Biology Exam PDF

Q.4: Describe the careers that the students, who have chosen biology, can plan to adopt. Ans: Careers in Biology: The students, who have chosen the biology, can plan to adopt some as a career in following fields: (i) Medicine and Surgery: Medicine deals with diagnosis and tre...

Q.4: Describe the careers that the students, who have chosen biology, can plan to adopt. Ans: Careers in Biology: The students, who have chosen the biology, can plan to adopt some as a career in following fields: (i) Medicine and Surgery: Medicine deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and surgery deals with repair, replacement or removal the affected organ. (i) Agriculture: This deals with production of varieties of crops, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, etc. Pakistan being an agricultural country, it can play very important role. (iii) Horticulture: This is also part of agriculture, in which work is carried out for the development of new varieties of plants and their products. (iv) Forestry: Forests are the source of biodiversity of plants and animals of many kinds which live there. It is important in development of new forests as well as preservation of existing ones. (v) Farming: In this profession, the development of different kinds of farms takes place, such as fish farm, cattle farm, poultry farm, etc. New technologies are used for the production of animals as source of meat and milk, leather, wool, etc. (vi) Animal Husbandry: This profession is part of agriculture sciences. It deals with the care and breeding of animals which are beneficial for man. (vii) Fisheries: This profession deals with the increased quantity and quality of fish production. Fish is one of the best sources of protein. (viii) Biotechnology: This is very important and sensitive profession. It deals with manipulation of gene to produce valuable chemical products, such as insulin, growth hormones, interferon, etc. from bacteria as well as others. Q.7 Describe the role of Muslim scientists in the field of biology. Ans: Contribution of Muslim Scientists: The Muslim scientists have played great role in the development of biological science. They began experiments and observations from the first century of Hijra. Following are some details about the important Muslim scientists, who made significant contribution towards the development of biology. (i) Jabir Bin Hayan (722-817 A.D): He was born in Iran. He worked in the field of chemistry but he also wrote a number of books on plants and animals. "Al-Nabatiat" and "Al-Haywan" are his two famous books on plants and animals, respectively. (ii) Abdul Malik Asmai (741-828 A.D): He was great zoologist and wrote many books on animals "Al-Kheil" on horses, "Al-Ibil" on camels, "Al-Shat" on sheep, "Al- Wahoosh” on wild animals and "Khalqul Insan" on the different parts of human body and their functions. (iii) Bu Ali Sina (980-1037 A.D): He was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and considered as the founder of medicine. He is called as Avicenna in the west. He identified many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations. He also worked in the field of mathematics, astronomy, physics, paleontology and music. He wrote books like “Al-Qanoon” and “Fil Tib Al-Shafa”.  Q.5: Write translation of Quranic verses which points the Islamic view about the origin of life. Ans: The Almighty Allah has conveyed a great knowledge about the Origin and characteristics of animals and plants through our Holy Book, the Quran. Allah Says; "We made every living thing from water” (Surah: Ambia, Verse: 30) "And Allah has created every animal from water of them there are some that creep on their bellies, some that walk on two legs; and some that walk on four. Allah creates what He will Lo! Allah is able to do all things”. (Surah: Al-Nur, Verse: 45) Here water is symbolized with the protoplasm as the basis of life and the vital Power of protoplasm seems to depend on the constant presence of water. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY - Detoiled Question Answers Page I3 BioLoGY StH odomjeecooching.blogspot.com Q.6 Write the translation of Quranic verse which is about plant growth and development. Ans: "And in the earth are neighboring tracks, vineyards and ploughed lands, and date-palms, like and unlike which are watered with one water. And we have made some of them to excel others in fruit. Lo! Here in verily are portents for people who have sense”. (Surah: Al-Ra’d, Verse: 4) Here Allah has revealed some facts about plant growth and development. Q.3: Describe the relationships of biology to other sciences. Ans: Relationshi I ith r nces: Biology is a multidimensional subject and linked with other sciences. Biology is considered as interdisciplinary science, which is related with other sciences. Some of these are mentioned below: Biophysics: It is a branch of physics, in which laws and techniques of physics are applied to explain the processes of life. Examples: (i) In radio-physics branch radioactive isotopes are used to trace the translocation of different materials within the organisms. (i) Radio-labeling and, carbon-dating also show some