Biomolecules 24.pptx

Biomolecul es  Organic Biomolecules compounds - Molecules of life, contain carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. Carbohydr Protein Nucleic Lipids...

Biomolecul es  Organic Biomolecules compounds - Molecules of life, contain carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. Carbohydr Protein Nucleic Lipids ates s acids - Proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides are polymers. - Polymers are made up of repeated monomers. https://www.youtube.com/watch?  Carbohydrates the most abundant biomolecules in the biosphere Function Building block Examples Energy Monosaccharide Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, ribose, storage deoxyribose. Disaccharides: two monosaccharides- - Lactose, Sucrose, maltose glucose Polysaccharides: Starch - energy storage form in plant, Glycogen- energy storage form in animals, in the liver and muscles. Chitin- found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, crabs, shrimps, and the cell walls of fungi. Cellulose - the most abundant biopolymer, found in plant cell wall, structural function.  Carbohydrates glucose cellulose Found in: cereals, bread, tortilla, pasta, table sugar, fruits, vegetables exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, spiders etc.)  Lipids - they are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Function Some alsoBuilding block contain Examples phosphorus. Long term Fatty acids Triglycerides,- most abundant energy glycerol and richest energy source in your storage, body; Fats (animal origin, butter, insulators, lard); oils (plant origin), cushion around organs, part of Waxes- water repellent the cell membranes Phospholipids- found in the cell Hormones membrane Vitamins (E, A, D, K) Steroids - cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone Found in: vegetable oils, avocado, nuts, butter, lard, egg yolk, fatty meats, fish (tuna, salmon, sardines), avocado. etc.  Lipids Steroids have ring structure Triglycerides and no fatty acid chains.  Lipids Saturated fats: - solid at room temperature (butter, lard, coconut oil, meat) Unsaturated fats or oils: - usually of plant origin and contain unsaturated fatty acids. They have one or more double bonds. Liquid at room temperature. (Olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, and cod liver oil) Artificially hydrogenated trans-fats: - Hydrogenated vegetable oils - margarine, some types of  Liposomes liposomes are the most commonly used nanocarriers for the drug delivery of molecules into the target cells or subcellular compartments; cancer treatments, infectious diseases, skin care etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jfj5qYwcqAY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFU5Qx-cLu8  Protei ns Function Building block Examples Structural (collagen), Amino acids albumin, casein, Movement (actin, (20 types) collagen, keratin, myosin), hemoglobin, actin, Transport (hemoglobin), myosin, antibodies, Defense (antibodies) enzymes (amylase) Catalysis (enzymes), insulin Signaling (hormones). Enzymes are biocatalysts, they speed up biological reactions. Found in: meats, seafood, egg, nuts, dairy, legumes, insects, algae, fungi etc.  Protei ns A peptide is a short chain of amino acids (typically 2 to 50) linked by chemical bonds (called peptide bonds). A polypeptide is a longer chain of linked amino acids (51 or more). The proteins manufactured inside cells are made from one or more polypeptides. PROTEIN FOLDING  Post translational protein modifications The common posttranslational modifications taking place in the cells are backbone’s cleavage of the protein, glycosylation, phosphorylation (apoptosis), acetylation, ubiquitination, and methylation. -stability, folding, activation, degradation, sending to a membrane bound organelle, etc.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5574318/ Protein Posttranslational Modifications: Roles in Aging and Age-Related Disease Bibliography Mader, S. & Windelspecht, M. (2013). Inquiry into life. (14th ed.). USA: McGraw Hill.