, sleep transmitting electrical cycles signals from the soma ▪ automatic function to the terminal ▪ connects brain to the spinal buttons cord CORALS  ▪ Axon Terminal - How can DNA result in a trait? synaptic boutons o DNA -> mRNA -> Amino Acids -> found at the end of Protein the axon of the neuron - DNA = twisted ladder, double helix, link with other neuron Deoxyribonucleic Acid to create a synapse o Types: ▪ Sensory Neurons receive initial stimuli from sensory receptors ▪ Interneuron association neuron, connector neuron read and interpret - Deoxyribonucleic Acid impulses o long molecules made of monomers found in the spinal called nucleotides cord and brain o Deoxyribo =sugar ▪ Motor Neurons o Nucleic Acid = Macro-molecule (stores the genetic material) transmits impulses o Border = sugar phosphate backbone from the CNS to the o Inside = Nitrogenous pair muscles, organs, and ▪ Nitrogenous base pairs glands The nervous system: A (Adenine) and T - gather information from the environment (Thymine) and body C (Cytosine) and G - transmits information to the processing (Guanine) areas - Nucleotide - processes information o backbone of DNA is formed by - sends information to muscle, glands, and alternating sugar and phosphates organs held together by a strong bond o rungs of the ladder are formed by the four nitrogenous bases and are held ˗ˏˋ CENTRAL DOGMA OF together by weak Hydrogen bonds BIOLOGY ˎˊ˗ - Codons - Train information is located with an o 4 letters of DNA organism’s genes o chemicals are repeated in various - A gene is a section of DNA that passes orders over and over down from parent to child. o make up genes - Where are the genes? o these genes tell cells how to make a o Nucleus -> Chromosomes -> DNA protein that controls everything in -> Genes the cell - Eukaryotic = Nucleus, Prokaryotic = o three-letter nucleotides Cytoplasm - Mitochondria = maternal inheritance, mitochondrial DNA = from mother - DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce CORALS  - Central Dogma o theory which states that genetic information flows only in one direction 1. DNA Replication (DNA to DNA) o Formation of two identical DNA structure o From existing DNA to make new DNA o Occurs during interphase, before the cell divides ▪ Helicase = unzipping enzyme, unzips the double helix structure ▪ Primase = initializer ▪ DNA Polymerase = builder ▪ Ligase = gluer o Coding Sequence A T G C C T G G A C T G T A A o Template Strand (DNA) T A C G G A C C T G A C A T T 2. Transcription (DNA to RNA) o Forms mRNA from the DNA sequence o mRNA Strand (based on the template strand) A U G C C U G G A C U G U A A ▪ Adenine pairs with Uracil ▪ Thymine pairs with Adenine ▪ Cytosine pairs with Guanine ▪ Guanine pairs with Cytosine 3. Translation (RNA to Protein) o Process in RNA is used to produce proteins o Amino Acids ▪ based on the mRNA strand ▪ Codon Chart ▪ Met, Pro, Gly, Leu, STOP o tRNA = Amino Acids to Ribosomes CORALS