uses of radioactive isotopes in determining the age of fossils. (iii) Uses of sound waves as ultrasound and laser technology show relation of physics with biology. * Biomathematics / Biometry: The branch of mathematics which collects data of living organisms. It plays very important role in research. * Biochemistry: It is branch of biology which deals with the study of molecules which form living organisms or cell and requires authentic knowledge about biology and chemistry to explain the synthesis of bio-molecules and function of different molecules in the body of an organism. * Biogeography: It deals with the distribution of different living organisms in different geographical regions of the world. Many living organisms are restricted to particular geographical regions due to environmental conditions. * Bio-economics: This deals with the economically important organisms involved in production, e.g. meat production, etc. are calculated for cost value and profit value.  Q.2: Name and define the branches of Biology. Ans: Branches of Biology: Modern biology deals with the structure, function and many other descriptions of living things. Advance research during the 20th century has led to the division of biology into specialized branches. Some important branches are defined below: U] Morphology: It is the study of external form and structure of organisms. (ii) Anatomy: Itis the study of internal parts of body of living organisms. (i) Cell Biology: It is the study of cell and its organelle. (iv) Histology: It is the study about structure of tissues of plant and animals. (v) Physiology: It is the study about functions of different parts of living organisms. (vi) Taxonomy: It is the study of the rules, principles, grouping and naming the living organisms. (vii) Genetics: It is the study of heredity that is transferring of characters from parents to offspring. (viii) Developmental Biology: It is the study of formation and development of embryo. (ix) Environmental Biology: It is the study of relationship between living organisms an nonliving factors of environment and their effects on each other. (x) Paleontology: It is the study of remote past organic life, with the help of fossils. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY - Detoiled Question Answers Poge Il B10L0GY 9TH odemjeecoaching.blogspot.com (i) Biotechnology: The study about techniques for manipulation of gene to bring the changes in structure and location of genes to achieve desirable characters is called biotechnology. (xii) Socio-biology: It is the study of social behavior of living organisms. i.e. interaction between themselves. (xiii) Parasitology: It is the study of parasites. (xiv) Pharmacology: It is the study of action and effects of drugs. (xv) Molecular Biology: It is the study of organic molecules which constitute cell and its organelles.  Atom Oxygen (0) \4 Molecule Dioxide (0,) \ Macromolecule Phospholipid \ Cell Clara Cell \ Tissue Epithelial tissue \J Organ Lung A\ Organ system Respiratory System Organism Panthera leo (Lion) \ Population v Pride ri of Lions i Community L v ions and Zebras Eco System Lions, Zebras, and the Environment Biosphere Life on Earth \ Q2: Explain the steps of biological method in detall. Ans: Steps of Biological Method : Biological method consists of the following steps : 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Reasoning 4. Experiment 5. Result 6. Conclusion Chart to show the steps of Biological Method: (Hypothesis } 'SOLVING A BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM - Detailed Question Answers. Poge il oo am adomjeecoaching.blogspot com| () Observation: The first step is to identify the reason of the problem followed by the formulation of a question about what has been observed. The solution of biological problem starts with observation. An observation is a statement of knowledge gained through the senses (quantitative) or through the use of scientific equipment (quantitative). n 1880, 2 French physician, Laveran, stuied the blood sample of malaria patient under microscope and observed tiny creatures in it and named a5 Plasmodium. So the observation was made that Plasmodiumis present n the blood of malaria patients. (i) Hypothesis: Hypothesisi a key component of the scientific process. It i defined as “the inteligent guess made by a scientist i the form of statement”. A hypothesis must be testable through experimentation. Hypothesis must either be supported or falsified by experiment. For Example: In malaria case, an inteligent guess made after observation that Plasmodium is the cause of malari (i) Reasoning: Biologists collect information about the problem and formulate the hypothesis by using a reasoning process ind reasoning and deductive reasoning”. Inductive reasoning moves from specifc to general e.g. shark s a fish. All fishes have scales therefore sharks also have scales. Deductive reasoning moves from general to specifc. It s based on “if-then statement. Deductive reasoning can be tested and verified by experiments. In malaria case, the following deduction is made: “If Plasmodium is the cause of malaria, that all the malaria patient should have Plasmodium in their blood”. (i) Experiment: Once a problem has been observed and a hypothesisis suggested, the next step in the scientific method is o design an experiment based on reasoning. Experiment i a practical performance of a scientist to identify the real cause ofa problem based on inductive and or deductiv reasoning. A key assumption s that the experiment will be repeated many times by other scientist. Scientist performs two types of test. control group and experimental group. Tofind out the cause of malaria, blood samples of 100 malaria patients (experimental group) and the blood samples of 100 heaithy persons. (control group) were examined under microscope. 