Biology Notes PDF for RRB ALP and Group D Exams

BIOLOGY NOTES PART-1 FOR RRB ALP AND GROUP D EXAMS `  cracku.in IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS RELATED TO BIOLOGY A Biologist best known for his Charles Darwin science of evolutions French Biologist known...

BIOLOGY NOTES PART-1 FOR RRB ALP AND GROUP D EXAMS `  cracku.in IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS RELATED TO BIOLOGY A Biologist best known for his Charles Darwin science of evolutions French Biologist known for his Louis Pasteur discoveries of the Principals of Vaccination and Pasteurization American Molecular Biologist known James Watson for his contribution to the discovery of structure of DNA with Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin in 1953 Scottish Physican known for his Alexander Fleming discovery of enzyme and the world's first antibiotic substance benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G) German Microbiologist credited as Robert Koch the founder of modern bacteriology Renowned Swedish Botanist Known Carl Linnaeus for Binomial Nomenclature, Taxonomy German botanist and co-founder of Matthias Jakob Schleiden Cell Theory along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow Italian biologist and physician, who is Marcello Malpighi referred to as the Father of microscopical anatomy, histology, physiology and embryology German Jewish physician and Paul Ehrlich scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy Austrian biologist, physician, and Karl Landsteiner immunologist credited with the development of Blood Group System, discovery of Rh Factor and Poliovirus Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 2 / 16  cracku.in French physician who won the Nobel Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Prize in Physiology in 1907 for his discoveries of parasitic protozoans as causative agents of infectious diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis Estonian scientist considered as the Karl Ernst von Baer founding father of embryology Romanian-American cell biologist. George Emil Palade Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever", in 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve Dutch microbiologist and botanist Martinus Beijerinck and often considered one of the founders of virology and environmental microbiology IMPORTANT ON-LINERS IN BIOLOGY FOR RRB EXAMS (ALP AND GROUP D), SSC EXAMS, UPSC EXAMS CELL  Cell is the basic building block of all living Organisms, it is the smallest unit of Organisation in a living thing.  There are two types of Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cells of Organisms which have no Cells of Organisms which has a defined defined nucleus nucleus Take free IBPS Clerk Mock here: https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks 3 / 16  cracku.in Uni – Cellular Multi – Cellular No Cell Organelles Multi Cell Organelles with Special Function Bacteria Fungi, Animals and Plants Cell Membranes : Compartments of cell surrounded by a thick membrane are called Cell Membrane, which is common to both the types of cell and that holds all cell fluids inside and keeps foreign body away from the Cell  Cell was first discovered and coined by Robert Hooke in 1665  Theory of Cell is first credited to Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jacob in 1830s  Cell Nucleus was first described by Franz Bauer in 1804 however, the discovery is credited to Scottish Botanist Robert Brown in 1831 for his detailed description of Cell Nucleus Constituents of a Cell:  Cell Organelles: Organelles are observed in Eukaryotic Cells which have definite shape of nucleus, Cell Organelles use membrane to distinguish their functions from the rest of the Organelles Example of Cell Organelles : Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosome etc…  Endocytosis: The process of engulfing matter by a living cell to be utilized for the energy-using process. Amoeba uses this process for processing of food  Substances like CO2 and Oxygen move through the cell membrane by a process called Diffusion.  Osmosis is the process of movement of molecules through a semi- permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentration on both the sides.  Water molecules are transported through the cell membrane by this process of Osmosis  Osmosis is a case of Diffusion (through a semi-permeable membrane)  Protein and Fat help in building the cell membrane which is known as cell biogenesis Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 4 / 16  cracku.in  The Fluid in a cell excluding the Nucleus containing Organ Cells that perform specific functions of the cell is called Cytoplasm  The cell organelle which combines simple molecules into complex molecules and packages them into vesicles and sends them out of the cell is called Golgi Apparatus  Digestion of any foreign material is done by lysosomes to keep the cell clean, in one way it is the waste disposal system of the cell.  