Biology Lecture PDF 3-6: Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids PDF

3 3 4 , Exam , 516 on Proteins, Carbohydrates, · and Lipids and Nucleic Acids © Oxford University Press Chapter 3 Proteins, Carbohydrates, and...

3 3 4 , Exam , 516 on Proteins, Carbohydrates, · and Lipids and Nucleic Acids © Oxford University Press Chapter 3 Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids Learning Objectives Describe the role of functional groups in biological molecules Understand macromolecule synthesis Explain dehydration (or condensation) and hydrolysis reactions Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in the extracellular materials of animals and plants Explain carbohydrate classifications List common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Describe the four major types of lipids Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids Describe phospholipids Describe the functions proteins perform in the cell and in tissues Explain the four levels of protein organization Describe nucleic acids' structure and define the two types of nucleic acids © Oxford University Press Elements Make Molecules 2 or more atoms together Make · Molecule 2 or more elements banded together by a Loading… covalent band make a Compound - organic Molewies have carbon based backboned and of least one Carbon-Hydrogen bund - incramic metecules doT have a carbon based backbone or carbon-hydrogen bands © Oxford University Press © Oxford University Press The Molecules of Life of life is mode up Macromolaries Macromoleculesae lade organic Molecules Composed · of submits called monomers - Monomers Loading… are linked together to form Polymer chains © Oxford University Press Molecules of Life complex Mocromolecules 4 types of make up living this Carbohydrates · opiateins · lipids a nucleic acid © Oxford University Press Figure 3.3 Substances Found in Living Tissues Macromolecules Characterize Living Things (6) condensation reactions : Polymers are formed from monomers bya series of Condensation reactions Hydrolysis reaction : Hydrolysis perations result in the breakdom of Polymers into monomers © Oxford University Press  know what Biologically Important Functional Groups they are basedon Functional Group Structure Where Found Aldehyde Carbohydrates structure Amino Amino acids, the subunits of protein Carboxyl Organic acids, including amino acids and fatty acids Hydroxyl Carbohydrates, fatty acids, alcohol, some amino acids Keto Carbohydrates, polypeptides Methyl Some amino acids, attached to DNA Phosphate Nucleotides (subunit of nucleic acids), ATP, signaling molecules Sulfhydryl Part of the amino acid cysteine © Oxford University Press 9 Figure 3.1 Some Functional Groups Important to Living Systems © Macmillan Learning Molecules of Life Carbohydrates carbohydrates are made of simple subunits that are repeating All Contain Carbun , Hydrogen , and oxygen in a specific ictims : 21 : 10 12 CH20 Loading… © Oxford University Press  De exom Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Monosacharides are what we call Simple Sudd > - 5-carbon sufors include ribose, deoxyribose - O-carbon Sugars include glucose , goloctose Monnuse , fructose structural isomers ; Some atoms but differentarrangements © Oxford University Press Figure 3.17 Monosaccharides Are Simple Sugars © Macmillan Learning what is on example which bands , hold it together , and how are they farmed Carbohydrates Disaccharides Molecule With 2 simple Sugars monosaharides bind together in Condensation reactions to form glycosidic bands to form disaccharides Example : + fructose Sucrose (gircuse s + Loctose (glucose golactose) Maltose (plucose © Oxford University Press + pircose) Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Polysaccharides: bundreds or thousands of monosacharirdes They can be found in plants or animals adn can come in a cariety of shapes Examples of polysaccharides include Cellulose (in cell wall of plants) Starches (major storage (energy) in plants) Glycogen (major storage (energy) in animals) © Oxford University Press Molecules of Life Lipids Lipids are nonpolar hydrocarbons; insolubal in water Carbocyls bonds with hydrocyls of glycerol in ester linkages condesnation reactions Types of Lipids: Fats and oils store energy Phospholipids- structural role in the cell membrane Carorenoids and chlorophylls - capture light energy in plants Steroids and modified fatty acids - hormones and vitamins. © Oxford University Press Molecules of Life Lipids Types of lipids Animal fat- thermal insulation Lipids coating around nerves provide electrical insulation Oils and wax on skin, fur, an dfeather repel water and slows evaporation Steroids hormones and cholestrol and some plant leaf surfaces © Oxford University Press  Types of Lipids Fatty Acids Fatty acids are linear carbon skeletons with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end Saturated fatty acids- No double bonds between carbon It is saturated with H atoms (Animal fats; solid at room temperture) Unsaturated fatty acids- One or more double bonds in teh carbon chain Results in kinks that prevent packinf (plant oils; liquids at room temperature) © Oxford University Press 18  Types of Lipids Fatty Acids Double bonds in naturally occuring unsaturated fats are cis ( H atoms are on teh same side) Trans fats: H atoms are on opposite sides of the c--c bond (trans) (thats a double bond) © Oxford University Press 19 Types of Lipids Phospholipids Phospholipids contain hydropphilic phosphate group (Head) and hydrophobic fatty acid chain (tails) main compounds of cell membrane © Oxford University Press  Molecules of Life