'SOLVING A BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM - Detailed Question Answers Page 12 B am adomjeecoaching blogspot.com| (V) Result: The results are where we report what happened in the experiment. That includes detailing all observations and data made during experiment. Result verifies the hypothesis. In the case of malaria, it was found that a the malaria patients (experimental group) had Plasmodium in their blood whereas the blood samples of healthy persons (control group) were free from Plasmodium, (vi) Conclusion: The final step of the scientific method is developing conclusion. This is ‘where all the results from the experiment are analyzed and a determination s reached about the hypothesis. If our hypothesis was supported, it's great. If not, we repeat the experimentor think of other ways to improve our procedure. Example: Conclusion is made that “Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”.  Q.4: Describe the principles of classification. Ans: A system of classification is necessary because of the abundance of the variety of life on earth. There are currently around 1.5 million species that have been described and have been given scientific names. In future, more can be identified if they are found. BIODIVERSITY - Detoiled Question Answers Page N BoL0oY I adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com To study such a diverse pack of organisms exist on earth, biologists classified the Organisms into groups and sub groups. This grouping of organisms is called biological classification. Principles of Classification: Some organisms share similar fundamental characteristics or functions. It is further explained by means of Morphology (external features of an Organism) in which we study the organisms on the basis of their Homologous and Analogous. Homologous: In biology, it means similar in structure and have different functions. In other words it means a similarity in internal or chromosomal structures. With internal structures, homology indicates organs that have similar positions, structures, or evolutionary origins. Organs do not have to have the same function to be homologous. Analogous: In biology, analogous means different in structure and have same functions. Analogous structures are similar structures that evolved independently in two living organisms to serve the same purpose. Sometimes it is impassible to classify organisms using morphological characters, therefore scientists use other characteristics to classify organisms which include; Cytology and genetics in which organisms are classified on the basis of cellular study, genetic constitution and their development pattern. Biochemistry is also employed in which the chemical substances of the organisms are compared. Taxonomic Hierarchy: The groups into which organisms are classified are known as taxonomic categories or taxa (singular taxon). The taxa are arranged in ascending order and form a ladder, called taxonomic hierarchy. All organisms are classified into five kingdoms, so, the kingdom is the highest taxon of classification. On the basis of similarities, each kingdom is further divided into smaller taxa in the following ways: B B (o] for] 6] (] ) Units of classification: The smallest and basic unit of classification is species. Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organisms with the fundamental similarities as a species. Thus all the members of the particular species share the similar characteristics and can naturally interbreed to produce a fertile offspring. Closely related species are grouped. together into genera (singular-genus). Similar genera are grouped together into families, families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla or division and phyla or division into kingdoms. BIODIVERSITY - Detoiled Question Answers Page 12 BioLoGY W adomjeecooching.blogspot.com Simple classification of two Organisms Taxa Human Pea Kingdom Animalia Plantae Phylum Chordate Magnoliophyta Class Mammalian Magnoliopside Order Primates Fabales Genus Homo Pisum Species Sapiens Sativum Scientific name Homo sapiens Pisum sativum  Causes of Deforestation: Deforestation is done deliberately due to the mining, pap urbanization, timber, for making roads and agriculture expansion and livestock breeding. JIVERSITY - Detoiled Question Answers Poge 110 _—  Kingdom Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic heterophs (without chlorophyll) living either as saprophytes; feeding on dead or decaying matter or | as parasites. Fungi are