The Power House of the cell – Mitochondria, energy required for various cell processes is released by Mitochondria through ATP (Adenosine-tri- Phosphate) molecules  ATP (Adenosine-tri-Phosphate) is referred to as the Energy Currency of the cell  The Cell Division is initiated by the Centrioles  Chromosomes carry all the information that is required by the cell to grow, divide and reproduce  The cell organelles which are found only in plants are Plastids Leucoplasts Chloroplasts Protein, Starch and Oil are stored in Primarily for imparting colors to fruits Leucoplasts and flowers. Chloroplast contain chlorophyll which is the site of Photosynthesis in Plants  Large network of membrane bound tubes similar in structure to Plasma Membrane where Proteins, Fat Molecules are manufactured is called Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), There are two types of Endoplasmic reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Helps in manufacturing of Fat Helps in manufacturing of Proteins Molecules or Lipids These lipids and proteins are used as Hormones and Enzymes in the body One Major use of ER is detoxification of many poisons and drugs is liver cells of Animals ER is both a manufacturer and a passage way for Intracellular transport Take free IBPS Clerk Mock here: https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks 5 / 16  cracku.in  The process in which water is purified in the cell by removing the impurities when it flows from a dilute solution (hypotonic) to a concentrated solution(hypertonic) through a semi permeable membrane is called Reverse Osmosis. In this process, little pressure is applied to overcome the Osmotic Process  The Non-Living Part Cell Organelles of the Cell are Vacuoles and Granules Granules Vacuoles Stores – Stores – Excess Water, Minerals, Fat, Proteins and Carbohydrates. Pigments and Waste Products Not supported by any membrane Fluid filled spaces enclosed by Membranes  The Brain of the Cell – Cell Nucleus which control the different processes in the cell Cell Nucleus consists of the following main parts Nuclear Chromosomes Nucleolus Chromatin Envelope Membrane  Chromosomes are A small dense The DNA in similar to cell the ones which spherical the cell membrane carry information. structure in nucleus is covering the  They are made up the nucleus of packaged by Nucleus of DNA and similar a cell special pattern of DNA is proteins called Proteins are called Gene histones. The stored by the  A Human-Being protein/DNA nucleolus Usually has 23 Pairs complex of Chromosomes or formed is (46 Chromosomes) called Chromatin Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 6 / 16  cracku.in  There are two types of process in cell division Mitosis Simplest Duplication of a cell and all its parts. Five Steps are involved in the process Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Interphase Meiosis Four Cells are formed from the process of Meiosis during reproduction. It can be looked at as two simultaneous phases of Mitosis creating four cells from one original cell  On the Basis of functions performed by different tissues, they are classified into Epithetical Tissue - Covering or Protective tissues from Mechanical Injuries and Invading Micro organisms - These tissues are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet - The intercellular spaces in these tissue is negligible - Cells of epithelium play a crucial role in exchange of materials between the body and the external environment - The main function of the SQUAMOUS is to protect the parts from injury, germs etc is found mainly in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of Take free IBPS Clerk Mock here: https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks 7 / 16  cracku.in lungs Connective Tissue Most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the animal body There are four types of connective tissues : Arelor, Adipose, Skeletal, Fluidl Muscular Tissue Muscle Tissues are of three types: Skeletal(Voluntary), Smooth(Involuntary) and Cardiac(Involuntary) Nervous Tissue This tissue is the major tissue in the body which controls the body responsiveness to changing conditions The Brain, Nerves and Spinal Cord compose of the nervous tissue Each neuron has a single long part, called the axon, and many short, branched parts called dendrites.  Endocrine is a collection of gland which secrete certain chemical messages called hormones  Endocrine glands lack ducts and are also called as ductless glands  Different endocrine glands present in the human body are Pituitary Located in a bone cavity called sella tursica Secretes : Growth Hormone Prolactin Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 8 / 16  cracku.in TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Pineal Located on the dorsal side of the forebrain Secretes : Melatonin – Helps in maintaining the Sleep-Wake cycle , Body Temperature etc… Adrenal Located at the anterior part of each kidney Comprises of two tissues: Adrenal Medulla – secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline which are rapidly released in case of stress which are commonly called as Hormones of Fight, these hormones are also responsible for increase in concentration of glucose in Blood and Adrenal Cortex – secretes many hormones called Corticoids Thyroid Located on either side of Trachea Secretes : T4 – Throxine T3 – Triiodothyronine Iodine is essential for the synthesis of Hormone in Thyroid Gland Deficiency of Iodine causes Hypothyroidism and enlargement of gland known as Goiter Thyroid hormone also assist in formation of Red Blood Cells, Take free IBPS Clerk Mock here: https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks 9 / 16  cracku.in Metabolism, Water and Electrolyte Balance and calcium levels in Blood Pancreas Pancreas is a composite gland containing exocrine and endocrine system Contain Millions of Islets of Langerhans which contain a-cells – which secrete Glucagon and p-cells – which secrete Insulin Parathyroid Present on the Backside of the Thyroid Gland Secretes : Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) which increases the calcium levels in the blood Thymus Located behind the Lungs on the ventral side of oarta Secretes : Thymosins Plays a major role in the development of Immune System Gonads Consists of important parts