BIOL 1020 Exam 1 Study Guide Fall 2024 PDF

BIOL 1020: Organisms, Adaptations, and Environments Lecture Fall 2024 STUDY GUIDE for EXAM 1 The test will comprise a variety of formats like Modified true or false questions, multiple choice, analogy, and essay qu...

BIOL 1020: Organisms, Adaptations, and Environments Lecture Fall 2024 STUDY GUIDE for EXAM 1 The test will comprise a variety of formats like Modified true or false questions, multiple choice, analogy, and essay questions. Study all diagrams/photos/graphs in your notes. Coverage will be as follows: o Scientific Method o Ecology o Population Ecology o Ecosystem and Restoration Ecology Scientific Method Experimental Design: o Make sure you look over these notes – some students missed these questions on the quiz. The testable question includes the independent and dependent variable. Independent is what is changed and dependent is what is measured. The control group is the “normal” situation. The null hypothesis always says that something will have NO effect. The alternate says that there WILL BE an effect. Steps of Scientific Method Null VS Alternative Hypothesis Ecology Know the vocab: population and so on, biotic/abiotic factors Know the four criteria for climate Know global climate patterns: Rising air vs. falling air Light intensity at various latitudes (most intense at equator, etc.) Temp. of ocean water going from/to the equator Effect of large bodies of water Different weather on two sides of mountains Effect of forests on temperature and precipitation In an area – read the slides and study the two-sides of forest/deforested diagram – understand this – evapotranspiration – evaporating water from leaves of trees cools the area, just like sweat evaporating cools you. Water that evaporates  condenses as it cools (turns back into liquid water) then falls as rain. Deforestation disrupts the water cycle in that area. Two main causes of climate change What are greenhouse gases? Examples of greenhouse gases? What is effect of climate change on organisms? Changing ranges – why is this a problem? Population Ecology What is population ecology? What two things increase pop. size, what two things decrease it? What is population density? What is dispersion? Know the patterns of dispersion – know the pictures and why organisms are dispersed that way What is demography? What is a life table? Need to know number of survivors in each year and number of offspring females produce What is a survivorship curve (note that this is different from a population GROWTH curve) Know the three types of survivorship curves, what it means, examples of each, recognize the types on a graph Know exponential growth (growth at a steady rate) vs. logistic growth: what do graphs look like (j curve vs. s curve)? How are they different? Sustainable vs. not, examples of each? I will not ask you to calculate population growth formulas. What is carrying capacity? Human population growth – understand this over time (see videos), uneven distribution of resources, uneven human growth, what factor/s affect number of offspring a woman has? Where is human population increasing the most? Population pyramids – know what the pyramids mean (increasing/stable/decreasing pops.) What is an ecological footprint? What are some factors that affect one’s ecological footprint? Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology What is population ecology? Energy flows, chemicals cycle – understand what that means. Know autotroph, heterotroph, producers, consumers Know photoautotrophs (produce chemical energy using sunlight) Chemoautotrophs (produce chemical energy using chemicals such as sulfur – bacteria at deep sea vents, for example) Know laws of thermodynamics, matter, what that means Know all the players in a food chain/food web, remember decomposers (bacteria, fungi) Remember that when drawing a food chain/web, the arrow goes to the mouth that is eating Energy  flow is inefficient, only 10% of energy flows up to the next level in a food chain, the rest is lost as heat What is primary productivity? What are GPP, NPP, NEP? I will not ask you to calculate any of this but you should understand what they are. What is a limiting nutrient? What is eutrophication? What is upwelling? What are the most productive ecosystems? What is secondary production? What is an energy pyramid? What are biogeochemical cycles? Know the key points on the biogeochemical cycle. Know where these chemicals are stored (reservoir), know the normal cycle, how people have altered it. Water – effect of deforestation, where is most water, how much is useable fresh water? Carbon – short term storage, long term storage, how we have really changed the normal cycle Nitrogen – I will not ask you specifics of ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, but you should understand that BACTERIA are the key players in taking nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and converting it into useable forms and returning the nitrogen gas to the atmosphere Phosphorus – usually in small supply, comes from weathering of rocks – slow process Know why each of these chemicals is important to living things I will not ask you about specific restoration ecology projects, but you should know what restoration ecology is. Know what biological remediation and biological augmentation are. Let’s make this a good first exam grade! Please arrive on schedule to have enough time in answering the test. Please bring a permanent black ink pen.