the decomposers of the ecosystem. Fungi cell wall is made up of chitin. [Fu ngi may be septate or aseptate. Fungi cell may be uninucleate or multinucleate. Fungi body is filamentous made up of mycelium and hyphae, non- parachymatous without complex organs or differentiation. In plants, stored food is starch. Plants reproduce by seeds. Q.3: Describe the importance of biodiversity. Ans. Importance of Biodiversity: Biodiversity provides many beneficial products which include fiber, oil, dyes, rubber, water, timber, paper and food. It also stabilizes the ecosystem by recycling the nutrients, reduces the amount of pollution by means of forest. Biodiversity also plays an important role in drug discovery and medicinal resources. Medicines from nature account for usage by 80% of the world's population. It also beautifies the nature with lots of trees and animals found in different regions which enhances the tourism. Q.6: Explain the units of classification. Ans: Units of Classification: 1. Species: Species is a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 2. Genus: Group of closely related species is called genus. 3. Family: Group of closely related genera is called family. 4. Order: Group of closely related families is called order. 5. Class: Group of closely related order is called class. 6. Phylum: Group of closely related classes is called phylum. 7. Kingdom: Group of closely related phyla is placed together in Kingdom. Q.7: Explain the aims of classification. Ans: Aims Classification: of The main aims of classification are: (i) Todetermine similarities and dissimilarities among organisms so that they can be studied easily. (i) Tofind the evolutionary relationship among organisms. Q.12: Describe in detail five kingdom classification. Ans: Five Kingdom Classification: Robert Whittaker in 1969 classified the organisms into five kingdoms which clearly categorized fungi into a separate kingdom. This system of classification was based on: o Cellular structure and body organization; unicellular Prokaryote, Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. e Mode of nutrition; autotrophs (plants), Ingestive heterotrophs (animals) and absorptive heterotrophs (fungi). THE LIVING BEING Photosynthesis and < Kingdom > Bacteria and Absorption Monera Cyanobacteria Absorption, Kingdom Microalgae Photosynthesis, < Protista # (Phytoplanktonic forms), Ingestion Protozoa, Slime moulds absorption ingestion Photosynthesis Kingdom + Kingdom Fungi & Animalia plantae v Micro fungi v Macroalgae, Bryophytes, v Invertebrates Macro fungi Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Vertebrates slime and water mould Angiosperms Five Kinj 3 (i) - Kingdom Monera: It includes all the prokaryotes i.e., bacteria and cyanobacteria. (i) Kingdom Protista: It is the place for all the eukaryotic unicellular organisms, except yeast which some of them have the features of both plant and animal like most protists are aquatic. It includes protozoa and unicellular algae. (iii) Kingdom Fungi: It includes all the multicellular eukaryotic fungi. They are Achlorophyllous, absorptive heterotrophs. They have cell wall made up of mainly chitin. They have a body called Mycelium which is made up of a thread like structure called hyphae. BIODIVERSITY - Detailed Question Answers Page lb BioLOGY 9TH adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com (iv) Kingdom Plantae: It includes all the multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic or arganisms. They have cell wall mainly made up of cellulose. It includes multicellular algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and angiosperms. (v) Kingdom Animalia: All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic which are ingestive heterotrophs without cell wall. It includes all vertebrates and invertebrates except protozoa.  Kingdom Monera 1. | Monera are unicellular organism’s having prokaryotic cellular structure. 2. | Cellular organelles are absent. 3. | Monera are simple in structure, with no complexity. VERSITY - Detailed Question Answers _—— 4. | It contains small microorganisms. 5. | Mitochondria and chloroplast are not present. 6. | Moneras does not possess a true nucleus. 7. | Mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. 8. | Flagella and cilia are not present in Monera. 9. | They are cosmopolitan, which means they are found everywhere. Q.7: Write the differences between light microscope and electron microscope. Ans: Differences Between Light Microscope And Electron Microscope Light Microscope Electron Microscope These microscopes use visible light as These microscopes use a beam of the source of illumination. electrons as a source of illumination. Light microscope uses glass ‘lenses for It uses electromagnetic lenses instead of magnification. glass lenses. The image of the specimen is projected The image cannot focus in human eye, into the human eye. therefore, screen or photographic plates are used to review and focus the image. It achieves a resolution above 0.2m. It achieves a resolution of about 0.2nm, a thousand times improvement over light microscope. Function: Proteins are transported from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to