Earth's Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity PDF

Earth's Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity Prepared by: Ianna Tacleran-Cid  THE EARTH  About 4.6 billion years old  Condensed from vast cloud of dust and rocks that surrounded the young sun  Age of Earth is predicted through radiometric dating and its fossil records a...

Earth's Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity Prepared by: Ianna Tacleran-Cid  THE EARTH  About 4.6 billion years old  Condensed from vast cloud of dust and rocks that surrounded the young sun  Age of Earth is predicted through radiometric dating and its fossil records and Evolution Theory  Earth has an exclusive calendar or timeline where many events and changes have occurred, called Geologic Time Scale GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE  Ranges from the time when the Earth was formed until the present  Divided into an eon, which spans hundreds to thousands of million years  An eon is further divided into an era, which is then divided into periods, epochs, and ages   The four major eons are the Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic  The first three are informally grouped as supereon, the Precambrian EONS  The Phanerozoic includes the present day  SUPEREONS: PRECAMBRIAN (Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic)  4.6 BYA to 541 MYA  88 % of Earth's geologic time  Lower levels of oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere  Life was mostly unicellular  Photosynthetic bacteria created the oxygen-rich atmosphere  The Precambrian: HADEAN EON (4.6 – 4 bya)  Origin of Earth  formation of crust and oceans  Some rock fossils like detrital zircon dating dates back ~4 BYA revealed association with magmatic crust that cooled down and interaction with water  First oceans appeared  Earth was filled with asteroid bombardment  The Precambrian: ARCHAEAN EON (4 – 2.5 bya)  Earth has cooled down enough for the first signs of life to emerge  Stromatolites date back ~3.7 bya, the oldest identifiable fossils ever recorded  Origin of life  Photosynthetic cells  Oxygenic photosynthesis  Cyanobacteria fossils at the end of the eon  The Precambrian: PROTEROZOIC EON (~2.5 bya – 541 mya)  Stable regions (i.e. Gondwanaland) via active tectonic plates were formed  Earth was full of greenhouse gasses until ~1.8 bya, as oxygen level in the atmosphere rose  Eukaryotic cells appeared  By 715 mya, glaciation occurred followed by a slow warming  First eukaryotic fossils  First red algae  Evidence of sexual structures  First sponges with bilateral symmetry  The Cambrian Explosion : PHANEROZOIC EON (~541 mya - present)  end of the Precambrian time, because of the Cambrian explosion  when Precambrian biota such as Dickinsonia costata went extinct, but new groups rapidly emerged  Divided into three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic  Divided into three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic  In the latter part of Paleozoic Era, all land PHANEROZOIC masses merged as one, the Pangea, that further EON parts into Gondwanaland (~541 mya - present) and Laurasia, until present-day PERIODS OF GREAT DIVERSIFICATION  Phanerozoic Eon  end of the Precambrian time, because of the Cambrian explosion  when Precambrian biota such as Dickinsonia costata went extinct, but new groups rapidly emerged  Divided into three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic  PERIOD mya Origin of Name PALEOZOIC ERA Cambrian 541- Cambria (Latin for Wales) 485  Multicellular organisms diversified, Ordovician 485- 443 Ordovices (Celtic Tribe) but it ended with a 90% mass Silurian 443- Silures (Celtic Tribe) extinction 419 Devonian 419- Devonshire, England 359  The periods of this era were mostly Carboniferous 359- “coal-bearing” rocks named after places where fossils 299 were discovered Permian 299- Perm, Russia 251  The Cambrian Period (541-485 mya)  Gave rise to major groups of animals (Cambrian Explosion)  First arthropods, like the trilobites, as well as most marine phyla like mollusks, invertebrates, and echinoderms all appeared in this period  ORDOVICIAN PERIOD (485-444 mya)  moving forward to a life on land  Abundant marine algae  Colonization of land by diverse fungi, plants, and animals  The Ordovician-Silurian Extinction is the first