General Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module (Q1, M12) PDF

General Biology 1 12 General Biology 1 – Grade 12 Quarter 1 – Module 12 Bulk Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or of...

General Biology 1 12 General Biology 1 – Grade 12 Quarter 1 – Module 12 Bulk Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City Development Team of the Self-Learning Module Writer: Cristina Marie D. Bullo Editors: Ephraim M. Villacrusis, Joseph M. Ocate Reviewers: Ephraim M. Villacrusis, Joseph M. Ocate Illustrator: Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin OIC-Schools Division Superintendent Aurelio G. Alfonso EdD OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Victor M. Javeña EdD Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division Education Program Supervisors Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE) Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP) Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS) Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS) Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports) Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM) Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang) Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP) Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE) Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM) Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City  General Biology 1 12 Quarter 1 Self-Learning Module 12 Bulk Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis Introductory Message For the Facilitator: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on Bulk Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis! This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional resource. This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.  For the Learner: Welcome to the General Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on Bulk Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills that you will learn after completing the module. Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at hand. Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and skills that you already know about a previous lesson. Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform. Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application of the lesson. Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson. Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the entire module.  EXPECTATIONS After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. describe the process of endocytosis and exocytosis; 2. differentiate the three types of endocytosis; and 3. appreciate the importance of bulk transport in the body. PRETEST Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. _________1. Which of the following statements accurately describes exocytosis? A. Transport vesicles travel from the nucleus to the plasma membrane, where they can dock and wait or fuse and secrete. B. Transport vesicles travel from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane where they can only dock and wait. C. Transport vesicles travel from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane where they can only fuse and secrete. D. Transport vesicles travel from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane where they can dock and wait or fuse and secrete. _________2. Which of the statements best describe endocytosis? A. process of taking large particles into the cell. B. uses vesicles to release large particles out of the cell. C. the release of large amounts of material from the cell. D. process of taking materials into the cell by means of infolding of the cell membrane. _________3. A foreign cell has entered your blood stream. Which process describes how it can be engulfed by one of the cells in your immune system? A. exocytosis C. phagocytosis B. pinocytosis D. receptor-mediated cytosis _________4. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding receptor mediated endocytosis (RME)? A. RME is non-specific. B. RME is used to transport material out of the cell. C. RME involves the use of coat proteins such as clathrin. D. RME is used to transport materials into the cell using pores in the cell membrane. _________5. Endocytosis is used by cells to: A. Ingest bacteria and cells debris B. Secrete large molecules into the extracellular space C. Is used to deliver material into the extracellular space. D. Retrieve the elements of the cell membrane after exocytosis.  RECAP In the previous lesson, we studied active transport. Let us recall the past lesson by answering the activity below. Activity 12.1. Arrange the sequence of events of the Sodium-Potassium Pump in correct order. Write numbers 1-6. The change in shape causes the carrier protein to release two potassium ions inside the cell. At this point, the carrier protein is ready to begin the process again. 3 sodium ions bind to the carrier protein on the cytosol side of the membrane A phosphate molecule breaks off from ATP and binds to the carrier protein. At this point, the carrier protein has the shape it needs to bind two potassium ions outside the cell. The removal of the phosphate group from ATP supplies the energy needed to change the shape of the carrier protein. With its new shape, the protein carries three sodium ions through the membrane and then forces the sodium ions outside the cell where the sodium concentration must remain high. When the potassium ions bind, the phosphate group is released and the carrier protein restored its original shape. LESSON BULK TRANSPORT Most molecules dissolved in water are small, and they can cross cell membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport. However, large particles must enter and leave cells with the help of a transport vesicle -a small sac that can pinch off or fuse with a cell membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis together provide bulk transport, because many molecules are moved at the same time.  In endocytosis, cell membrane engulfs fluids or large molecules to bring them into the cell. The plasma membrane of the cell invaginates, forming a pocket around the target particle. The pocket pinches off, resulting in the particle being contained in a newly created intracellular vesicle formed from the plasma membrane (Fig. 12.1) Figure 12.1. Endocytosis. In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it. In pinocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of fluid, and pinches off. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, uptake of substances by the cell is targeted to a single type of substance that binds to the receptor on the external surface of the cell membrane. Source:commons.wikimedia.og. There are different variations of endocytosis. In phagocytosis (Gr. phagein - to eat, cyto -cell) -“cell eating” is the process by which large particles, such as cells or relatively large particles, are taken in by a cell (Fig.12.1a). For example, when microorganisms invade the human body, a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil will remove the invaders through this process, surrounding and engulfing the microorganism, which is then destroyed by the neutrophil. Single-celled eukaryotes called amoebas also use phagocytosis to hunt and consume their prey. Pinocytosis (Gr. pinein -to drink, cyto -cell) ““cell drinking” and was named at a time when the assumption was that the cell was purposefully taking in extracellular fluid. In reality, this is a process that takes in molecules, including water, which the cell needs from the extracellular fluid(Fig.12.1b). Pinocytosis results in a much smaller vesicle than does phagocytosis, and the vesicle does not need to merge with a lysosome Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule. The receptors, which are transmembrane proteins, cluster in regions of the plasma membrane known as coated pits. This name comes from a layer of proteins, called coat proteins, that are found on the cytoplasmic side of the pit (Fig.12.1c).. Clathrin, shown in the diagram above, is the best-studied coat protein. When the receptors bind to their specific target molecule, endocytosis is triggered, and the receptors and their attached molecules are taken into the cell in a vesicle. The coat proteins participate in this process by giving the vesicle its rounded shape and helping it bud off from the membrane. Receptor-mediated endocytosis allows cells to take up large amounts of molecules that are relatively rare (present in low concentrations) in the extracellular fluid Although receptor-mediated endocytosis is intended to bring useful substances into the cell, other, less friendly particles may gain entry by the same route. Flu viruses, diphtheria, and cholera toxin all use receptor-mediated endocytosis pathways to gain entry into cells. Cells must take in certain molecules, such as nutrients, but they also need to release other molecules, such as signaling proteins and waste products, to the outside environment. Exocytosis (“exo” -outside) is a form of bulk transport in which materials are transported from the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane- bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane (Fig.12.2). Waste material is enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the interior of the plasma membrane. This fusion opens the membranous envelope on the exterior of the cell, and the waste material is expelled into the extracellular space. Other examples of cells releasing molecules via exocytosis include the secretion of proteins of the extracellular matrix and secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by synaptic vesicles. Figure 12.2. Exocytosis. In exocytosis, vesicles containing substances fuse with the plasma membrane. The contents are then released to the exterior of the cell. Source:commons.wikimedia.org. ACTIVITIES ACTIVITY 12.2. Use the boxes below to complete this diagram. INSTRUCTIONS: Color each molecule according to the key. The arrows indicate the direction the molecules are moving. Use the arrows as clues to determine which type of bulk transport the illustration represents (endocytosis, exocytosis). In the blank boxes, write which number step it is during the process (1,2,3). COLORING KEY A. B. ACTIVITY 12.3. Label the different diagrams below (Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis) ACTIVITY 12.4. Complete the crossword puzzle below.  WRAP-UP ACTIVITY 12.5. I learned that... Endocytosis and exocytosis use ____________ to transport substances into or out of the cell. Endocytosis has ________main types. ___________ is the process by which cells ingest large particles. During ____________, cells take in molecules such as water from the extracellular fluid. Finally, ______________________________ ensure only specific, targeted substances are brought into the cell. In _______________, cells expel material through the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane and subsequent dumping of their content into the extracellular fluid. VALUING In order to survive, all living things need water. Drinking water helps maintain the balance of body fluids that function for digestion, absorption, circulation, creation of saliva, and maintenance of body temperature. It also helps transport nutrients and eliminate waste matter. Living things need food as well, which provides the energy need to move and grow. In a microscopic level, cells also requires food and water to function properly. Composed a short poem or song showing the importance of endocytosis and exocytosis in your daily life. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________  POSTTEST Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. _________1. Which of the following are examples of exocytosis? Choose all answers that apply. A. The absorption of water by a red blood cell. B. The release of antibodies from a white blood cell. C. A macrophage engulfing a pathogen to destroy it. D. The transport of chemical messengers or neurotransmitters out of nerve cells. _________2. Which transport is shown in the diagram? A. diffusion B. endocytosis C. exocytosis D. osmosis. _________3. There are several forms of endocytosis, such as phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Which of the following describes a difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis? A. Pinocytosis is the intake of large particles or other cells, while phagocytosis is the intake of small amounts of liquid. B. Phagocytosis is the transport of particles out of a cell, while pinocytosis is the transport of particles into a cell. C. Phagocytosis is the intake of large particles or other cells, while pinocytosis is the intake of small amounts of liquid. D. Pinocytosis is the transport of particles out of a cell, while phagocytosis is the transport of particles into a cell. _________4. Amoeba proteus is a species of amoeba that gets its energy by engulfing small, unicellular organisms with its membrane. It then digests these organisms using internal vesicles. What is the name of the process used by Amoeba proteus to get its energy? A. Apoptosis C. Phagocytosis B. Exocytosis D. Pinocytosis  _________5. Thyroid hormones control growth and development in your body. Thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine, are released into the bloodstream by which process? A. exocytosis C. endocytosis B. Phagocytosis D. osmosis KEY TO CORRECTION ACTIVITY 11.4 RECAP 1.energy 2. Receptor-mediated 3. phagocytosis PRETEST 4. exocytosis 1. A 5. pinocytosis 2. D 3. C 4. C WRAP- UP 5. A Vesicles, 3, phagocytosis, ACTIVITY 12.2 POSTEST pinocytosis, receptor-mediated, 1. B&D exocytosis 2. B 3. C 4. C ACTIVITY 12.3. 5. A A. Exocytosis B. Endocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Pinocytosis REFERENCES Hoefnagels, Marielle. General Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. Abiva Publishing House,Inc. 2016. Learning, Lumen. “Anatomy and Physiology I.” Lumen. Accessed July 7, 2020. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/austincc-ap1/chapter/passive-transport/. Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors I.” Lumen. Accessed July 22, 2020. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-biology1/chapter/endocytosis-and-exocytosis/. Miller, Stephen A. Zoology. McGraw-Hill. New York. 2010. “Multiple Choice Questions on Membrane Transport MCQ.” Multiple Choice Questions on Membrane Transport MCQ ~. Accessed July 22, 2020. https://www.mcqbiology.com/2017/11/multiple-choice-questions-on- membrane-transport-mcq.html. Starr, Cecie. Evers, Christine. and Lisa. Starr. Biology: Today and Tomorrow Biology for Non Science Majors. Cengage Learning. 2010