the Golgi. In the Golgi, proteins are modified and packaged into vesicle. The Golgi body therefore receives proteins made in one location in the cell and transfers these to another location within the cell where they are required. For this reason the Golgi body can be considered to be the 'post office' of the cell. Q.42: Write the differences between Mitochondria and Plastids. Ans. Differen n Mitochond Plasti Mitochondria Plastids Mitochondria are found in both animal Plastids are found in the cells of higher and plant cells. plants. They do not contain pigments. They contain different types of pigments. They produce energy. They capture (use) energy. They contain enzymes which break the They do not contain enzymes. food. They help in respiration. They help in photosynthesis. They have no types. There are three types of plastids.  Q.38: Define Plastids and its types. Ans: Plastids: Plastids are large cytoplasmic and major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour. There are different types of plastids: i) Chloroplast (i) Chromoplast (i) Leucoplast CELLS AND TISSUES - Detailed Question Answers Page 123 BioLoGY 9TH odamjeecoaching.blogspot.com (i) Chloraplasts: This is the most important type of plastid. Green-coloured plastids found in plants and algae. These are present in the green parts of the plant particularly in leaves. The chloroplast is a double-membraned organelle. Within the double membrane is a gel-like substance called stroma. Stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis. Suspended in the stroma are stack life structures called grana (singular=granum). Each granum is a stack of thylakoid discs. The chlorophyll molecules (green pigments) are found on the surface of the thylakoid discs. Function: Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sun for photosynthesis and manufacture carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis. (i) Chromoplasts: They have colouered pigments other than green such as red, orange or yellow. These are present in the petals of the flower, in the ripened fruit pigments, flowers of autumn leaves and other coloured parts of plant. Function: Their function is to help the plant in pollination and dispersal of fruits. (iii) Leucoplasts: They are colourless, triangular and tabular or of any other shape plastids. They are found in the cells of underground parts of plants. Function: They store food in roots in the form of starch. Q.29: Explain the structure and function of mitochondria. Ans; Mitochondria: A mitochondrion is a membrane bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria contain two phospholipid bilayers: there is an outer membrane, and an inner membrane. The inner membrane contains many folds called cristae which contain specialized membrane proteins that enable the mitochondria to synthesize ATP. Inside the inner membrane is a jelly-like fluid called matrix. Function: Mitochondria play an important role in respiration. They contain enzymes which break the food for the production of energy. Q.12: Who proposed the cell theory? Explain the salient features of cell theory. Ans: Cell Theory: One of the most important concepts in biology is that a cell is a basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. This is known as a cell theory and was proposed jointly by two scientists in 1839. A Belgian Botanist called Schleiden and the German zoologist called Schwan. In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, a German physicians proposed an important extension of cell theory-that all living cells arise from pre-existing. The postulates of cell theory are: (i) All Living organisms are made of one or more cells. (i) The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms. (i) The new cell is derived from pre-existing cells dividing into two by cell division. (iv) The cell contains the hereditary m9terial which is passed from generation to generation. Q.17: Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Ans: Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Nuclear membrane is absent therefore A double nuclear membrane is prokaryotic cells do not possess distinct present. They have well defined nucleus. nucleus. They do not have many membrane bound They have membrane bounded structures e.g. Mitochondria, endoplasmic structures (organelles). Reticulum, Golgi apparatus etc. Ribosomes are of large size and Ribosomes are of small size and freely present either on endoplasmic scattered in cytoplasm. reticulum or free in cytoplasm. CELLS AND TISSUES - Detailed Question Answers Poge I8 BI0LOGY OTH adomjeecoaching.blogspot.com 4. | Nucleoplasm is absent. Nucleoplasm is present. o || s p Proper romosom in diploi 5 Single chromosome is found. i elimenenennlL B numbers are present. 6. | Respiratory enzymes are located on the | Respiratory enzymes are present in inner surface of the cell membrane. mitochondria. 7. | These cells are simple and comparatively | These cells are complex comparatively smaller in size i.e. average 0.5-10nm in | large in size i.e. 10-100nm in diameter diameter. average. 