General Biology 1 Grade 12 Q2 M1 PDF

General Biology 1 12 Earth Science – Grade 12 Quarter 2 – Module 1: Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government ag...

General Biology 1 12 Earth Science – Grade 12 Quarter 2 – Module 1: Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City Development Team of the Self-Learning Module Writer: Cristina Marie D. Bullo Editors: Ephraim M. Villacrusis Reviewers: Ephraim M. Villacrusis Illustrator: Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin OIC-Schools Division Superintendent Carolina T. Revera, CESE OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Victor M. Javeña EdD Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division Education Program Supervisors Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE) Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP) Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS) Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS) Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports) Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM) Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang) Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP) Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE) Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM) Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City  General Biology 1 12 Quarter 2 Self-Learning Module 1 Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 1 on Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional resource. This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.  For the Learner: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module 1 on Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills that you will learn after completing the module. Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at hand. Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and skills that you already know about a previous lesson. Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform. Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application of the lesson. Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson. Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the entire module.  EXPECTATIONS After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. compare and contrast inorganic and organic compounds; 2. classify carbohydrates based on their structure; and 3. appreciate the role of carbohydrate in biological systems. PRETEST Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. B _________1. These two elements are in every organic compound: A. oxygen and nitrogen C. hydrogen and oxygen B. carbon and hydrogen D. nitrogen and carbon A _________2. Which of the following is TRUE about inorganic compounds? A. A compound that contains a C-H bond. B. A compound that does not contain a C-H bond but contains oxygen. C. A compound that does not contain a C-H bond but contains carbon. D. A compound that does not contain a C-H bond and doesn't contain Carbon. A _________3. What type of carbohydrate is sucrose? - A. disaccharide = C. polysaccharide B. monosaccharide D. trisaccharide B _________4. What form must all carbohydrates be in for cells to use them as an energy source? A. starch C. chitin B. glucose D. glycogen B _________5. Why are carbohydrates the body's preferred source of energy? A. They spare fats. B. They are plentiful in the diet. C. They are inexpensive to buy. D. They can be used efficiently as fuel.  RECAP In the previous module, we learned the cell cycle –the series of growth and development a cell undergoes. From the formation of mother cell to division to make two new daughter cells. Let us recall the previous lesson by answering the activity below. Activity 1.1. Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement. Statement Interphase Mitosis 1. Cell growth occurs 2. Nuclear division occurs 3. Chromosomes are distributed equally to daughter cells. 4. Protein production is high 5. Chromosomes are duplicated 6. DNA synthesis occurs 7. Cytoplasm divides immediately after this period 8. Mitochondria and other organelles are made. LESSON Chemically large a simple st #Compete gantic water o BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES & O Organisms such as plants and animal are composed mostly of water and ⑳ card “organic” molecules. The word organic has various definitions and used in many ways. In chemistry, organic molecules also known as hydrocarbons are chemical e compounds that contain the elements carbon and hydrogen, and a simple C-H bond - E in them. They are mostly chemically large, complex, and high in energy. The simplest = organic compound is composed of only 5 atoms, methane (CH4) is a highly flammable = gas that occurs abundantly in nature and as a product of certain human activities. Conversely, inorganic molecules do not contain the elements carbon and hydrogen, S thus lack C-H bonds. They are mostly simple and are obtained from the natural processes which are not related to any of the life forms on earth. aa fo simple &obtened  hydrcaster Nowadays, we often hear the word organic referring to something that is f natural. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) certifies food as organic if it meets the defined set of standards. Crops are said to be organically grown if it did not crPA , e & 00n receive any pesticides (with few exceptions), petroleum-based fertilizers or sewage sludge. Organically raised cows, pigs, and chickens cannot be given growth = hormones or antibiotics and they need to be exposed outdoor to be able to eat organic food. Moreover, genetically engineered or treated with ionizing radiation food cannot be considered organic. All organisms from smallest simplest bacteria to complex plants and animals Not consist largely of the same four types of organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins. certance carpon/Hydrogen /Oxygen CARBOHYDRATES sweet to Foods that are rich in carbohydrates starchy ; energy shape to , components ofmany antibotic range from sweet to starchy, such as candy, sugary fruits, cereals, potatoes, pasta and bread (Fig. 1.1). Carbohydrates provide energy and also have other important functions such as provide shape to certain cells, components of many Figure 1.1.Carbohydrates. Foods rich in carbohydrates, sugary fruits, sweets and starchy. Source:livescience.com antibiotics and coenzymes and essential part of DNA. They are made up mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 proportion. 1:2: / Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the simplest of the four main types of organic compounds, mostly because only few monomers (small molecular subunit) account for the most common types of cells. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. One Monosaccharide saccharide (sugar) Monosaccharide mono-(one); saccharide-(sugar) is the simplest sugar. It usually contains five to six carbon atoms. 5-C atoms include ribose, pentose sugar 0 o - of RNA and deoxyribose, pentose sugar of DNA. If we try to compare their structure, - the only difference between them is, deoxyribose lacks oxygen, hence it is called. na gent may engage Kaya ↓ deoxy means without an oxygen (Fig.1.2b). In terms of 6-C atoms (hexose, include glucose, fructose and galactose. Figure 1.2a shows the structure of these hexoses having the same molecular formula of C6H12O6 but arranged differently. This is called ⑧ isomers. means glucose in the blood. Blood sugar Mammals produce two important hormones, insulin and glucagon that regulate Fit Figure 1.2. Monosaccharides.(a) Hexoses or sugars with 6 carbon atoms: glucose, fructose, galactose (b) pentoses or sugars with 5 carbon atoms: deoxyribose and ribose. blood glucose levels. Diabetes is > Source:commons.wikemedia a disease of high blood glucose. Other hexoses are fructose, the simple sugar found - - in fruits, and galactose is the simple sugar found in milk. Their function in cells is to provide a ready source of energy. Disaccharide Disaccharide di-(double or two) saccharide (sugar), is form by linking two monosaccharides together in a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis also called as condensation reaction. In this reaction, an enzyme removes an -OH (hydroxyl group) from one molecule and a hydrogen atom from another, forming H 2O and a new covalent (glycosidic) bond between the two smaller components (Fig.1.3). The term dehydration means that water is lost. Figure 1.3 shows how sucrose, Ogaens ⑧galactice regular table sugar made from sugarcane sap and sugar beet root, forms when a molecule of glucose bonds to a molecule of fructose. Sucrose is used by plants to fuel growth. Other disaccharides include, lactose or milk sugar, forms when a molecule of glucose bonds to a molecule of galactose. This is the sugar found in the milk of cows, goats and lactating women. Maltose or grain sugar made from grains ⑧ Figure 1.3.Disaccharide formed by dehydration synthesis. Glucose and fructose bond to form sucrose. In hydrolysis, water breaks the bond between monomers.Source:Pearson Education Inc 2016 O such as barley, rice or wheat, forms when two molecules of glucose bond together. Maltose provides energy in sprouting seed, beer brewer used it as well to promote fermentation. When animals eat disaccharides, digestive enzymes in the stomach and intestines