BIOL 103 2e LO1 Endocrine System Part 1 PDF

Anatomy and Physiology 2 Biology 103 Endocrine system, illustration. [Photograph]. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. https://quest-eb-com.ezproxy.saskpolytech.ca/search/132_3027940/1/132_3027940/cite ...

Anatomy and Physiology 2 Biology 103 Endocrine system, illustration. [Photograph]. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. https://quest-eb-com.ezproxy.saskpolytech.ca/search/132_3027940/1/132_3027940/cite  Learning Outcome 1 The Endocrine System Endocrine system, illustration. [Photograph]. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. https://quest-eb-com.ezproxy.saskpolytech.ca/search/132_3027940/1/132_3027940/cite  Intercellular Communication  Direct (via gap junctions)  Rare  Ions, small solutes, lipid-soluble molecules  Between adjacent cells of same type  Paracrine (via extracellular fluid)  Most common  Paracrine factors:  Local hormone-like substances  E.g. prostaglandins, growth factors  Localized effects  Target cells must have correct receptors  Intercellular Communication  Endocrine (via blood)  Hormones  Target cells with correct receptors in many tissues/organs  Increases or decreases enzyme synthesis / metabolic activity  Synaptic (via synaptic clefts)  Neurotransmitters  Specific area  Target cells with correct receptors  Good for crisis management Endocrin e System Hormone Illustration. [Photograph]. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. https://quest-eb-com.ezproxy.saskpolytech.ca/search/181_762690/1/181_762690/cite  Nervous Endocrine Method of Nerve impulses Hormones Control Type of Effect Muscles Change in contract metabolic activity Glands secrete of cells How soon to see Rapid Slow Effect Duration of Short Prolonged Effect Control of Homeostasis in the Human Body   System comprised of endocrine glands  Synthesize and secrete hormones  Interact and alter the activity of target cells Endocrin  Functions:  Regulate development, e System growth and metabolism  Maintain blood composition and volume  Control digestive processes  Control reproductive processes What Is  Chemical messenger  Released into tissue/blood a  Binds to receptor of target cell/tissue/organ Hormone  Changes the activity of target cell/tissue/organ ? Endocrin e System Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 663 Endocrine Gland, Illustration. [Photograph]. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest.  Types of Hormones  All hormones are made from either cholesterol or amino acids  Divided into 3 types of hormones:  Steroids  Biogenic amines  Peptide/protein Types of Hormone s Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 667  Types of Hormones Steroids:  Made from cholesterol  Lipid soluble  Androgens (testosterone), estrogens, progesterone (gonads)  Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) (adrenal glands)  Cortisol (glucocorticoids) (adrenal glands)  Calcitriol (kidneys)  Types of Hormones Biogenic Amines (amino acid derivatives):  H20 soluble  Catecholamines  Adrenal glands  Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine  Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) (thyroid gland)  Melatonin (pineal gland  Types of Hormones Peptide/protein hormones:  Proteins or chains of amino acids  Water-soluble  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (hypothalamus)  Insulin, glucagon (pancreas)  Growth hormone (anterior pituitary)  Erythropoietin (kidneys)  Local Hormones  AKA eicosanoids  Derived from fatty acids  Hormones  Released from cells  Bind to:  Same cell (autocrine stimulation)  Nearby cells (paracrine stimulation)  Prostaglandins  Type of eicosanoid found in most tissues of the body  Stimulate pain receptors, increase fever and increase the inflammatory response   Hormones can either move in the body freely or bound to special carrier proteins  Lipid-soluble hormones  Need carrier molecules Hormone (made by liver  Water-soluble hormones Transpor  Do not require a carrier molecule t  Dissolve in blood  Thyroids and steroid hormones  Longer lasting effects than peptide hormones  Attached to carrier proteins   Hormone receptors on target cells can respond to several hormones  Intracellular receptors  Located inside the target Hormone cells  Lipid-soluble hormones Receptor  Extracellular receptors  Located on the extracellular s surface of the target cell plasma membrane  Catecholamines, peptide hormones and eicosanoids (water-soluble)  Intracellular Receptors Steroid hormones:  Diffuse through cell membrane  Bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus  Hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA  Activates specific genes  Alters the rate of protein synthesis  Change in protein synthesis will alter the metabolic activity and structure of the target cell  Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 669 Intracellular Hormone Receptors  Extracellular Hormone Receptors Proteins and Biogenic amines:  Polar molecules  Need receptors  Hormone is the first messenger  Binds to receptor on the plasma membrane  Activated G protein (intermediary)  Can either activate or inhibit one of two plasma membrane enzymes  Adenylate cyclase  Phospholipase C  Activities of Second Messengers IF 2nd messengers (key cytoplasmic enzymes) are ACTIVATED:  Metabolic activity of the cell increases  Ion channels open IF 2nd messengers (key cytoplasmic enzymes) remain INACTIVATED:  Metabolic activity of the cell plateaus or decreases  Ion channels remain closed Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 670 Extracellular Hormone Receptors  Target cell responses:  Enzymes can be activated or inhibited  Growth can be stimulated How do (cell division)  Cellular secretions can be Target released  Membrane permeability can Cells be changed  Muscles can be contracted or Respond relaxed The degree of response on a target cell depends on: ?  Number of receptors on the plasma membrane  Kinds of hormones that the target cell binds  How to disarm free roaming hormones?  Hormone diffuses out of blood into a tissue and binds to Inactivatio receptors on target cells n of  Hormone is absorbed and broken down by kidneys or liver Hormones  Hormone is broken down in blood or interstitial fluid by enzymes  Control of Hormonal Secretion 3 reflexive mechanisms that control hormone secretion:  Hormonal stimulation  Arrival or removal of a hormone causes release of another hormone  E.g. thyroid hormone  Humoral stimulation  Change in levels of nutrient or ion stimulates hormone release  E.g. Ca++, glucose  Nervous system stimulation  Arrival of NT at a neuroglandular junction  Control of Hormonal Secretion Hormonal secretion generally controlled by negative feedback via the hypothalamus:  Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin and stores them in posterior pituitary  Releases regulatory hormones to control the anterior pituitary  Contains autonomic centers to control the sympathetic output to the adrenal medullae Negative Feedbac k Control of Hormone Secretio n Anatomy & Physiology 2e by OpenStax ©2023 Rice University, p. 672  Resources Betts, J.G., Young, K.A., Wise, J.A., Johnson, E., Poe, B., Kruse, D.H., Korol, O., Johnson, J.E., Womble, M., and DeSaix, P. (2022) Anatomy and Physiology, 2e. Free Anatomy and Physiology 2e T extbook for Download - OpenStax [CC BY 4.0] Encyclopædia Britannica ImageQuest. https://quest.eb.com Stock photos from Powerpoint ©PowerPoint The End ©PowerPoint