8. | Bacteria and cyanobacteria are examples of | Fungi, algae, animal and plants are Prokaryotes. examples of eukaryotes. Q.46: Name the types of animal tissues. Ans: Animal Tissues: Humans and other large multicellular animals are made up of four basic types of tissue: (i) Epithelial tissue (i) Connective tissue (iii) Muscular tissue, and {iv) Nervous tissue. Q.47 Describe the types of Epithelial Tissue in detail. Ans. Epithelial Tissue : Epithelial Tissue covers the surface of the body, lines the spaces inside the body and forms glands For instance, the outer layer of our skin is an epithelial tissue and the lining of small intestine is made up of epithelial tissues. Epithelial cells are polarized, means that they have a top and a bottom side. There are different types of epithelial tissue depending on their function in a particular location. The simplest classification of these tissues is based on the number of cell layers. Q.51: Draw chart of plant tissues. Ans. v v Meristematic Permanent Cells are capable of cell division Mature cells are incapable of cell division v Simple v Complex Tissue composed of a single cell type Tissue composed of more than one cell type v v v 4 Xylem Phloem Epidermis | | Parenchyma Collenctyma Sderenchyma Xylem Sieve tubes vessels Companion Tracheids cells Q52 Write down the typesof planttssue. s Plant s s same inanimal,plant call aregrouped to tsues withcharactrstcs functons such s hotosynbess, rasport. There retwo o categorieso sues nplants: o Meristematictisue @ rermaent tsues [ Mristematic Tisue: These tisues v Locationof Meristemratic Tissues composed of cel, which have the sbilty to dvide. The cels are tin walle, have lage rucews and number ofsmal acuces. Usualythey do not have ntrceliar spaces, 50 the cals re aranged compacty. Two main types of Meristematc isuesare recognized i plants. () Apcl eriserms: Thse tsues are resentat e apx o ks ad sers. Acconding o her posionhey re Apclmersems. temand ot increuse infengh by the iiionof e oftese tsues. T ye f rowth i alled primary growth. (00 Uterlmrstems: Thes sues re cctedon the teralsides of oot and shoo. B diding thy re resporsile o ncrase i rowihof plnk prts. s prowth's called scondary rowth. @ Permanent sses aignae o Merstematc e Thecels o thee sdo ot hve th oyt divide and my hve nerceuloe spces i betweencels.Theyare furthercasfied o fllwing type: e o thebes o osion o composion.There re o yoes of permanents o) Simpepermannce 1) Compoundor complessue. @) Simol Permanent Tisue: Simpe permanen tsuesare made up of only one tpe el () oldemal isues: el tses are compose,of 2 singe sl loyer of celsand they covr lat ikl (™ oy They ot e barer bewen envionment and namal plant tisves. i ros, they are 450 responsible for the bsorpion of i water and minerals. On stem and leoves they secrte cutn (he onice Caning of ctin 5 caed e wheh prevets evporaton. St Eidermal tisos o have some specalied stucure et peform speic unctons:for examle root s ad tomata, () Ground Tesues: Ground isues are sl tisves made wp of paenchym cel. Parenchyma cel ar the mos abundan el i plars Overall ey are spheria bttt poitof ortac. Ty avethinrimary cell wal and hve e vocuoies fo stooge f food. n leves,they are called mesoshyland re tesfesof potasynthesisIn cthr art,hey ae th stesaf respationsd raei sythes GELS MO TISUES Deicies Gt Arsnes Poge 1% (i) Supporing Tissus: These tses provide srngth and sy 1 Pants, Theyare futhe oftwo tpes. (8 Calenchyma Tisues: They are found i corten (beneath epkdernis)of young stems and i the s o laves and i etlso flowers. They are made of congted clls with unevely thickened primay el wals. They ae fleble ard funtont supprtthe rgans Inwhichthey are four. (b) Sclerenchyma Tsues: They are compased of cells with igd saconday el wal, Theicllwalsre hardened with g, which s the main chemical companent of wood. Mature sclrenchyma el cannotelongatend mastf them ae dad. ) Comaound (Compen] Tissues: & plnt tsue composed of more than one i of coll s caled 2 compourd or complex tisue. Xlem and phioem isues, found oy n sl lans, re exaples of compound tses. 0 Xylem Tsues: Xym tswe s cmbim responsitlefor the tansport of vater and disohed sbstances from o0ts to the seil parts. Due 1o the presence of Tgin the secondary walls of s clls are thek and i That s why xykm tsue o provicessupport o plnt body. Two main tpes of cal are found i e tisue e, vesel and tacheds GELLS ANO TSSUES - etaed QuestionA Vessels have ik secondary el wals. Thee cels lack end wals and jon together o rom long ubes Tracheds re made up of sender ces with overaping ends. (i) Phioem Tissues: Picem tsue is resposibie for the condcton of disohed orgaic mater (food) between diferet prts of plat body. Phoen tsue minky conans sieve tube cells and companion ol Seve b clls r longan theiend wals hav smal pores. any sev ube cels 1000 form ong s tubes. Companion cels are pvenchymatous,nriow; cels,and e closely withth seve te. withth sieve tabe isdon thrugh th pores resent on the wls of these cels. They help the seve tubs n conducion offood materials and make proeinsfo seve tube cel, Q.9: Define transpiration. Ans. Transpiration: Plants absorb water continuously from soil. Some of its quantity utilized in photosynthesis and other metabolic function while the rest is retained in cell to maintain turgidity of cell. Some water is removed in the form of vapours. This loss of internal water of plant in the form of vapours from aerial part of plant is called transpiration. Transpiration mainly takes place through special pores guarded by specialized guard cells called. Stomata (sing: stoma). TRANSPORT - Detoiled Question Answers Page 14 B10L06Y 9TH adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com P -. | - Xylem sap 8 = Mesophyll cells T—Stoma /. 