Biol 240 Sec 02 F24 Lec 23 PDF

 Working Groups! A B C D E F Grace Charlie Arantza Abigail Catherine Chris Kaufmann Lund Martinez Donovan Dueck Pelletier Evy Emily Sofia Seanna Sophia...

 Working Groups! A B C D E F Grace Charlie Arantza Abigail Catherine Chris Kaufmann Lund Martinez Donovan Dueck Pelletier Evy Emily Sofia Seanna Sophia Karely Melstrand Entwistle Plascencia Hellenbrand DeSanti Aguilar Ryan Ella Mohler Jennyfer Riley Walker Jess Carter Brandon Pennington Amezcua Jones Sally Esme Illing Valeria Quinn Maddy Valeria Shateh Hernandez Nelsen Church Negrete Seret Jane Hunt Francesca Jillian Alexis Gaime Raggio Fernandez Gallarzo Announcements: Test #4 Thurs Dec 19th @8a! 1 hr. (same as other tests) **I posted 4 articles (see Module) related to the above topics. Choose one to read for the exam. There will be a question. (5pts). Review Session Wed Dec 18th @4 pm SCST 325/zoom Panda assignment due Thurs (end of day). Submit word or pdf Energetics assignment due Thurs (end of day). Submit word or pdf No office hours during exam week. Email to make appt. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. TRY TO COMPLETE DATA COLLECTION BEFORE DEC 6th! DUE Thurs Dec 12th!!! Building our own energy budget (sort of). You will select 3 weeks over the fall semester to then track 3 days in that week for the following: # of calories ingested Intake of carbohydrates, fats and proteins (compare to recommended amounts) # of calories used (optional) The following website (and app) allow you to do all the above. There are others if you prefer https://www.myfitnesspal.com/ You will determine the mean +/- std dev for daily calories, carbos, protein and fats over the 3 days. When all 3 weeks are completed, you will then compare and comment on trends in data between weeks (you’ll need to do an ANOVA with Tukey HSD test to determine which comparisons are significant). Submit fully formatted graphs/comment in Word or PDF. Similar to 240L Results – figures and descriptive. NOTE: if you prefer an alternative assignment that doesn’t include tracking your energetics, email me please your topic – it has to be in energetics. Community, ecosystem and Global energy flow Textbook: UNIT 8 Concept 52.1 : climate differences – latitudinal and seasonal Concept 54.2: Trophic structure, species with large impact, bottom up/top down controls Concept 55.1: Ecosystem energy flow Concept 55.2: Energy and other limitations to primary production of ecosystem Concept 55.3: Energy transfer between trophic structures of ecosystem Concept 56.4: Changes on earth due to human-induced global climate change  Global Ecology The biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscapes Global ecology examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/overview/  Solar energy Warms the atmosphere, land, and bodies of water Variation in solar energy intensity establishes Temperature variations Global air currents (air movements) Water currents Evaporation patterns https://phys.org/news/2015-03-fluctuations-solar.html Earth’s climate varies by latitude & season The long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area constitute its climate Four major physical components of climate Temperature Precipitation Sunlight Wind Global climate patterns are determined largely by solar energy and Earth’s movement in space Global Patterns of Surface Ocean Circulation -impact of climate change..  Earth’s climate is changing rapidly CO2 & H2O & other greenhouse gases don’t absorb solar radiation but do absorb infrared (IR) radiation emitted from Earth As CO2 levels rise, more IR re-emitted back to earth, raising global temperatures Greenhouse effect keeps Earth warmer than it should be based on distance from the sun https://apac.dtn.com/climate/2024-likely-to-be-earths-warmest-year-on-record-new-data-shows/ Species Distributions Change in Response to Climate Change Poleward and/or higher altitude shifts or range contractions are generally associated with warming climate. Note current and predicted ranges of American beech. American beech (Fagus grandifolia) (a) Current range (b) 4.5ºC warming (c) 6.5ºC warming over next century over next century Fig. 52.7 Campbell Biology  Primary Production production of new organic matter by autotrophs How much light is used in photosynthesis? Light striking earth 600 – 650 joules/(m2 x sec) 70% of earth’s surface is ocean photic zone – top ~100 m small % of light that strikes land hits a plant/chloroplast small % of light wavelengths are absorbable < 1% of light that strikes earth is used in photosynthesis 0.1% of light that strikes earth is used make plant tissue  Primary Production Chemical energy made by Autotrophs - new organic matter - Gross Primary Production (GPP) Total amount of carbon fixed by autotrophs in an ecosystem Net Primary Production (NPP) Amount of energy captured by autotrophs that results in an increase in living plant matter (Biomass). Some energy is lost in respiration. NPP = GPP – Respiration NPP is variable in space and time.  