Biodiversity Unit 2.docx

***BIODIVERSITY*** ***The Diversity of Life*** **Core Concepts** ·Evolution has led to an explosion of life on Earth. ·Nomenclature system is necessary to classify/label organisms. ·Three main lines of evolution were established early on: o Domain Bacteria-Prokaryote o Domain Archaea-Prokaryo...

***BIODIVERSITY*** ***The Diversity of Life*** **Core Concepts** ·Evolution has led to an explosion of life on Earth. ·Nomenclature system is necessary to classify/label organisms. ·Three main lines of evolution were established early on: o Domain Bacteria-Prokaryote o Domain Archaea-Prokaryote o Domain Eukarya-Eukaryote ***BIODIVERSITY*** ***The Diversity of Life*** I. **How** **Life** [ ***Might***] **have** **arisen!** *We will likely never know how life arose on Earth,primarily because we cannot turn back the clock to the actual events. Scientist speculate* *the Universe began around 13-14 billion years ago via the Big Bang Theory.Subsequently, around 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth was formed. Fossil evidence* *suggests life started about 3.5 billion years ago. But, again, how did life get started?* **B.Miller-Urey experiment** **E. Unresolved Problems** **II.The Earliest Cells** **B.** Autotrophs-Organisms *producing their own food.* **a. Cyanobacteria** **i.Laurasia** **&** **Gondwana** **2.Cretaceous Extinction** **a.Asteroid Impact?** **A. Taxonomy-The** *science ofnaming and classifying species.* **1. Genus & species:** ***Homo sapiens* or [Homo sapiens]** **(K)ingdom** **(P)hylum** **(C)lass** **(O)rder** (F)amily (G)enus (S)pecies **VI.DOMAIN EUKARYA** **A.Origins** Mitochondrion Nonphotosynthetic **eukaryote** **Photosynthetic eukaryote** **1.Meiotic types:** **C.KINGDOM ARCHAEZOA** **1.Lack Mitochondria but Nuclei present** Genvs **D.KINGDOM PROTISTA** **1.Diverse group,** **Polyphyletic?** **2. Classification based** **on ecological role** **a.** Consumer-Heterotroph **b.Producers**ers-Autotroph **c.** or *Both-Mixotroph* 3.Heterotrophic Protists a\. Fungus-like "Water Molds" i.Phylum Chytridiomycota ii.Phylum Oomycota **"Slime Molds"** **iii.Phylum Myxomycota** **"Plasmodial** Fungus **Slime Molds\"like** **"One huge cell** **with many nuclei\"** **Plasmodium-** *Multinucleated, main stage.* **iv.Phylum Acrasiomycota"Cellular Slime Molds"** **"Aggregate of Cells"** \"Faké **-Sporangium** *-Spore-producing structure.* \"Animal-Like Protista\" **- Pseudopods** - *\"false feet"* **-Shells in some** **(Calcium & Silica)** **a.Amoebae** c\. Radiolarians-Secrete *siliceous shell* →To have **vi.Phylum Ciliophora** **-Ciliated** **-Specialized Organelles-Some** *of the most complex, single cells* **-Macro-** **&** *Micronuclei-Partitioned nuclear functions* Genvs (must know name) *Paramecium* constantly takes in water by osmosis from its hypotonic environment.Bladderlike contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through the plasma membrane. **vii.Phylum Mastigophora** **"Zooflagellates"- mostly parasites or commensals** A Genus ·Poluphylehic ·Animal like **viii. Phylum Apicomplexa** **-Parasitic, Non-motile adults** **a. *Plasmodium*** **&** **Malaria-** *May be responsible for more human deaths than any* efficent *blood. Specific stages of the life cycle are described below:other single disease in our history. Mosquitos transmit them when feeding on host* **-** **Cryptozoite-In** *the blood, many aggregate in the liver temporarily in this stage.* **-Gametocyte-Some** *merozoites function as gametes for sexual reproduction.* **4.Autotrophic/Heterotrophic Protists** **"Plant/Animal-Like"** **a.Phylum Euglenophyta** **i.Chlorophyll A** & B **iii.Lack cell wall** **iv.Stigma** (eyespot)-Used *to find light for photosynthesis.* ***v.Euglena→Nced*** ra Know Gienus **b.Phylum Pyrrophyta -"Dinoflagellates\"** ;spispinning Flagellares **i.Chlorophyll A &** C, **plus other pigments** **ii.Two flagella** **iii.Cellulose cell wall** ·Very Deadly °Symbictic w1 **vii.Bioluminescence-Biological** *production of light.* Corals 5.Autotrophic Protists "Plant-Like" a.Phylum Chrysophyta -Only2: Giolden-Brouh Diatoms i.Golden-Brown Algae -Chlorophyll A & C plus other pigments \- Cell wall (if present) cellulose or pectin \- Chlorophyll A & C plus other pigments \- Cell walls silica or pectin b.Phylum Rhodophyta "Red Algae"-Re-Reflects red \- Chlorophyll A & D and deep-water **pigments** -Coralline algae/calcareous -Extracts Carageenan & Agar **c.Phylum Phaeophyta** **"Brown Algae"** -Chlorophyll A&C **plus** other pigments \- holdfast,stipe, frond,vessel cells d.Phylum Chlorophyta \- Kelps & *Sargassum* "Green Algae" \- Alginic acid extract -Chlorophyll A & B G used for - Diverse assemblage, marine Sushi-wrap & freshwater \- Likely link to higher plants *-Volvox* *- Codium*