massive mass extinction  SILURIAN PERIOD (444-419 mya)  bony and jawless fish emerged  the Ordovician-Silurian extinction is the first massive extinction  DEVONIAN PERIOD (419-359 mya)  "The Age of Fishes"  evolution of fishes was at peak during this time  on land, insects, ferns, trees, seeded plants and amphibians thrived Tiktaalik  in the Late Devonian mass extinction, about 80% of the species in land and sea were wiped out CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD ( 359-252 mya)  Has a tropical climate  Mammalian and reptilian ancestors appeared  Large amphibians ruled the swampy forests  Areas subjected to alternating marine and terrestrial conditions turned forest covers into present-day coal deposits  PERMIAN PERIOD ( 299-252 mya)  The supercontinent Pangea was largest  Reptiles diversified  Conifers advanced  Synapsids, the ancestors of mammals, ruled the continent  At its end, the largest extinction in history occurred  MESOZOIC ERA (252-66 mya)  Has the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods  Dinosaurs dominated the land  Emergence of nectar-drinking insects, birds, flowering plants, and mammals  A fourth extinction event and the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction wiped out dinosaurs  TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS Period Period Period MESOZOIC  (145-66 mya)  (252-200  (200-145 mya) ERA mya)  gymnosperms  angiosperms remain as appear in diversity  gymnosperms dominant dominate plants  many groups of landscape organisms,  dinosaurs including  dinosaurs became evolve and abundant and dinosaurs went diverse extinct by the end radiate  the Cretaceous-  origin of the Paleogene (K-Pg) mammals extinction wiped out dinosaurs  IMPACTS AND RESULTS OF EXTINCTION EVENTS  Asteroid impact, rising and falling of sea levels, volcanic and tectonic activities or glaciation are just some theorized causes of extinction  As some species were wiped out, others survived and rebounded from such conditions, giving rise to more resilient forms of life   After extinction, ecological roles or niches in communities are vacated, so survivors Relationship adapt and change in forms, behavior, and between habitats extinction and  This leads to the rise of diversity new lineages  Species and groups rapidly diversified, known as adaptive radiation  CENOZOIC ERA (66 mya – present)  Paleogene Period  Neogene Period  Quaternary Period  PALEOGENE PERIOD (66-23 mya)  Includes the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene epochs  Some rocks from this period have layers known as the K- Pg boundary, with higher iridium traces, signifying an asteroid source  PALEOCENE EPOCH (66-56 mya)  began with dark clouds blocking sunlight  the rebounding tropical Earth was filled with surviving flora and fauna like ferns, pioneer species, and mammals  Laurasia broke up into North America and Eurasia  EOCENE EPOCH (56-34 mya)  global warming was at peak  tropical species reached the polar regions with slightly lower temperatures  Early whales like the Bacilosaurus appeared with the first grasses, primates, new insects and modern bird orders  OLIGOCENE EPOCH (34-23 mya)  global cooling has begun which causes the expansion of grasslands and greatly-reduces the tropics near-equator  large mammals like the first apes, true carnivores, like the saber-tooth tiger emerged  NEOGENE PERIOD (23-2.6 mya)  it has two epochs: Miocene and Pliocene  climate cycles defined longitudinal biotic zones, each with organisms having specific requirements, niches, and tolerances  the Himalayas, Andes, and Cascades were formed  MIOCENE EPOCH (23-5.3 mya)  grasslands are dominant; forests reduced  temperature cycles caused new vegetation systems like desert, coniferous forests, and tundra  kelp forest hosted new marine species  the first hominoids appeared in Africa  PLIOCENE EPOCH (5.3-2.6 mya)  warm and cool cycles ened in global ice age  large polar caps formed the Antarctica  sea levels fell, which reveals land bridges that allowed migration of flora and fauna  many mountains rose from active plate collisions  Hominins appeared  QUATERNARY PERIOD (2.6 mya to present)  includes two epochs: Pleistocene and Holocene  bipolar glaciation influenced Earth's climate and gave rise to stronger generations of species that adjusted to climate