Proteins Long chains of repreating amino acids are polypeptides Folded polypeptides are called proteins They carry out many functions in cells Speed up the rate of chemical reactions Move things through and around cell Help entire cells move 20 different amino acids found in protiens © Oxford University Press 21 Molecules of Life Proteins Proteins composed of amino acids subunits Amino acids share common structure Central carbon, carboxyl group, amino group Side chain (Rgroup) differ Infinite possible combinations of 20 amino acids Protein characteristics depend mainly on shape Shape determined by amino acid sequence. © Oxford University Press 22 Concept 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Highly Variable Structures (4) Oligopepride, or peptides; short polymers of 20 or fewer amino acuds Polypeptides: longer polymers Amino Acids bond together covalently in a condensation reaction by peptide linkages (peptide bonds) © Macmillan Learning Figure 3.8 The Four Levels of Protein Structure (Part 1) © Macmillan Learning Concept 3.2 Proteins Are Polymers with Highly Variable Structures (8) If a protein is heated, secondary and teriart structure breakdown; the protein is said to be denatured Proteins can bind to the wrong molecules after denaturation or when they are newly made and still unfolded Chaperones are proteins that help prevent this. © Macmillan Learning  Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids nuclieic acid carry genetic, information in sequene of nucleotides nucleotides are composed of: Pentose sugar Phosphare group Nitofenous bases There are two types of nucleic acids RNA ribonucleic acid DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds © McGraw Hill, LLC 26  Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous bases (nucleobases) include Purines: adenine (A), Guanine (G) Pyrimidines : cytosine (C), Thymine (T) Uracil (U) Uracil found only in RNA © McGraw Hill, LLC 27 Molecules of Life Nucleic Acids © McGraw Hill, LLC  4 Origin of Life © Oxford University Press Chapter 4 Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life Key Concepts - What is spontaneous generation -Urey-Miller experiments, Francesco Redi, chemical evolution How life began -Modern origin of life © Oxford University Press Spontaneous generation (1) On EXAM forms People once thought that some of life from arose decaying matter by spontaneous generation. Francesco Redi first rejected 1668. Loading… this in * t picture © Oxford University Press Spontaneous Generation: Redi’s Experiment Figure 4.9 Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur’s Experiment (Experiment) (Part 1) Loading… Figure 4.9 Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur’s Experiment (Experiment) (Part 2) So methingbe to foracur has life Concept 4.2 The Small Molecules of Life Originated on Primitive Earth (2) · But these experiments did not prove that spontaneous generation has never occurred. · How did life first originate ? There are two main - theories. chemical evolution from space © Macmillan Learning How Did Life Begin? (3) chemical evolution : conditions on primitive Earth led to formation of simple molecules such as amino acids , which led to formation of life forms. © Oxford University Press  * What happened in chem evol. Spon. generation Fransico , & Louis Stanley Miller’s Experiment , (3) · In a famous experiment conducted in 1 as3 , researcher Stanley Miller attempted to.re-create , in a set of tubes & flasks , the environment conditions that he believed existed on the early Earth. Volcanoes may also have added CO2 · , Nz , H2S , & SO2 to the atmosphere. Adding these gases to the experimental atmosphere results in formation of small many more organic molecules. © Oxford University Press Figure 4.10 Modeling the Formation of Biological Molecules from Chemicals Present in Earth’s Early Atmosphere (Experiment) © Macmillan Learning Life came from outside Earth (5). 2 Life came from outside Earth · Some meteorites contain molecules such as purines , pyrimidines , & amino acids S suggesting that living organisms might have reached Earth within meteorite. a Loading… Some scientists question whether organisms could survive in a meteorite. © Oxford University Press Modern Origin of Life Theories (3) © Oxford University Press Figure 4.12 The “RNA World” Hypothesis © Macmillan Learning 5 use os a for slides refience reading Cells: The Working Units of Life and Cell · Membranes © Oxford University Press Chapter 5 Cells: The Working Units of Life Key Concepts © Oxford University Press Chapter 5 Cells: The Working Units of Life Key Concepts Loading… © Oxford University Press  L Concept 5.1 Cells Are the Fundamental Units of Life On (1) · cell theory : exam cells fundamental are unit of life All crianisms are composed of cells All cells come from Pre-existing Cells © Oxford University Press 2 Basic Types of Cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s 1) Prokaryotes - no nucleus , lock of internal mem brane boundarganelles (Bacteria B Archer , Loading… 2) Eukaryotes - here nucleus , have membrane bound organelles Protists , fungi , plants , and animals © Oxford University Press So, What’s in a Cell? All Cells (ban Pro BEr carrctes) havein - Plasma membranes - CytoPlosm - Ribosomes - DNA © Oxford University Press What All is in a Prokaryotes? Prokoryotes have - Plasma membrane cytoplasm - - Ribosomes - DNA some have - cell Wolls (Bocteria > - Flooella or Cilia © Oxford University Press Prokaryotes share four basic structural features. Plasma Membrane (6) Plasma Membrane is the Outside 1) cell skin" of the. · called & Phospholipid