TESTIS and OVARY HORMONES  Hormones are classified into three types based on their structure Steroids These are lipids derived from Cholesterol. These are secreted by Gonads, Adrenal, Cortex and Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 10 / 16  cracku.in Placenta Peptides Majority of the hormones are peptides, they are characterized by short chain of amino acids and are secreted by Pituitary, Parathyroid, Heart, Stomach, Liver and Kidneys Amines These are derived from amino acid tyrosine and are secreted from Thyroid gland and adrenal medulla  Antagonism is the paired process of contraction and simultaneous expansion of various muscles in the body  Immunity is the body’s ability to repel foreign substances and cells  Cell Wall is absent in Animals  Cells in an animal burst when surrounded by Hypertonic medium  Cells in Plant doesn’t burst when surrounded by Hypertonic Medium due to the presence of Cell Wall  Lysosomes are also called the Suicidal Bags of a cell  Water constitutes the major component of the cell  The chemical process that occurs in a living organism to continue life is called Metabolism  Carbohydrates are the important biomolecules that are a major part of the living organisms. They are also called as the Hydrates of Carbon and are primarily produced by Plants Some Important Carbohydrates Sucrose Commonly used sugar in day to day life is a disaccharide which on hydrolysis gives glucose and fructose Lactose Carbohydrate present in Milk Glucose It is a monosaccharides, it can be hydrolyzed further into simpler unit Take free IBPS Clerk Mock here: https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks 11 / 16  cracku.in aldehyde or Ketone Present mainly in sweet fruits, ripe grapes, Honey etc Fructose Ribose It forms the basic backbone of RNA Galactose It is a monosaccharide obtained by hydrolysis of Lactose with the help of enzyme Lactase Starch It is a ploy saccharide and is most commonly found carbohydrate in nature, it acts a storage material in plants and is an important dietary source for humans Cellulose Found as abundant organic substance in Plants Glycogen Similar characteristic of starch, stores carbohydrates in Animals mainly in liver and muscles  All proteins are polymers of Amino Acids  Proteins synthesized in the body are called non-essential amino acids  Proteins obtained through diet are called essential amino acids  Proteins soluble in water are called Globular Proteins Ex: Insulin  Proteins not soluble in water are called Fibrous Proteins Ex: Keratin  Vitamins are organic compound required by the body to perform biological functions for growth and maintenance of the Organism  Vitamins are general classified as Fat Soluble Vitamins Water Soluble Vitamins Soluble in Fat and Oils but insoluble Soluble only in water in water, they are stored in liver Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 12 / 16  cracku.in Vitamin : A,D,EK Vitamin : B and C  The in-organic nutrients called as Minerals which are equally essential for the human body in small traces are Calcium Potassium Magnesium Sodium Copper Iodine Iron Manganese Zinc Selenium  Fat – one of the three main macronutrients is also known as triglycerides which are esters of three fatty acid chains and alcohol glycerol  Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids, which are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol  The Blood Pressure is controlled by Adrenal Gland  Any enzyme that converts proteins into peptides is called protease Micro Organism Disease caused by Organism Mode of the Micro Organism effected Transmission Fungi Ringworm Human Skin Contact Protozoan Malaria Human Female Anopheles Mosquito AIDS Human Immuno Humans Blood exchange Deficiency Virus Anthrax Bacillus Anthraces Mostly Animals Infected Meat including Humans Cholera Vibrio Cholerae Humans Water / Food Diphtheria Bacterium Humans Air/ Direct contact Diptheriae Pneumonia Streptococcus Humans Airborne droplets Pneumoniae of sneeze Take free IBPS Clerk Mock here: https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks 13 / 16  cracku.in Plague Yersinia Pestis Human Air/ Direct Contact Tuberculosis Mycobacterium Humans Air Chicken Pox Varicella Zoster Humans Air Virus Cold, Influenza Rhino Virus Humans Airborne Dengue Fever Flavivirus Humans Female Aedes Mosquito Ebola Ebola Virus Humans Animal to Human Foot and Mouth Picornavirus Animals Animal to Animal Disease Amoebiasis Entamoeba Humans Contaminated histolytica Water Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 14 / 16  cracku.in Ranking and Index 2018 PDF Important Sports Affairs – 2018 PDF Important Appointments-2018 PDF OSCARS 2018 List PDF February Current Affairs PDF Ancient Indian History PDF Medieval Indian History PDF 20 RRB ALP Mock Test @ Just 199 RRB Previous Year Papers with Solutions Practice Railways Free Daily Test Railways Free Preparation App Latest Railway Recruitment 2018 General Awareness for Railway Exams Take free IBPS Clerk Mock here: https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks 15 / 16  cracku.in For Job updates Whatsapp ‘Job’ to 7661025557 Practice 100 free Online GK tests for IBPS: https://cracku.in/free-gk-tests Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks Take Free Mock for IBPS Clerk here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-clerk-mocks Download or Install our App here : https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.cracku.app&hl=en Join facebook group for Banking : https://www.facebook.com/groups/crackubanking/ cracku.in/free-gk-tests Take Free Mock for IBPS PO here : https://cracku.in/banking/ibps-prelims-mocks 16 / 16