Biology Past Paper PDF - Central Philippine University

Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 01 The arrangement may either be simple, 1.0 Plant & Animal Tissues stratified or pseudostratified. Tissue - a group of connected cells t...

Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 01 The arrangement may either be simple, 1.0 Plant & Animal Tissues stratified or pseudostratified. Tissue - a group of connected cells that Functionally, an epithelial tissue may be have a similar function within an protective, glandular (secretory), organism sensory or it may be involved in absorption or filtration. Levels of Organization Atom A.) Based on Structure Molecule S TYPE DESCRIPTION Protoplasm Cell Squamous Epithelial Tissue - scale-like / flat cells Tissue H Organ Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Organ System - short cells with roughly similar thickness and width Organism - They usually appear hexagonal in a cross-section. -S There are five grades of organization Columnar Epithelial Tissue - similar to cuboidal, however it that can be recognized in animals: is taller than it is wide protoplasm, cell, tissue, organ, organ system. 1.1 Animal Tissues B.) Based on Arrangements PU SIMPLE STRATIFIED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED I. Epithelial Tissue - forms the covering or lining of all free body surfaces both external and internal. - single layer of - composed of - false multilayered - The cells are compact, bonded cells multiple layers appearance single layered cells together by intercellular cement C for strength and often supported Additionally, structures that can be found by a basement membrane. called villi/villus which are tiny, finger-like projections made up of cells Types of Epithelium that can be found in the human kidney which is a simple cuboidal epithelium. Structurally, the cells may be: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, or flagellated. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 02 C.) Based on Function TYPE FUNCTION Types of Striations Nuclei Control Location Muscle Protective - guards animals from external Skeletal yes many, at voluntary skeletal injury and from infection periphery muscles - repair quickly after injury Cardic yes single, in involuntary heart Secretory - specialized for secreting products center necessary for use by an animal. (Glandular) - The secretions may be either single, in involuntary visceral Smooth no sticky (mucous) or watery center organs (serous). Sensory - specialized to receive sensory S information and translate this III. Connective Tissue information into neural signals - bind together and support other structures II. Muscular Tissue - derived from the mesenchyme, a H - the most common tissue in the generalized embryonic tissue that body of most animals. can differentiate also into - made up of elongated cells or vascular and smooth muscle -S - fibers specialized for contraction makes possible the movement of the body and its parts - originates from the mesoderm and its unit is the muscle cell or muscle fiber PU A. Proper Connective Tissue Types of Epithelium i. Loose Connective Tissue - generally holds organs, Skeletal Cardiac Smooth anatomic structures, and tissues in place - The extracellular matrix is the most significant feature of loose - has striations - found only in - does not have across its cells the heart striations in its connective tissue with large C caused by the - has cross cells. spaces between fibers. arrangement of striations in its the contractile cells 1. Adipose/Fat Tissue proteins actin - has a line that - Adipose tissue is and myosin. extends along commonly known as the end of the cell called the body fat. It is found all intercalated disc over the body or under the skin (subcutaneous fat), packed around internal organs (visceral fat), between muscles, within bone marrow and CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 03 in breast tissue. - The organic matrix is similar to Adipocytes, also the matrix material found in known as lipocytes and other connective tissues, fat cells, are the cells including some amount of that primarily compose collagen and elastic fibers. This adipose tissue, gives strength and flexibility to specialized in storing the tissue. energy as fat. 2. Areolar Tissue ii. Cartilage - found surrounding blood - functions as a flexible but strong vessels, nerve bundles, connective tissue that protects S muscles, and organs the bones and joints by reducing - fills the spaces friction and working as a shock between organs and absorber connects your skin to H your underlying muscle Types of Cartilage: ii. Dense Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage - the most abundant type of - composed of a higher density of cartilage. Cartilage is made up of specialized fibers, which may be regular cells called chondrocytes. Hyaline cartilage is -S (parallel fibers) or irregular (multidirectional fibers), or found lining bones in joints. It is also present inside bones, serving as a center of ossification elastic (embedded elastin) or bone growth. 