2|~Water molecule f Transpiration Atmosphere : o Adhesion by m h bondin, * cells ¥eropenCell wall o Cohesion by ,Cohesion and en bondin Howsion in Torowen 9 ;{the xylem _ Water molecule s 0 Root hair 9 Bi \H S5 Soil particle £l - BN ‘Water uptake Water from soil Acti Evi Tr e Take a potted plant and wrap a polyethylene bag around pot not around the plant to make sure that water is not coming from soil of pot and surface pot. * Place the pot on the glass plate and cover it with dry bell jar. o Take another jar without plant for control setup. o Put these two jars side by side in an area where light fall on it for two hours. Observation: We will observe water droplet at the bell jar which has plant while other jar remains dry. Q.16: Describe the factors which affect the rate of transpiration. Ans. Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpiration: The rate of transpiration is also affected by some of the following environmental factors. (i) Temperature: Rate of evaporation of water from cell surface increases with increase in temperature, (i) Humidity: Transpiration takes place only when concentration of the vapours must be low outside than inside, so dry atmosphere is also the condition for transpiration. The rate of transpiration decreases with the increase in water vapours in atmosphere i.e. humidity. (iii) Wind: The increase in wind velocity increases the rate of transpiration. The wind decreases the water vapours around plant and make the atmosphere dry. (iv) Atmospheric Pressure: Low atmospheric pressure increases the rate of transpiration through reduction in the density of air. et s, rdes et s o o ot i ke s i S s S e, g L ot i iy o fSCA— TN, [ TS — i PR [ ) (| —— = T A e — s et e o i e et o e ee i e o e g Q.34: Describe blood vessels with their structure. Ans: Blood Vessels: These are tubes in which blood circulates in the body in a closed circulatory system. They run through all of the tissues of the body, while some blood vessels are as wide as our thumb, most of them are much finer than a. human hair. There are three types of blood vessels, which are: (i) Arteries i) Veins (iii) ~Capillaries. (i) Arteries: The blood vessels that carry blood from heart to various organs of the body are termed as arteries. Function: Arteries carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) away from the heart. Right ventricle of heart pumps blood into the pulmonary artery that goes to the lungs. Left ventricle of heart pumps blood into the aorta (largest artery in body). Every organ receives blood from arteries that branch off the aorta. The first branch called the coronary artery, carry blood to the walls of heart itself. Other branches carry blood to the brain, intestine and other organs. Structure: Arteries are thick walled and more elastic than veins. Their inner space or lumen is narrow. The wall of an artery is composed of three layers. (a) Theinnermost layer is made up of epithelial tissues. (b) The middle layer consists mostly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers. (c) The outer wall is made up of flexible connective tissues. Because of layered structure arteries have both strength and flexibility. TRANSPORT - Detailed Question Answers Poge 122 Bou0or 91 adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com The arteries on reaching closer to the tissues, divide into arterioles. The arteriole further divide into very fine branches, the capillaries. (i) Veins: Veins are the blood vessels that bring deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) back to the heart. They are formed by the union of smaller branches called venules which in turn are formed by the fusion of capillaries with the other. Structure: The walls of veins, like those of arteries have three layers, with muscle in the middle layer. However, the walls of vein are generally thinner than those of arteries. They have large lumen. Blood pressure in the veins is much lower than the blood pressure in the arteries. Semi lunar valves in the veins prevent) backflow of blood. Flow of blood along the veins is assisted by the action of skeletal muscles on the veins. (iii) ~ Capillaries: They are microscopic blood vessels found in the cells of tissues where eexchange of various substances occurs between blood and the surrounding tissues. Structure: They have walls made up of single layer of flattened cells called endothelium. Capillary walls are partially permeable that enable substances diffuse readily through it. They are originated from arterioles and branches repeatedly to provide large surface area for the exchange of substances between the blood and the tissue cells. Tunica intima =z Basement membrane Endothelial celis.