Biological Diversity Topic 1 Powerpoint 2024 Part 1.pptx

Grade 9 Science Biological Diversity: Topic 1 What is a Species? relationships? What does diversity mean? What are types of What is a Niche? Outline of Topic 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. Observe variation in living things, and describe examples of variation among species and within species Identify exampl...

Grade 9 Science Biological Diversity: Topic 1 What is a Species? relationships? What does diversity mean? What are types of What is a Niche? Outline of Topic 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. Observe variation in living things, and describe examples of variation among species and within species Identify examples of niches, and describe the role of variation in allowing closely related living things to survive in the same ecosystem Identify the role of variation in species survival under changing environmental conditions Describe examples of variation of characteristics within a species What do we mean when we say… ● Biology: The study of living things ● + Diversity: Composed of variety ● What would happen when we put it all together? BIODIVERSIT Y Biodiversity 4 min Our planet is composed of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things that work together to form ecosystems. Categorize the words on your sheet into these categories You have 5 minutes! Answer Key! Are there any that you disagree with? Exploring Ecosystems 4 min Biological Diversity Definition: The variety of species and ecosystems on Earth and the ecological processes of which they are a part The 3 main components are: ● Ecosystem Diversity ● Community Diversity ● Genetic Diversity We will come back to these concepts a little later  The highest level of biodiversity is found near the equator. Why do you think that is? ● This ^^^ Amazon Rainforest ^^^ is due to warm temperatures, a large amount of sunlight per day, which allows for more plants to grow The Earth is tilted at 23.5o Currently Summer – shorter ray length (more heat) Constant direct heat all year = growing all year Currently winter – longer ray length (less heat) Animal & Plant: SPECIES DISTRIBUTION ● Plant and animal species are not distributed evenly around the world. ● As you move closer to the poles of the Earth, there is less biological diversity. ● Example: Snake Species EXAMINING DIVERSITY ● Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. This means that millions of other organisms remain a complete mystery! EXAMINING TYPES OF DIVERSITY Genetic Diversity: The variations in DNA (slightly different genes) between members of the same population EXAMINING TYPES OF DIVERSITY Species Diversity: A species is a particular group of organisms that have similar structures and can reproduce together (e.g. different types of cats and dogs) EXAMINING TYPES OF DIVERSITY Ecosystem Diversity: It is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or the whole planet. NORTH AMERICA DIVERSITY ALBERTA DIVERSITY Why is Biological Diversity Important? Some examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. If one population dies due to disease – a whole group of predators no longer have that species as a food source – having multiple food sources means that the predator population doesn’t die off too If all mice with dark fur get eaten because they are easy to spot – the lighter-coloured mice will carry on the population If genetic variation allows some members of a species to be immune to a disease – those members will live on and can re-populate Any other ideas? Variation Within Species Variation within a population, of a single species, is called variability. ● Variability is important if the environment changes suddenly or drastically. When a species has a lot of variation, then some individuals in that population will likely survive Examples of variability include: ● Red Fox (color of coat) ● Banded Snails (shell design) ● Antibiotic resistance (bacteria) Banded Snails ●A really good example of this is the banded snail. Each snail, although part of the same species, has different shades of bands and different sizes of bands. ● What variations can we see in the population of our class? Can we see all of the variations? Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Are antibiotics good or bad? Record your response Why is antibiotic-resistant bacteria a giant problem? Record your response Bacteria Resistant to Antibiotics 4.5 min NATURAL SELECTION Vs. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Natural Selection ●A process where the environment “selects” which individuals will survive Artificial Selection Humans identify desirable traits in plants and animals and intentionally reproduce them to enhance and continue those traits in future Artificial selection works the samegenerations. way as natural ● selection, except that with natural selection it is nature, not human interference, that makes these decisions. Examples of… Natural Selection ●Long-necked giraffes can reach leaves in higher trees and have a greater chance of survival ●Smaller mice need less to eat and can fit through smaller spaces to find food and shelter Artificial Selection ●Selecting friendly wolves to breed – After thousands of generations, we have the family dog ●Cross breeding crops to create more appealing plants that people will buy The Pocket Mouse (Click on link) 10:00 min http:// www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/making-fittest-natural-selection-and-adapta tion CLASSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ● In the 1700’s a