BIOL 2401 Unit 1 Microbiology PDF

BIOL 2401 - Unit 1 1.1 - Introduction to Microbiology Be able to define the terms: microbiology, microorganism and pathogen Microorganisms: ______ small organisms that require a __________ microscope to view...

BIOL 2401 - Unit 1 1.1 - Introduction to Microbiology Be able to define the terms: microbiology, microorganism and pathogen Microorganisms: ______ small organisms that require a __________ microscope to view The term microorganisms is interchangeable with the term microbes and sometimes abbreviated as MO Microbiology: the ______ study of these small organisms Pathogen: microorganisms that can cause _______ diseases Be able to give examples of the non-pathogenic roles that microorganisms play Industrial applications: biofuels, _________ medicine (e.g., insulin, non-pathogenic strains of bacteria such as E.coli are used in genetic engineeringed in genetic engineering to antibiotics, etc.) produce products like insulin, vaccines antibiotics etc. Food: alcohol, bread, cheese Yeats are used in the process of fermentation to produce bread, wine, cheese etc. resident Symbiotic relationships: ____________ microbiodata (microbes in/on our body) Beneficial bacteria in the human gut help digest food, synthesize vitamins, and outcompete harmful pathogens. Be able to name the seven types of microorganisms discussed in Microbiology Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes as prokaryotes do not have a ________ nucleus Prokaryotic microorganisms include: o _________ bacteria : unicellular organisms found in nearly every habitat on earth; has a diverse metabolism Bacterium (singular); Bacteria (plural Fig 1.1 o ________ archae : unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments Fig 1.2 Eukaryotic microorganisms include: o ______ algae : plant-like organisms which can be diatoms unicellular or multicellular seaweed seaweed Fig 1.3 - diatoms (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 1 of 9  proto- first ; zoa- animals o _________ protozoa : unicellular organisms with diverse metabolisms Fig 1.4 - Giardia o fungi _______ : unicellular (_______ yeast ), multicellular (_______ molds , ______________ mushrooms ) Fig 1.5 – Fig 1.6 - mold yeast o __________ helminths : multicellular animal parasites Fig 1.7 - tapeworm And microorganisms that are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic: o ________ virus : _________ acellular (no cell structure); contains only proteins and genetic material Fig 1.8 Practice! Name the seven types of microbes. Which ones would have a nucleus? Type of microbe: Nucleus (Y/N) bacteria n archaea n fungi y algae y helminths y protozoa y virus n - acellular (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 2 of 9 Unit 1.2 – Classification of Microbes Describe taxonomy of microbes The science of classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms is called ________ Taxonomy Our current system groups organisms with increasing specific levels and sublevels based on similarities The most broad level is the ______ domains o The three domains of life include: Bacteria  ________ prokaryotes algae  ________  ________ eukarya eukaryotes The most specific levels are _____ genus and then _______ species Describe and use proper microbial nomenclature ___________________ Binomial Nomenclature is the system of identifying organisms, which involves the use of the genus and species name of the organism typing Writing The scientific name of an organism must be either __________________ italisized or underlined separately. The first letter of the genus name is _________ Capitalized and the species name is ____ not. It is also possible to _________ Abbreviate the genus name. Proper formatting of organism o Example 1: Bacillus cereus or B. cereus names will be required every time you write an organism name. o Example 2: Bacillus cereus or B. cereus Use italics when typing and underlining when writing by hand. Practice! You discover a microbe! Give it a name using proper binomial nomenclature. (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 3 of 9 Describe the difference between the definition of species for eukaryotic and prokaryotic eukaryotic __________ definition of species: two closely related organisms that can interbreed __________ prokaryotic definition of species: a population of cells that have similar characteristics Visual appearance (e.g., shape, size), biochemical characteristics, etc. A set of manuals called _________ Bergey's manual is used as a Microbiology standard of different bacterial species A ________ subtype or ______ strain of a species that are nearly identical Don’t worry about bacterial strains in the lab – any difference counts genetically, but can have different attributes as a different bacterial species Unit 1.3 – A Brief History of Microbiology Define the following terms and summarize the main contributions of each scientist 1. __________ cell theory : cells are the fundamental unit of organisms, includes biogenesis a) Robert Hooke: first scientist to see structures that we now call ______ cells He examined cork using a microscope he developed – the holes is what Fig 1.12 remains of the cells (cell walls) b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek: first scientist to see microorganisms, using a microscope that he constructed. Fig 1.11 He called these cells ______________ animalcules 2. _______________________ Spontaneous Generation : the idea that living things arise from non-living things (e.g., maggots appearing on decaying meat) We know today that spontaneous generation is false – however it took almost a century to disprove! Fig 1.13 – maggots on the meat! (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 4 of 9 a) Francesco Redi: attempted to _________ disprove spontaneous generation Hypothesized that maggots appeared on meat because flies were able to lay eggs in the meat, allowing the maggots to hatch He sealed some decaying meat in a cork-sealed jar o No maggots appeared on the decaying meat o Other scientists (aka the opposition) rebuked that Redi had suffocated the Fig 1.13 ____________ vital