break these apart by adding a hydroxyl group to one molecule and a hydrogen atom to another. This is the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis called hydrolysis, means breaking with water (Fig.1.3). Then, our digestive system absorbs the simple sugars in our body because the body cannot absorb disaccharide or any larger complex molecules. Polysaccharide Polysaccharide (“many sugars”), consisting of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers. The most common polysaccharides are cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin. They are all long chains of glucose but differ only by orientation of the bonds that link the monomers. Glycogen and starch have similar structures and function. Both act as storage molecules that readily break down into their glucose monomers when cells need a burst of energy. Starch is also known as amylose is the stored form of glucose in plants. Potatoes, rice and wheat are all starchy, high-energy staples in the human diet. On the other hand, animals stored glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Surrounding every plant cell, is an outer rigid wall called the cell wall made up of polysaccharide cellulose. Although it is most common organic compound in nature, humans cannot digest it. Yet cellulose is an important component of the human diet, making up much of what nutrition labels refer to as “fiber”. A high-fiber diet reduces the risk of colon cancer. The reason why fiber has this effect is still unknown. One possible explanation is that fiber eases the movement of food through the digestive tract, so it may shorten the length of time that harmful chemicals linger within the intestines. Ruminants or animals that chew their cud such as horse, cows, carabaos and goats can digest cellulose and use it as energy. Ruminants have four- chambered stomachs that break down plant materials with the help of enzymes and bacteria. The partially digested material is then regurgitated into the mouth, which is then chewed to break the material down even further. The bacterial digestion of cellulose by bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants is anaerobic, meaning that the process does not use oxygen. Methane, a notoriously foul-smelling gas, is a by- product of anaerobic metabolism. Ruminants give off huge amounts of methane every day.  Chitin is the second most common polysaccharide in nature. The cell walls of fungi contain chitin, as well as the flexible exoskeleton of insects, spiders and crustaceans. Like cellulose, chitin also supports cells. It resembles a glucose polymer except that it also contains nitrogen atoms. It is used in the manufacture of surgical thread because it is tough, flexible and biodegradable. ACTIVITIES ACTIVITY 1.2. Instruction: Classify the following compounds as either organic or inorganic. Glucose (C6H12O6) Sand (SiO2) Olive oil (C18H34O2) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Table sugar (C12H22O11) Water (H2O) Table salt (NaCl) Propane (C3H8) Caffeine (C₈H₁₀N₄O₂) Ammonia (NH3) Citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) INORGANIC ORGANIC ACTIVITY 1.3. Cool Carbs. Instruction: Find the words listed below in the word search. After all the words are found, the letters that are not used reveal a hidden message at the bottom of this sheet. CARBOHYDRATE CELLULOSE LACTOSE GLYCOSIDIC BOND POLYMER GEL MAILLARD POLYSACCHARIDE ENERGY SUGAR GLUCOSE PECTIN STARCH FRUCTOSE ISOMER PLANTS HIDDEN MESSAGE: We should __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. ACTIVITY 1.4. Cryptic carbohydrates Fill in the blank spaces with the appropriate terms to complete the sentences. Solve the hidden message by entering the boxed letters in the spaces at the bottom of the page. 1. __ __ __ __ __ __ are identical in chemical composition but differ structurally. 2. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ is a polymer of glucose and serves as a source of dietary fiber for humans. 3. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are an inexpensive and widely available source of energy for our bodies. 4. __ __ __ __ __ __ is a disaccharide found in cow’s milk. 5. __ __ __ __ __ __ is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. 6. __ __ __ __ __ is a 5-C sugar of RNA. 7. Glucose is a __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 8. __ __ __ __ __ __ is a disaccharide found in grains such as barley and wheat. 9. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ bonds chemically join two or more monosaccharide molecules. 10. Carbohydrates that are the primary products of plants. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ HIDDEN MESSAGE: A polysaccharide called carrageenan is a seaweed extract. Carrageenan is used as a stabilizer in what popular frozen dessert product? __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __  WRAP-UP ACTIVITY 1.5. I. Fill in the blanks. Carbohydrates are _____________ compounds that contains three elements: ________, ________, __________. Simple carbohydrates are as sugars and can be made up of a single unit known as a _____________ e.g. __________ or two units, known as _______________ e.g. ____________. Complex carbohydrates, consisting of many repeating units are known as _____________e.g. ____________. II. What monosaccharides are the following disaccharides composed of? 1. SUCROSE = _______________ + ________________ 2. MALTOSE = _______________ + ________________ 3. LACTOSE = _______________ + ________________ VALUING High carbs or low carbs? Actually, the type of carbohydrates in the diet is more important than the amount of carbohydrate. Foods high in carbohydrates are an essential component of a balanced diet. Carbohydrates supply glucose to the body, which is converted to the energy used to fuel physical activity and body functions. The quality of the carbohydrates is important. Healthy sources of carbohydrate are unprocessed or minimally processed whole grains, beans, fruits, and vegetables. They promote good health by providing vitamins, minerals, fibers, and a host of important phytonutrients. White bread, pastries, sodas, and other heavily processed or refined foods are unhealthy sources of carbohydrates. These products contain carbohydrates that are quickly digested and can contribute to weight gain, hinder weight loss and may cause diabetes and heart disease. Can you list all the food that you eat in a day starting from breakfast? Identify which of them are sources of carbohydrates. Which one is healthy? Unhealthy? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________  POSTTEST Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. _________1. To be classified as organic, which two elements must both be present?? A. C and O C. C and H B. H and O D. N and H _________2. Which of the following compounds is inorganic? A. CH4 C. CH2OH B. NaCl D. C6H12O6 _________3. Which of the following is a disaccharide? A. fructose C. glucose B. maltose D. galactose _________4. Which of the following is the stored form of a polysaccharide in liver and muscle cells of human? A. glycogen C. glucose B. starch D. galactose _________5. What happens to a person's blood glucose level after eating? A. It decreases C. It increases B. It is not affected D. It depends on the gender  KEY TO CORRECTION ACTIVITY 1.3 RECAP HIDDEN MESSAGE: CHOOSE A VARIETY OF FOODS WITHIN EACH FOOD GROUP. Interph PRETEST Statement Mitosis ase 1. B ACTIVITY 1.4 1. Cell growth occurs X 2. Nuclear division occurs X 2. C 1. ISOMERS 3. Chromosomes are distributed X 2.CELLULOSE 3. A 3. CARBOHYDRATE equally to daughter cells. 4. B 4. Protein production is high X 4. LACTOSE 5. Chromosomes are duplicated X 5. D 5. SUCROSE 6. DNA synthesis occurs X 6. RIBOSE 7. Cytoplasm divides immediately X 7. MONOSACCHARIDE after this period POSTEST 8. MALTOSE 8. Mitochondria and other X 1. C 9. GLYCOSIDIC organelles are made. 10. MONOSACCHARIDE 2. B ICE CREAM 3. B ACTIVITY 1.2 INORGANIC ORGANIC 4. A WRAP- UP 5. C I. organic, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Sand (SiO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) monosaccharide, glucose, disaccharide, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Olive oil (C18H34O2) sucrose, polysaccharide, cellulose. Water (H2O) Table sugar (C12H22O11) II. 1. glucose + fructose Table salt (NaCl) Propane (C3H8) 2. glucose + glucose 3. glucose + galactose Ammonia (NH3) Caffeine (C₈H₁₀N₄O₂) REFERENCES “Carbohydrates.” The Nutrition Source, May 22, 2019. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/. Carr, Dr Steven M. Ruminant Digestion. Accessed August 20, 2020. https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Ruminant_Digestion.html. “Cellulose - Cellulose Digestion.” Cellulose Digestion - Fiber, Animals, -the, and Digestive - JRank Articles. Accessed August 19, 2020. https://science.jrank.org/pages/1335/Cellulose- Cellulose-digestion.html. Hoefnagels, Marielle. General Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. Abiva Publishing House,Inc. 2016. Miller, Stephen A. Zoology. McGraw-Hill. New York. 2010. Starr, Cecie. Evers, Christine. and Lisa. Starr. Biology: Today and Tomorrow Biology for Non Science Majors. Cengage Learning. 2010 Szalay, Jessie. “What Are Carbohydrates?” LiveScience. Purch, July 15, 2017. https://www.livescience.com/51976-carbohydrates.html.