Swedish scientist named Carolus Linnaeus developed a system for naming organisms and classifying them in a meaningful way. CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY He grouped them according to their physical structure. ● This was very helpful because he brought worldwide consistency to the naming of species. ● In his system, two words name each living thing: the first word is the Genus and the second word is the species. ● Both words when written are always in italics and genus is always capitalized. Genus species. THE WHOLE NAMING SYSTEM 1) Kingdom 2 )Phylum 3) Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Genus 7) Species Come up with a mnemonic device that will help you remember the order FURTHER CLASSIFICATION Modern scientists further developed this system into the 5 kingdom classification. The kingdom is the first division ● Animalia (animals) ● Plantae (plants) ● Fungi (yeasts, mold, mushrooms) ● Protista (mostly single-celled organisms) ● Monera (bacteria) 1.2 INTERDEPENDENCE Each and every species depends on many other species within an environment in order to survive and prosper. An example of this is a food chain or food webs. Interdependence includes: Symbiotic relationships (3 types) Inter-Species Competition Predator-Prey relationships ● ● ● Coastal Food Web 4 min SYMBIOSIS (5 min) SYMBIOSIS ● The three different types of symbiosis that we will study are: ● ● ● Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism COMMENSALISM The relationship between two species when one benefits, and the other neither benefits nor is harmed ● Ex. A bird that builds its nest in a tree; the bird benefits and the tree is not affected. ● Ex. Barnacles on a Whale MUTUALISM ● The relationships where both organisms benefit *hence mutual ● Ex. A lichen growing in the arctic tundra is a combination of two organisms (a fungus and algae). The Algae cells provide food for themselves and the fungus, and the fungus protects the cells from dehydration. ● Flower Clusia provides medicine to bees and the bees pick up pollen to help PARASITISM ●A relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. ● Ex. A tapeworm attaches to the intestinal wall of the human. It absorbs nutrients, leaving little nutrients for the human to absorb. The parasite usually doesn’t kill the host, because the host represents the parasite’s food supply. INTERSPECIES COMPETITION Two or more species using the same limited resource. ● This type of competition helps to limit the populations of the competing species PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIP A predator prey relationship involves one animal using the other for food. ● The predator acts as the hunter, and the prey acts as the food. Think about it... Why are these relationships important? ● Interdependence shows that diversity is important, for it connects species together. If one species becomes threatened, the others will also be affected. SHOW YOU KNOW Use the following symbols to indicate the effect on each organism: + (benefit), - (harm), OR / (unaffected) Relationship Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Predator-Prey Interspecies Competition Organism 1 Organism 2 Relationship Videos ● Examples of Parasitism in insects ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGSUU3E9 ZoM ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyN cAs ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkiL-v4X8 w8 ● Symbiosis in the ocean ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t 81Q NICHE A niche is the role of an organism within a particular ecosystem. This includes: ● what an organism eats ● what eats it ● its habitat ● nesting sites or range ● its effect on other populations ● its effect on the environment KOALA BEAR (Phascolarctos cinereus) 1. Eats: Eucalyptus Leaves 2. Eats it: No natural predators - top of food chain 3. Its habitat: Lives in the eucalyptus forests and woodlands 4. Nesting Sites or Range: Koalas do not make nests; rather, they sleep on branches or in the forks of the branches of the eucalyptus trees in their home ranges. 5. Its effect on other populations: Some predators like foxes will eat young/baby koalas 6. Its effect on the environment: If there is a lot of Koalas in one area, they can clear a lot of eucalyptus trees NICHE A niche can change depending on the environment in which it is located and the organisms with which it interacts. Many different animals live in the same habitat, but they have a different niche (job) An organism has a broad niche if it has adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions and plays a wide role in its habitat. A broad niche organism is called a generalist. An organism has a narrow niche if it must have very specific environmental conditions in order to survive and plays a limited role in its habitat. A narrow niche organism is called a specialist. RESOURCE PARTITIONING - Partitioning means to “split up” or “divide” - Animals of the same species (but with different features and needs) divide up resources (e.g. living areas or food) in order to coexist together. - e.g. Warbler birds live in different parts of the tree and feed in these designated parts - e.g. Different species of bumblebees in the mountains are adapted to derive nectar from flowers of different species of plants based on Ultimately, these animals (evenofthough they are the same species) have the length the petals. slightly different niches – so they live in different spots and eat food from different areas. This reduces the competition between the groups and everyone gets to survive!