Global Patterns of NPP Total Global NPP = 105 Gt carbon fixed/ year Terrestrial NPP = 426 g carbon/m2/yr Marine NPP = 140 g carbon/m2/yr 46% NPP from marine ecosystems 54% NPP from terrestrial ecosystems  Factors that Influence NPP (Net Primary Productivity) – Sunlight – Temperature – Water – Nutrients Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Limitation by annual precipitation Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Limitation by Temperature Note: Mg = Megagrams = 106 g ha = hectare or 104 m2 Schuur, et al. (2003)  Climate Change Effects on Production NPP increased in terrestrial ecosystems from 1982 to 1999, primarily due to decreased cloud cover over tropical forests Since 2000, gains in NPP have been erased due to major droughts in the southern hemisphere Climate change can affect whether an ecosystem stores or loses carbon over time Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) NEP = Gross Primary Production – RT (RT = total respiration of all organisms) If Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) > 0, then an ecosystem stores carbon and acts as a carbon sink. If NEP < 0, then the ecosystem releases CO2 and becomes a carbon source  NPP of Different Biomes Note that open ocean is LARGE area, so is very large contributor to global TOTAL NPP  Limiting Nutrients for Plant Growth Nitrogen (Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium) Although N2 is extremely abundant, it isn’t available for use by most organisms Phosphate Iron Calcium Potassium Which nutrient limits NPP and phytoplankton growth in this ecosystem? 30 Ammonium enriched (millions of cells per mL) Phytoplankton density 24 Phosphate enriched Unenriched 18 control 12 6 0 A B C D E F G Collection site Data from J. H. Ryther and W. M. Dunstan, Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in the coastal marine environment, Science 171:1008–1013 (1971). Terrestrial Habitats – Limiting Nutrient is usually Available Nitrogen Legumes have symbiont Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria in root nodules Nitrogen fixing bacteria – convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into NH3  Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil Some plants form mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Many plants form mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi; these fungi supply plants with phosphorus and other limiting elements Roots have root hairs that increase surface area Many plants release enzymes that increase the availability of limiting nutrients © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Marine Ecosystems are generally limited by Nitrates Coastal Ocean and Upwelling Areas have Higher Nutrients Shows productivity https://ci.coastal.edu/~sgilman/770productivitynutrients.htm  Experiments in the Sargasso Sea in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean showed that the micronutrient iron can also limit primary production  Phosphate is typically limiting in freshwater ecosystems Phosphates were banned in all detergents in the USA in 1993 and by Proctor and Gamble worldwide in 2013. Eutrophication – the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (such as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life  Eutrophication effects on Ecosystems Nutrients from fertilizers and sewage  Dead Zones are Increasing in Size, Persistence and Locations in the Oceans Increased use of fertilizers and their runoff as well as increased ocean temperatures contribute to eutrophication and areas of hypoxia/anoxia (low or no O2). Fertilizer or sewage runoff into watersheds is linked to an increase in dead zones Red Dead zones in Gulf of Mexico near indicates Mississippi River Delta (above) Hypoxia Dead zones in the Chesapeake Bay We see how human activity impacts our immediate but also our global environment Are we at the point of no return? Is there hope to attenuate climate change (scientists feel we cannot reverse it at this point) BONUS POINTS! Find a recent article (NYT Science, Science Alert, IFLS website or other valid news outlet) that describes some aspect of climate change impacting living organisms and/or the environment (within the context of our class). This article needs to cite an original primary literature (original scientific research article in a peer-reviewed article). Upload the citation, link to article, and a brief (3-5 sentences) describing the impact (climate change factor, impact at what systems level (organismal, ecosystem, and/or global, for e.g. Upload to Canvas by end of day Thurs.  And class evaluations!! © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.