Biology Quiz 1 Review (PDF)

**MOLECULES OF LIFE** Why is matter important among living things? - Living things are composed of different elements. **Organismal Level of Human Body** a\. Chemical Level (Atoms, Molecule \[DNA\]) b\. Cellular Level (Smooth Muscle Cell) c\. Tissue Level (Smooth Muscle Tissue) d\. Organ Le...

**MOLECULES OF LIFE** Why is matter important among living things? - Living things are composed of different elements. **Organismal Level of Human Body** a\. Chemical Level (Atoms, Molecule \[DNA\]) b\. Cellular Level (Smooth Muscle Cell) c\. Tissue Level (Smooth Muscle Tissue) d\. Organ Level (Stomach) e\. System Level (Digestive System) f\. Organismal Level (Human) Living organisms, together with other living matter, are made up of matter in the form of chemicals. One characteristic of organisms is organization. Arrangement of structures from the atomic level until the biosphere leads to the formation of organisms. -------------------------------- **ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE** -------------------------------- Carbon, C -- The main composition of organic compounds. Hydrogen, H -- The major source of fuel in the production of energy. Oxygen, O -- Essential part of water molecule and organic compounds. Nitrogen, N -- Key element. Phosphorus, P -- Major component of nucleic acids and energy-rich compounds. Sulfur, S -- Part of some amino acids and vitamins. Calcium, Ca -- Major component of bones and acts as biological signals in the body. Sodium, Na -- Essential to nerve function. Potassium, K -- Essential to nerve function. Iodine, I -- Acts as a thermostat to regulate body temperature. Molybdenum, Md -- Needed by plants to incorporate nitrogen into a biologically useful substance. Magnesium, Mg -- Important components of bones, teeth and chlorophyll. Iron, Fe -- Carrier of oxygen in the blood. Inorganic compounds -- Are those without carbon, with the exceptions of carbon dioxide. Organic compounds - It contains carbon. ----------- **WATER** ----------- Characteristics of Water 1. Water is a biological solvent. (Can dissolve almost all solute). 2. Water molecules stick to each other and to surfaces. (Due to Hydrogen Bonding water molecules strongly attract each other, particularly on the surface of water than the air above). 3. Water has high surface tension - Cohesion causes water to form water drops (Same/Identical Compounds). - Cohesion keeps the drops in place (Different compounds). 4. Water has high heat capacity. 5. Water has high heat of vaporization. 6. Water has high heat of fusion. 7. Water is a medium where chemical and physical process take place. 8. Water serves as a moisturizer of surfaces. 9. Water is a lubricant 10. Water is a good cushion (absorb). ----------- **ACIDS** ----------- Substances that donate hydrogen ions, H+, to form hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water **Characteristics of Acids** 1. Acid turns blue litmus paper red - Litmus paper is an indicator. 2. Acids taste sour. 3. Acids can burn skin. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 -- Batter Acid. Nitric Acid HNO3 -- Used to make fertilizers and explosives. Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 -- Food Flavoring Hydrochloric Acid HCl -- Stomach Acid Acetic Acid CH3COOH -- Vinegar Carbonic Acid H2CO3 -- Carbonated Water **Strong Vs. Weak Acids** Strong Acids -- Ionize (Break into cations and anions) almost completely, and conduct electricity well. a. Nitric Acid HNO3 b. Hydrochloric Acid HCl c. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 d. Perchloric Acid  Weak Acids -- Do not completely ionize a. Acetic Acid CH3COOH b. Citric Acid C6H8O7 c. All others ----------- **ACIDS** ----------- Substances that form hydroxide ions (OH-) ions when in water, or accept H+ ions  Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3 - Use: Color-fast fabrics, antacids. - Sticky gel that collects suspended clay and dirt particles on its surface. Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 - Use: Leather-making, mortar and plaster to lessen acidity of soil. - Called caustic lime. Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 - Use: Laxative, Antacid. - Called milk of magnesia when in water. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH - Use: To make soap, oven cleaner, drain cleaner, textiles, and paper. - Called lye and caustic soda, generates heat (exothermic) when combined with water, reacts with metals to form hydrogen. Ammonia, NH3 - Use: Cleaners, fertilizer, to make rayon and nylon. - Irritating odor that is damaging to nasal passages and lungs. **Strong Vs. Weak Bases** Strong bases -- Ionize (Break into cations and anions) almost completely and conduct electricity well. a. Potassium hydroxide -- KOH b. Sodium hydroxide -- NaOH Weak bases -- Do not completely ionize. a. Ammonia -- NH3 ------------------------------- **Why is substance neutral?** ------------------------------- A substance is neutral when: - It does not ionize at all, therefor no H+ or OH- ions. - It has equal concentrations (amounts) of H+ and OH- ions. pH -- measures the concentration of H3O+ ions - More crowded = More concentrated - Critical to certain processes and functions (e.g. Enzymes, Blood) pH -- indicates H3O+ and OH- concentrations pH scale 0-14 - Indicates concentration of hydronium ions 0-6 = acid closer to 0 is more acidic. 8-14 = base closer to 14 is more basic. 7 = neutral H3O+ concentration = OH^-^ concentrations. !! Ionization -- Process involve in spontaneous ion formation (cation and anion). 7.1 -- Brain 6.5 -- 7.5 -- Saliva 1.0 -- 3.5 -- Gastric Secretion (Hydrochloric Acid) 7.8 -- Bile 7.35 -- 7.4 -- Capillary Veins ---------- **Salt** ---------- Is a compound from the combination of a positive ions other than Hydrogen and a negative ion other than hydroxide. Is formed when a base and an acid reacts together. Example: HCl + NaOH -\> NaCl + H2O HCl -- Acid, NaOH -- Base, NaCl -- Salt, H2O -- Water ------------------ **Electrolytes** ------------------ Are compounds that can be acid, base, or salt. They are important for cells and normal functioning of chemical processes. - Cations that move to positively charges electrodes. - Anions that move to negatively charged electrodes. Example: NaCl, HCO3, PO4, SO4, Calcium, Potassium, and Magnesium -------------------- **Carbon Dioxide** -------------------- Is an organic compound that is essential for organisms that perform photosynthesis. Among animals, carbon dioxide is a waste product in the breakdown of organic food substances, such as glucose, an organic food rich in energy. *Good luck everyone sa quiz! Perfect/Passing Score Cutie \>\