Biochemistry Review (Semi-Final) PDF

BIOCHEMISTRY DOMINGO, PRECIOUS I BSN - 1K NUCLEIC ACIDS AND > Chromosome 1 is the longest PROTEIN SYNTHESIS > Chromosome 22 is the smallest > Chromosome 23 is the sex DNA, CHROMOSOMES, AND GENES...

BIOCHEMISTRY DOMINGO, PRECIOUS I BSN - 1K NUCLEIC ACIDS AND > Chromosome 1 is the longest PROTEIN SYNTHESIS > Chromosome 22 is the smallest > Chromosome 23 is the sex DNA, CHROMOSOMES, AND GENES hormones > Chromosomes 1-22 controls CHROMOSOME your body traits > Trisomy21 is also known as the - “colored body” Down Syndrome - carrier of genetic information - “Chromo” = ordered > XX - female - “Somo” = body > XY - male CHROMATIN COMPOSITION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS - orderly tangled DNA - cell is not actively dividing PROTEINS are polypeptides - nucleus is occupied by chromatin CARBOHYDRATES are polysaccharides NUCLEIC ACID are CHROMOSOME polynucleotides - visible only during cell division - during cell division, chromatin becomes more compact and Three parts of NUCLEOTIDES organizes itself into chromosomes 1. Five-membered cyclic monosaccharide HISTONES 2. Nitrogen-containing cyclic - organizing proteins where DNA compound known as strand is twisted (isang protein kung nitrogenous base saan umiikot ang DNA) 3. Phosphate group TELOMERE TWO CLASSES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS - dulo ng DNA 1. RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) GENE - single strand - control a specific inheritable trait - ribose is the sugar - made up of DNA and it makes who - oxygen presence we are 2. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID - double strand  - Deoxyribose is the sugar DNA - One oxygen is missing - A and T - C and G PURINE - they have two rings and the two RNA purine are the adenine and guanine - A and U - C and G SUGAR + BASE = NUCLEOSIDE PYRIMIDINE - single rings (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) SUGAR + PHOSPHATE = NUCLEOTIDE P < nucleotide S PAIRING OF DNA and RNA Nucleoside > Base 2  CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BASE PAIRING IN DNA: THE WATSON - CRICK MODEL 1. DNA replication 2. TRANSCRIPTION (DNA to RNA) - happened nucleus 3. TRANSLATION (RNA to PROTEIN) - happened in Cytoplasm, specifically in Ribose 4. PROTEIN - ribosome > DNA is semiconservative (one original and one newly synthesized s REPLICATION OF DNA REPLICATION - process by which copies of DNA are made when the cell divides - DNA is semiconservative, it means half old and half new 3  5. DNA POLYMERASE III (or DNA POL3) - extends the RNA primers until the 3’ end of an OZAKI FRAGMENT reaches 5’ - pairing new nucleotide to the old strand - making of new strand We have 2 strands, which are the 6 ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA LAGGING and the LEADING REPLICATION LAGGING - paputol-putol 1. TOPOISOMERASE (dagdag na enzyme so LEADING - continuously we will start sa number 2) OZAKI FRAGMENT - gap/fragment - unwind the DNA - twisted then uunatin n’ya 6. DNA POLYMERASE I - removes RNA primers and replaces it with DNA 2. HELICASE - divide or separate the DNA into two 7. DNA LIGASE strands - Joins the 5’ phosphate of one DNA molecule 3. SINGLE - STRAND BINDING (SSB) - The okazaki fragment will be - proteins bind to the separated connected by DNA LIGASE strands to keep them apart - stabilize the 2 strands making sure na hindi magdidikit yung 2 strands KINDS OF RNA 4. RNA PRIMASE - will put RNA Primer RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) - short RNA strands start, or prime, - complexed with proteins in DNA synthesis ribosomes - (can only provide a nucleotide if there is already RNA Primer, and ang MESSENGER RNAs (mRNA) nagpo-produce lang no’n ay si RNA - carries code transcribed Primase) from DNA and directs 4  protein synthesis HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RNA (hnRNA) TRANSFER RNA (tRNA) - the initially synthesized - transports amino acids into position mRNA strand containing for protein synthesis both introns and exons HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RNA > INTRONS (hnRNA) - a nucleotide sequence in mRNA that does - is RNA formed directly by DNA not code for part of a protein transcription. Post - transcription - removed before mRNA proceeds to processing converts the protein synthesis. heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA. > EXON - a nucleotide sequence in a gene that SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (snRNA) codes for part of a protein - RNA that facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear. RNA to > SPLICING messenger RNA. - contains from 100 to 200 - process of removing introns from the nucleotides. hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule. TRANSCRIPTION: RNA SYNTHESIS GENETIC CODE - sequence of nucleotides, TEMPLATE STRAND coded in triplets (codons) in - DNA strand that is transcribed mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in INFORMATIONAL STRAND protein synthesis - the complement of the template strand in the original helix 5 TRANSLATION: TRANSFER RNA ELONGATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS RIBOSOME - protein synthesis occurs - composed of protein and rRNA ANTICODON - sequence of three ribonucleotides on tRNA that recognizes the complementary sequence (the codon) on mRNA STEPS OF TRANSLATION INITIATION 6  TERMINATION - Biuret protein assay is a simple, sensitive, and reproducible method for quantifying protein concentration. It is widely used in biochemical and biological research to determine the protein concentration in a sample. The assay can be performed on a wide range of protein samples, including purified proteins, cell lysates, and body fluids. The results obtained from the biuret protein assay can be used to BIURET TEST perform various biochemical and biological studies, - Biuret protein assay is based on the including enzyme kinetics, principle that copper ions (Cu2+) protein-protein interactions, react with peptide bonds in proteins, and protein expression studies. forming a complex that absorbs light at a specific wavelength. The biuret Materials: reagent used in the assay contains - 6 Test Tubes copper ions that react with the - 1 Test Tube Rack peptide bonds in the protein to form - 2 Test Tube Holders a purple-colored complex. The - 2 250mL Beaker intensity of the purple color is - 1 10 ml Graduate Pipet directly proportional to the protein - 1 Pipet Bulb concentration in the sample. Thus, - 1 Dropper the amount of protein can be - 1 Hotplate quantified by measuring the - 10% NaOH Solution absorbance of the sample at a specific - 5% Copper Sulfate Sol’n wavelength. 7  EXTRACTING DNA FROM BANANA Researchers separate the DNA gently from unwanted substances in the cells so the DNA is not broken up or sheared. The procedure that you are to perform is the modified version of the Marmur preparation used worldwide in biotechnology laboratory. The soap solution contains sodium laurel sulfate, which can break up fats and proteins. During the DNA extraction, the soap pulls apart the fats (lipids) and proteins that make up the membranes surrounding the cell and nucleus. Once these membranes are broken apart, the DNA is released from the cell. The salt enables the DNA strands to come together, or aggregate. The DNA precipitates out of the solution when the alcohol is added. The alcohol separates the DNA from the other cell components, which are left behind in the water solution. Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix. 8