shifts  PLEISTOCENE EPOCH HOLOCENE EPOCH QUATERNARY  (2.6 mya to 11,000 years ago)  (11,500 years ago - present) PERIOD  North American ice ages were endured by huge  humans caused significant (2.6 mya to mammals like mammoths changes to environment over present) and wooly rhinos that went extinct by the end of the a short time, the global warming epoch  PLEISTOCENE PERIOD (2.6 mya to 11,500 years ago)  North American ice ages were endured by huge mammals like mammoths and wooly rhinos that went extinct by the end of the epoch  HOLOCENE PERIOD (11,500 years ago - present)  humans caused significant changes to environment over a short time, the global warming Camels Often Cambrian Paleocene Sit Down Ordovician Eocene Carefully. Silurian Oligocene Perhaps Their Devonian Miocene Joints Creak? Carboniferous Pliocene Plentiful Early Permian Pleistocene Triassic Holocene (Recent) Oiling Might Jurassic Prevent Partial Cretaceous Rheumatism. The Fossil Record Prepared by: Ianna Tacleran-Cid  FOSSIL  A fossil is a preserved evidence of an organism or object that lived in the past  The fossil record is the total collection of fossils found and stored privately or publicly all over the world  Scientists who use fossils as tools to study the Earth’s history are known as paleontologists  How are fossils formed?  More than 90% of the organisms that lived are now extinct  When a part of the whole organism is buried in mud, ash, sand, or another type of sediment, fossils can possibly form over time  Intact Fossils in Amber  An intact fossil with unaltered preservation can be trapped in amber  Amber is a sticky resin or sap that hardened over time, and both organism and the amber didn’t decompose  Baltic amber or succinate can date over 44 mya, during the Eocene epoch  Intact Fossils via Freezing  Permafrost or soil that remained below 0 degrees Celsius for a long time can be a barrier against decomposers and weathering agents, slowing down decomposition and create intact frozen fossils  Organisms in the ice ages could have met this fate  Intact Fossils via Mummification  Desiccation or mummification is the removal of moisture from the organism’s body  This leads to an aseptic state and stalling decomposition, keeping even the skin and hair  Salt, mud, or sand can aid in desiccation, as well as arid or dry caves and places  Petrified Fossils  Petrification happens when groundwater carrying minerals such as silica, quartz, calcite, iron, etc. slowly fills the spaces or cells in organism’s body, then very slowly dissolves and replaces the organic matter with stone, assuming its shape Molds and Casts  When a deceased organism decays, its physical features could be imprinted on the sand and ground and to form a hole or mold  The filling of a mold or hollow part of an organism with sediments or minerals is called a cast The abundant fossil fuel  A mass extinction of swamp forests and other flora and fauna eventually turned into rich deposits or coal through a process known as coalification  Some coal rocks are not easily burnt as fuel but may contain amber and other intact fossils Compression of fossils into carbon film  Compression of organic material due to pressure and heat, as sediments build up over time, removes all the other components except for a carbon film or residue on the rock’s surface  Impression of movements become trace fossils  Trackways, tooth marks, fossilized dungs, nests and burrow that were preserved in sediments are listed as trace fossils  They can give information about behavior and other lifestyle paters   The age of fossils can be determined by carbon dating  Carbon dating is done by comparing the amount of Carbon 14, a weak isotope that decays over time, remaining in the fossil versus a standard Carbon Dating  C 14 accumulates in organisms and stops after death  A half-life is the time it takes for an isotope to decay by half of its previous amount  C14 has a half-life of about 5700 years, so we can trace back the time when it existed  For a group of six students, create a picture book about the Earth’s Geological Time Scale (from Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs). PERFORMANCE Newly-emerged species/dominant species must be shown, including some brief information about each time scale. TASK #2 Deadline: January 27, 2025 THANK YOU!