Biology Notes 10- PDF Notes

Chapter 10 Cell cycle- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide cell division- process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells Centromere- area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached Chromatid- one of two identical “sister’’ parts of a duplicated chromoso...

Chapter 10 Cell cycle- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide cell division- process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells Centromere- area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached Chromatid- one of two identical “sister’’ parts of a duplicated chromosome Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm during cell division Interphase- period of the cell cycle between cell division Mitosis- part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides Anaphase- the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles Cancer- disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth Centriole- one of two tiny structures located near the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope Cyclin- one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eucaryotic cells Metaphase- second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Prophase- first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus Spindle- fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis Telophase- fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material Stem Cell- a cell that hasn’t specialized What happens to the cell’s ratio of surface area to volume ration as it increases in size?- it decreases In what kind of cell does a cell plate form?- plate cell What determines the rate at which food and oxygen are used up, and waste products produced?- volume What is the period of growth between cell mitotic events?- interphase What happens to the centrioles during prophase?- They begin to migrate to opposite ends of the cell What is a cell that is not yet specialized known as?- stem cell What disease may result from uncontrolled cell growth?- cancer During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate from each other?- Anaphase During which stage of mitosis so the chromosomes 1st become visible?- prophase During which stage of the cell cycle does one cell split into 2 identical cells?- cytoknesis What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?- interphase, mitosis, cytokensis What are the 3 stages of interphase?- G1, S, and G2 What is the shortest phase of interphase?- G2 What happens during G1? Cells do most of their growing and cells increase in size and synthesize new proteins and organelles What happens during S?- Key proteins associated with the chromosomes are sythesized and chromosomes are replicated What happens during G2? Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced What are the stages of mitosis in order?- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. What happens during Prophase?- chromosomes condense and become visible, centrioles begin to migrate to opposite ends of the cell, the nuclear envelope disintegrates What happens during Metaphase?- chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome What happens during Anaphase?- the sister chromatids separate at the centromere and chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell What happens during Telophase?- Chromosomes complete their migration to opposite ends of the cell, nuclear envelopes form around each set of ch0mosomes, nucleolar reforms, and chromosomes begin to uncondense Do larger organisms have bigger cells, or more cells? Why?- No. The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, the cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.