force which is essential for life no access to air mesh cloth Redi then repeated experiment by using ______ instead of cork o Again, no maggots appeared on the decaying meat However, the opposition came back suggesting that spontaneous generation may occur only for ______________ microorganisms b) John Needham: attempted to ______ prove spontaneous generation for microorganisms Poured broth in flask, briefly boiled the broth and then sealed the flask Results: ______________ microbial growth in the broth Does this prove spontaneous generation? no, flasks were probably contaminated (opposition) Breif boil was not enough to kill MO c) Lazzaro Spallanzani: attempted to ________ disprove spontaneous generation for microorganisms Poured broth in flask, sealed the flask and then boiled the broth Results: __________________ no microbial growth in the broth The opposition argued again that the vital force was suffocated Practice! What was the main issue with Redi’s and Spallanzani’s experiments, making their work unable to disprove spontaneous generation? a) Heat was used b) Not enough heat was used c) Air was cut off from the experiment d) Didn’t separate microbes from air (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 5 of 9 d) Louis Pasteur: disproved spontaneous generation Created an _______________ S-curve neck flask Broth was poured into the flask, and then boiled. The flask was then allowed to cool. Fig 1.15 The ______ curve of the neck prevented microbes in the outside air from entering the flask and contaminating the broth Air enters completely interacting with Broth. Microbes wil eventually get stuck at the curvature due to gravity and can't go further in flask to contaminate the experiment. To verify that microbes are indeed stuck in the curve, the tipped flask was __________, allowing microbes to interact with the broth To verify that microbes can grow in the broth, the neck broken of the flask was _________ off Practice! What was the key point in Pasteur’s experiment that allowed him to defeat spontaneous generation? a) separated microbes from air b) the broth was incapable of supporting microbial growth c) he used enough heat to kill the microbes d) experiment maintained access to air 3. _________________ Aseptic Technique : A series of techniques used to prevent contamination a) Louis Pasteur: started with this concept to maintain cultures 4. __________ Biogenesis : The theory that all cells only come from other ______ pre-existing cells a) Robert Remak: First published evidence to support this theory You can use either scientist as the main contributor for the b) Rudolf Virchow: Popularized this theory theory of biogenesis (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 6 of 9 5. ____________ germ theory : the theory that some microorganisms can cause _______ diseases a) Ignaz Semmelweis: Proposed that physicians were ___________ transferring the causative agent of puerperal fever to patients Implemented ____________ hand washing , but encountered a lot of i.e., Semmelweis  proposed that people could transfer diseases __________ reistance (although successful in decreasing the mortality rate) b) Louis Pasteur: Provided the foundation for this theory when he discovered that microorganisms could cause food to spoil This led to the development of _____________ pasteurization = using mild heat to control microbial growth in food without affecting the taste of food) From this, he ____________ hypothesized that microorganisms could also cause some diseases c) Joseph Lister: Insisted on ___________ hand washing and __________ cleanliness during surgery to decrease the incidence of post-surgical wound infections; was more successful i.e., Lister applied the germ theory d) Robert Koch: ______ proved that bacteria could cause disease Done through his work with cattle and anthrax Also proposed a series of postulates (_________________ koch's postulates ) which are used to _________ correlate a specific microbe to a specific disease https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/basi He was working with cattles specifically. cs/index.html Practice! Who actually proved the germ theory? a) Semmelweis b) Pasteur c) Hooke d) Lister e) Koch (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 7 of 9 6. ____________ vaccination : using a less virulent pathogen to protect against a more virulent pathogen a) Edward Jenner: _____ 1st vaccination Fortunately, we have Made an observation about patients infected with the ____________ cowpox more rigorous and more ethical methods (related to the smallpox virus, but less virulent) did not get ________ small pox to test vaccines today! Infected a healthy young boy with __________________________ fluid from cowpox lesions The boy became mildly ill with cowpox, but did not develop smallpox b) Louis Pasteur: developed many vaccines against diseases such as ____________________ rabies, anthrax and cholera 7. _____________ magic bullet : A chemical that can kill a pathogen ________ without affecting the host a) Paul Ehrlich: came up with this concept Screened many compounds, and eventually found one, called salvarsan, to treat ________ syphillis b) Alexander Fleming: credited with the discovery of the first __________ antibiotic , called penicillin created by accident Mold Bacteria Fig 1.20 (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 8 of 9 Unit 1 Review questions – see if you can answer without using your notes! (for studying purposes only and not for marks) Unit 1.1 1. Identify the seven types of microbes and classify them as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Unit 1.2 1. Practice writing organism names in correct binomial nomenclature. E,.g., bacillus anthracis Unit 1.3 1. Define: cell theory, spontaneous generation, aseptic technique, biogenesis, germ theory, vaccination, magic bullet 2. Describe the journey of disproving spontaneous generation, including all scientists involved. 2. Identify all contributions of: Hooke, van Leeuwekhoek, Pasteur, Remak, Virchow, Semmelweis, Lister, Koch, Jenner, Ehrlich, Fleming (BIOL 2401) – Weissy Lee (Unit 1) Page 9 of 9