1. Tendons Elastic Cartilage - similar to hyaline cartilage - a cord of strong, flexible but contains elastic bundles (elastin) scattered tissue, similar to a rope throughout the matrix. - connect your muscles to Fibrocartilage - e is a specialized type of your bones cartilage found in areas requiring tough support PU - let us move our limbs, or great tensile strength. Lacunae or lacuna are help prevent muscle spaces in which cells are present. injury by absorbing some of the impact C. Fluid Connective Tissue 2. Ligaments i. Blood - tough fibrous band of - considered a specialized connective tissue that connective tissue as it connects serves to support the all systems of the body and C internal organs and hold transports oxygen, nutrients, bones together in and wastes proper articulation at the - vascular tissue is a fluid joints connective tissue composed of B. Skeletal Connective Tissue white blood cells, red blood i. Bone cells, platelets and plasma - osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 04 ii. Lymph - specialized connective tissue that connects the body systems and primarily functions to maintain fluid levels, transport substances, and participate in the immune response a. Dendrite - extend from the cell body and receive nerve impulses from other neurons S b. Cell body - contains the nucleus and other cell organelles H c. Axon - is a long extension of the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells -S Erythrocytes - the most numerous blood d. Axon terminal cells; carry oxygen from the lungs to the - points where the neuron body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation. communicates with other cells Leukocytes - the blood cell with a nucleus; defend the body against infections and 1.2 Plant Tissues foreign invaders. PU Thrombocytes - help with blood clotting to Plant Tissues have newly-developed stop bleeding by forming plugs in blood plant bodies which form two basic vessel injuries. groups of tissues: Meristems/Meristematic Tissues - IV. Nervous Tissue continuously undergoing cell division - Nerve cells, called neurons, resulting in localized growth in plants. along with associated cells called Permanent Tissues - formed from the C neuroglia make up nervous meristems and make up the primary tissue. body of the plant. These tissues develop - Neuroglial cells assist in the structural and functional specialization structural support and normal functioning of neurons CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 05 Protoderm - produces the dermal tissues or epidermis Procambium - forms the vascular tissues of vascular bundles Ground meristem - gives rise to the ground tissue I. Meristematic Tissues S Meristematic tissues consist of three B. Lateral meristems - facilitate types, based on their location in the growth in thickness or girth in a plant. maturing plant. H A. Apical meristems - contain C. Intercalary meristems - enables meristematic tissue located at the the monocot leaf blade to tips of stems and roots, which -S enable a plant to extend in increase in length from the leaf base length. II. Permanent Tissues Permanent tissues are groups of cells that have lost their ability to distribute but are specialized to offer elasticity, PU flexibility and strength to the plant. A. Simple Permanent Tissue - ground tissues, and can be classified into sclerenchyma, collenchyma and parenchyma C based on their purpose The ground tissue makes up a large portion of the primary body of the plant. Apical meristem gives rise to another It consists of cortex and pith of the stem group of meristematic tissues known as and root as well as the mesophyll of the the primary or transitional meristems leaves. from which the primary body of the plant develops. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 06 Collenchyma i. Dermal Tissue - provide mechanical strength to The plant’s equivalent to the epithelium herbaceous and rapidly growing in animals is the dermal tissue located parts of the plants via turgor on the surface of the plant. It is an - can perform the various important structure for gas exchange in metabolic activities undertaken plants. by parenchyma cells Stomata or Stomates - pores that are Sclerenchyma interspersed among the cells of the - chief strengthening tissues of epidermis S plants - There are two kinds of these; the Guard cells - pore bounded on both sclereids and the fibers. sides by a pair of specialized cells in the H - present in some stem, roots and stomata; the only cells in the epidermis in some leaves that contain chloroplasts -S Parenchyma - serve as storage cells Subsidiary cells - reservoir of water and potassium ions which facilitate the - least differentiated among plant opening and closing of the pore. cells so they are able to re-differentiate into other type of Cuticle - protection from desiccation is cells also possible for dermal tissues - Photosynthesis takes place because of the presence of this PU specifically in parenchyma cells waterproofing layer which contain chloroplastids. They are called chlorenchyma Periderm - first line of defense for the cells and they make up the plant, protecting it from fire or heat ground tissue of the leaves and injury, dehydration, freezing conditions, other photosynthetic parts of the and/or disease C plant. B. Complex Permanent Tissue - can either be dermal or vascular tissues, and they include phloem and xylem. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 07 ii. Vascular Tissue Phloem - transports organic compounds They are concerned with the transport of such as sugars from the site of material and are the equivalent of the photosynthesis to the rest of the plant. circulatory system of the animals. The conducting cells of the phloem are called sieve elements. Vascular tissues are made up of the xylem and phloem. Sieve-tube elements are the sieve elements found only in angiosperms Xylem - transports water and minerals while sieve cells are found only in S from the roots to different parts of the gymnosperms. plant. The conducting cells of the xylem Companion cells - support sieve-tube are called tracheary elements. elements in angiosperms H Albuminous cells - support sieve cells There are two types of tracheary in gymnosperms elements: -S vessel elements tracheids Both types of tracheary elements contain pits, gaps in their secondary cell walls. PU C XYLEM PHLOEM Contains mostly Dead cells Living cells Transports Water & Minerals Sugar Direction Up Up & Down Biomass Big Small CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 08 Monosaccharides have a molecular 2.0 Biomolecules formula of (CH2O)n. - Glucose Biomolecules - are any of numerous - Fructose substances that are produced by cells - Galactose and living organisms. II. Disaccharides Macromolecules - large molecules (Double Sugars)-(2) (C6H12O6) which are made up of monomers. They consist of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. S Polymers - resulting structure when - Sucrose (glucose + fructose) monomers bond together - also known as cane sugar - Lactose (glucose + galactose) H Polymerization - process of linking - also known as milk sugar monomers together - Maltose (glucose + glucose) - also known as malt sugar Monomers polymerize through -S condensation reactions known as Glycosidic linkage - a covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction. dehydration reactions. III. Oligosaccharides Polymers can be separated into (Complex Sugars)-(3+) (C6H12O6) monomers in a process called Also known as complex carbohydrates, hydrolysis. or polysaccharides, they consist of PU many monosaccharide molecules joined 2.1 Carbohydrates together - Glycogen - stored form of Carbohydrates are composed of glucose in animals that's made carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen up of many connected glucose linked together. The C,H,O atoms are molecules present in the ratio 1:2:1. C - Starch - natural component of (CH2O)n / Cx(H2O)y most plants, including fruits, vegetables, and grains. There are three (3) main groups of - Cellulose - the important carbohydrates: structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, I. Monosaccharides many forms of algae and the (Simple sugars)-(C6H12O6) oomycetes. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 09 2.2 Proteins Levels of Protein Structure: Level Description Stabilized by Proteins are very complex organic Primary the sequence of peptide bond substances made up of carbon, amino acids in a polypeptide hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; sulfur may also be present. Secondary formation of hydrogen bonding ɑ-helices and β- between groups pleated sheets in along the Every protein molecule is built from a polypeptide peptide-bonded backbone simple compounds known as amino Tertiary overall bonds and other acids. S three-dimensional interactions shape of a between R-groups, polypeptide or between The 11 essential amino acids can be R-groups and the peptide-bonded classified as:: H backbone - Phenylalanine Quaternary the most bonds and other - Valine complex; is a interactions shape produced between R-groups - Tryptophan by combinations and between -S - Methionine - Arginine of polypeptides peptide backbones of different polypeptides - Threonine - Lysine 2.3 Lipids - Histidine - Isoleucine Lipids are largely nonpolar and - Leucine PU hydrophobic class of carbon-containing - Lysine compounds. Lipids are characterized by (p.s. use the pneumonic PVT. MAT HILL to remember easily) their solubility, a physical property, instead of a shared chemical structure. Enzymes - proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things, and I. Triglycerides are essential for many bodily functions Triglycerides are triesters of fatty acids C with glycerol. This type of lipid is commonly found in both plants and animals and is composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon. Solid triglycerides are classified as fats, while liquid triglycerides are classified as (use the pneumonic H.I.L.O.T.S. to remember the enzymes oils. easily) CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 010 II. Steroids There are two families of nitrogenous Steroids structure is different as its bases, pyrimidines and purines. carbon skeleton is a four-ring structure, where varying functional groups an be Pyrimidines - have six-membered rings attached of carbon and nitrogen atoms that tend to take up H+ form solutions. These are III. Phospholipids cytosine, thymine (in DNA), and uracil Phospholipids are lipid molecules with (in RNA) a phosphate group (PO4) attached to it, which serves as its hydrophilic head Purines - are larger and have five- to S six-membered rings. These include IV. Sterols adenine and guanine. Sterols are among the many lipids with H no fatty acids. They differ in the number, I. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) position, and type of their functional DNA is best known for its double helix groups, but all have a rigid backbone of structure, which is made up of -S four fused together carbon rings nucleotides. Cholesterol is the most common type in The nitrogenous bases that compose the tissues of animals. Remodeling the DNA are always paired and bound cholesterol, it makes vitamin D, steroids, together by hydrogen bonds: and bile salts. adenine is linked to thymine (A-T) and guanine is linked to cytosine (G-C) PU 2.4 Nucleic Acids II. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Nucleic acids are classified either as RNA shares a similar structure as the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or DNA, except that RNA is single ribonucleic acid (RNA). These are stranded. Additionally, instead of polymer macromolecules and are also cytosine, RNA has uracil to complete its C referred to as polynucleotides. set of nitrogenous bases, and instead of deoxyribose, its sugar content is ribose. Each nucleic acid is made up of monomers called nucleotides, while a - Messenger RNA (mRNA): a type of nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous RNA molecule that travels from the base, a pentose, and a phosphate nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the information in group. If the structure is without a the copy is used for a protein phosphate group, it is called a product. nucleoside. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 011 - Transfer RNA (tRNA): an adaptor Codon - a sequence of three DNA or molecule composed of RNA, RNA nucleotides that corresponds with typically 73-93 nucleotides in length a specific amino acid or stop signal that brings amino acids from the during protein synthesis. cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein. - Start codon - the initial set of - Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): the RNA codons in an mRNA transcript that is component of the ribosome and a translated by a ribosome; the most cell’s protein factory in all living cells. common start codon is AUG which It provides a mechanism for codes for methionine S decoding mRNA into amino acids - Stop codon - a termination codon and interacts with tRNA. that signals to stop a protein translation process. UAG, UAA and H RNA DNA UGA are the standard stop codons. Function Transmits and Stores genetic copies information information -S Bases Purines: Adenine Guanine Purines: Adenine Guanine Pyrimidines: Pyrimidines: Cytosine Cytosine Uracil Thymine Composition Ribose sugar Deoxyribose phosphate sugar phosphate backbone backbone PU Structure Single-stranded Double-stranded helix helix Subtypes mRNA, rRNA, has only one tRNA, SnRNA, type miRNA, hnRNA Reproduction synthesized from replication C DNA, cannot form DNA (except reverse transcriptase), cannot duplicate (except on viruses) Location Cytoplasm Cell nucleus and mitochondria CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 012 Bone - is a connective tissue that has a Glossary large amount of two different types of matrix material Adipocytes - also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily Carbohydrates - also known as sugar compose adipose tissue, specialized in molecules storing energy as fat. Cardiac Muscular Tissue - found only in Adipose Tissue - cells that are rounded or the heart; has cross striations in its cells polygonal, with thin layers of cytoplasm and the nucleus at one side; contain droplets of S Cartilage - functions as a flexible but fats which may form larger globules strong connective tissue that protects the bones and joints by reducing friction and Albuminous cells - support sieve cells in working as a shock absorber H gymnosperms Cholesterol - a common component of Apical meristems - located at the tips of animal cell membrane and is also the stems and roots, which enable a plant to precursor from which other steroids are -S extend in length. synthesized. Areolar Tissue - found surrounding blood Chlorenchyma - make up the ground tissue vessels, nerve bundles, muscles, and of the leaves and other photosynthetic parts organs; fills the spaces between organs and of the plant connects your skin to your underlying muscle Codon - a sequence of three DNA or RNA PU nucleotides that corresponds with a specific Axon - is a long extension of the cell body amino acid or stop signal during protein that transmits nerve impulses to other cells synthesis. Axon terminal - points where the neuron Cell body - contains the nucleus and other communicates with other cells cell organelles C Blood - a specialized connective tissue as it Collenchyma - provide mechanical strength connects all systems of the body and to herbaceous and rapidly growing parts of transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes the plants via turgor Biomolecules - chemical compounds such Columnar Epithelial Tissue - tall and as ions and molecules that are produced by slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in living organisms the basal region, attached to the basement membrane. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 013 Companion cells - support sieve-tube Ground tissue - makes up a large portion elements in angiosperms of the primary body of the plant. Connective Tissue - tissues that bind Guard cells - pore bounded on both sides together and supports other structures by a pair of specialized cells in the stomata Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue - short cells Intercalary meristems - enables the with roughly similar thickness and width; monocot leaf blade to increase in length usually appear hexagonal in a from the leaf base cross-section. S Intercalated disc - structures in the heart Cuticle - protection from desiccation is also that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells possible for dermal tissues Lateral meristems - facilitate growth in H Dendrites - extend from the cell body and thickness or girth in a maturing plant. receive nerve impulses from other neurons Leukocytes - the blood cell with a nucleus; Dense Connective Tissue - composed of a defend the body against infections and -S higher density of fibers foreign invaders. DNA - a molecule that contains the genetic Ligaments - tough fibrous band of information for an organism's development connective tissue that serves to support the and function internal organs and hold bones together Enzymes - proteins that speed up chemical Lipids - largely nonpolar and hydrophobic PU reactions in living things, and are essential class of carbon-containing compounds for many bodily functions Loose Connective Tissue - a flexible Epithelial Tissue - forms the covering or tissue that connects and supports organs lining of all free body surfaces both external and other structures in the body and internal. Lymph - connects the body systems and C Erythrocytes - the most numerous blood maintains fluid levels, transport substances, cells; carry oxygen from the lungs to the and participate in the immune response body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation. Macromolecules - large molecules which are made up of monomers Extracellular matrix - is the most significant feature of loose connective tissue Meristems - continuously undergoing cell with large spaces between fibers. division resulting in localized growth in plants. CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 014 Mesenchyme - a generalized embryonic Polymers - resulting structure when tissue that can differentiate also into monomers bond together vascular and smooth muscle Polymerization - process of linking Mesoderm - where the muscular tissue is monomers together originated Procambium - forms the vascular tissues of Monomers - make up macromolecules vascular bundles Muscular Tissue - the most common tissue Protective Epithelial Tissue - guards animals from external injury and from S in the body of most animals; makes possible the movement of the body and its parts infection; repair quickly after injury Nervous Tissue - cellular tissue that makes Proteins - very complex organic H up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves substances made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; sulfur may also be Neuroglia - make up nervous tissue present. -S Neuroglial cells - assist in the structural Protoderm - produces the dermal tissues or support and normal functioning of neurons epidermis Organic Matrix - gives strength and Purines - are larger and have five- to flexibility to the tissue. six-membered rings. Parenchyma - serve as storage cells Pyrimidines - have six-membered rings of PU carbon and nitrogen atoms that tend to take Periderm - first line of defense for the plant up H+ form solutions. Permanent Tissues - formed from the RNA - shares a similar structure as the meristems and make up the primary body of DNA, except that RNA is single stranded the plant. Sclerenchyma - chief strengthening tissues C Phloem - transports organic compounds of plants from the site of photosynthesis to the rest of the plant Secretory Epithelial Tissue - specialized for secreting products necessary for use by Phospholipids are lipid molecules with a an animal. The secretions may be either phosphate group attached to it, which sticky (mucous) or watery (serous). serves as its hydrophilic head. Sieve elements - conducting cells of the phloem CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025  Biology | Prepared By: Enzo Castaños 015 Sensory Epithelial Tissue - specialized to receive sensory information and translate this information into neural signals Skeletal Muscular Tissue - has striations across its cells caused by the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. Smooth Muscular Tissue - found in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and S other parts of the body, including the eyes and skin; does not have striations in its cells Squamous Epithelial Tissue - scale-like / H flat cells Stomata or Stomates - pores that are interspersed among the cells of the -S epidermis Subsidiary cells - reservoir of water and potassium ions which facilitate the opening and closing of the pore Tendons - connects muscle to bone PU Tissue - a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism Vascular Tissue - a fluid connective tissue composed of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma C Villi/Villus - are tiny, finger-like projections made up of cells that can be found in the human kidney which is a simple cuboidal epithelium. Xylem - transports water and minerals from the roots to different parts of the plant CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY Senior High School Provincial Council 2nd Quarter Reviewer S.Y. 2024-2025