biloger o It is semipermeable - allows some substance to more through it while not allowing others have The · Phosphripios a hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails no 2 arimized the to s are on the inside · to no head on outside © Oxford University Press  * on test Plasma Membrane Transportation molecules cross the Plasma mem in 3 was Simple diffusion facilitated diffusion Active transport © Oxford University Press Plasma Membrane Simple Diffusion Molecules more from of higher concentration crews to lower concentration Colley Infusion this movement Loading… occurs Spontaneously. Without input of energy called transport Massive © Oxford University Press Plasma Membrane Facilitated Diffusion facilitated diffusio allows for large or mydrophilic Molecules that help to cross the need Plosma Membrane. · Transport Proteins help these molecules more · This is alsoanother form of Possive ↓ transport © Oxford University Press Plasma Membrane Active Transport https://www.youtube.co Requires m/watch? energy v=_bPFKDdWlCg transport moves these large or Active (solutes) from areas of Polar Molecules lower concentrations to des of higher concentration - The Sodium-Potassium Pump © Oxford University Press © Oxford University Press What is Osmosis? https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Y_w07A7chnk The movement of Water across a Semi-permeable membrane , from - solution with a high concentration of water Molecules to o Solution with a lower Concentration of Water Molecules form of Possive Transport © Oxford University Press Water Flows Across the Cell membrane by osmosis What is happening in cell ↳ un exam © Oxford University Press Cytoplasm CytoPosm is the fluid that fills the cell · Also Collec the Cytosol Suspends · other organelles in the cell. © Oxford University Press Ribosomes Ribosomes:. Site of Protein Synthesis makes proteins. don't need to know © Oxford University Press ~ not lock DNA · made of Nucleic Acid. · found in the nucleus of eukornates · floats in the cytoplasm in prokorctes. · used to encode directions for building Pictiens in the cell. © Oxford University Press Flagella/Cilia Cilia : Short , hundreds one on cell , more stiffly to propel the cell or more fluid over o cell. Floelk : Conner , usually 1 or 2 Present , movement is snake like © Oxford University Press What all is in Eukaryotic Cells? (4) Plasma - membrane - CytoPlosm - Ribosomes - nucleus - Membrane-Bound organelles organelles each EX : Mitochondria > - Perform a specific and Chloroplast function in the cell © Oxford University Press Nucleus Nucleus— Encloses a cell's DNA The defining organelle of eukaryotes fore interpreting the The · reacting Sentence instructions take place here. for Pickers it fluoting in * CytoPloSM encloses nucleus © Oxford University Press  know difference birth & Ch EXOM Endoplasmic Reticulum (AKA ER) (8) The ER network of Membrane Covered a "pipes" · Rough ER is Ribosomes covered with Makes = Proteins) Smooth ER does not here Ribosomes (Makes LipiOs)/hormones - Proteins and lipids are mode here © Oxford University Press · · · Produces lipids and hormones Golgi Apparatus (10) · set of stocked membrane discs and Sorts Proteins · Packages , transports important in Packing Micromolecules for transporting elsewhere in the cell © Oxford University Press What de mocromoeces ! On Carbohydrates Exam lipids Proteins nucleic oiOS she will give picture of amoell or function Mitochondria Powerhouse of Cell on test energy from food Extracts ↓ into useful form converts that energy a found in almost all eukaryotes has 2 membranes highly folded inner membrane © Oxford University Press Chloroplasts found in · plants and Alger · Location of Photosynthesis 2 Membranes and on internal system · Have of stacked membrane disks © Oxford University Press Lysosomes The digestive and recycling · cells Center enzymes · full of digestive · Breakdown of Proteins out · Recycle Warn ormmellels mo other cell parts so the Sub units con be reused © Oxford University Press Cytoskeleton Network of Protein fibers With Assist > - cell support , Movement and movement of structures With the cell 3 types Microfilaments Microtubules intermediate filaments © Oxford University Press  Helps maintain - cell Shape of · internal movement organelles - cell locomotion - Muscle Fiber contractions Vacuoles Cells Storage unit stares compounds and helps regulate Water and Waste Plants have Loading… large vacuoles that Provides turgor to the cell and helps it stand up, © Oxford University Press Vesicles membrane bound socs that act as mail" and store Various compounds - Transport - Transport Materials from one crimelle to another from the ER or Guld Apparatus - Often cytoskeleton filaments to deliver clang compares to ounmelles or outside the Cell © Oxford University Press Vesicles The cell membrane and vesicles can work together with the addition of energy to move large (or large quantities) of substances into and out of the cell Endocytosis- The cell membrane can engulf substances outside the cell to form Senene vesicles and bring said substances into the cell. Ex. White blood cells engulf foreign substances Exocytosis- A vesicle carrying contents form inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane to secrete the contents of the vesicle. EX. Neuro muscular junction mc break dan take from are to other © Oxford University Press Peroxisomes on exam · The cells waste removal & Security system · full of oxidative enzymes · Breakdown lipid Molecules · protects the cell from Oxygen based Molecules that Could the cell destroy © Oxford University Press Animal Cells Plant Cells