BIO153 Lecture 1 - Introduction To Biodiversity PDF

Lecture 1 Introduction to Biodiversity BIO153 Diversity of Organisms Instructor: Ichiro Inamoto University of Toronto Mississauga 1 Biodiversity Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) Hypothesis LUCA existed about 4 billion y...

Lecture 1 Introduction to Biodiversity BIO153 Diversity of Organisms Instructor: Ichiro Inamoto University of Toronto Mississauga 1 Biodiversity Last universal common ancestor (LUCA) Hypothesis LUCA existed about 4 billion years ago LUCA is the last common ancestor of all cellular life which exist on Earth today After billions of years of evolution, LUCA diverged into the different forms of life through natural selection What we see today is the result of evolution up until now We rarely get to observe samples in the past, during the process of evolving (fossils, etc.) 2 Figure 26.19 Biodiversity Figure 1.13 3 Figure 26.19 Biodiversity A lot of uncertainty still exist while categorizing organisms into similar groups Horizontal Gene Transfer It's possible for genetic material to get transferred between two different species The branches of the 'Tree of life' may be interconnected Figure 26.21, modified 4  Image credits at end of slides Biodiversity Organisms adapted to various habitats on Earth via evolution No single, correct answer for any habitat 5 Biodiversity in everyday life Huge diversity within the same type of survival mechanism Biodiversity is commonly observed; these photos of flowering plants were all taken at UTM Some are wild-species Some are planted by humans 6 Biodiversity in everyday life Huge diversity within the same type of survival mechanism Biodiversity is commonly observed; these photos of flowering plants were all taken at UTM Some are wild-species Some are planted by humans 7  Image credits at end of slides Why study the diversity of life? Humans are inherently interested in our environment Humans are inherently interested in ourselves 16,000-year-old cave art in France 8 Why study the diversity of life? Humans are also animals We learn about ourselves through studying other organisms We learn about Earth through studying life Taxa classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae Tribe Hominini Genus Homo Human Species Homo sapiens classification 9 Figure 34.45, modified  Image credits at end of slides We study diversity and name/classify organisms Taxonomy: study organisms, name them, and put them into similar groups Phylogeny: deduce evolutionary relationship between organisms put similar groups Naming is important for us to communicate unambiguously Cougar, …also known as panther, mountain lion, catamount, puma Binomial name (i.e., species): Puma concolor 10  Image credits at end of slides Conservation ecology Organisms are constantly interacting with the environment and one another Cannot intervene with the system without knowing these interactions Predator and prey Change in population sizes of predator and prey are known to synchronize Earliest example Snowshoe hare (prey) and Canada lynx Canada lynx Snowshoe hare (predator) 11 Conservation ecology Organisms are constantly interacting with the environment and one another Cannot intervene with the system without knowing these interactions Predator and prey Change in population sizes of predator and prey are known to synchronize Earliest example Snowshoe hare (prey) and Canada lynx (predator) Figure 53.19 12 Conservation ecology Woodland Caribou Commercial foresting: logging, building roads, pipelines, etc. Foresting in Ontario and Quebec fragments ‘old’ https://www.hww.ca/en/wildlife/mammals/caribou.html by Jonathan Anstey forests Woodland Caribous can not sustain population when the old forest is too disrupted 13  Conservation ecology Map of Caribou range superimposed to foresting area old forest, untouched by forests needed more information about caribou, there can be a relationship between caribou and old forest Scientists cannot study the effect of foresting to Caribou sustainability without this data Keep in mind, there are many more organisms in the area, interacting with one another Mackey et. al. (2024) Land, 13, 6 14  Image credits at end of slides Human health Some organisms thrive by parasitizing on their host, many infect humans Need to know what they are to effectively combat them Mycobacterium Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) tuberculosis Causative agent of AIDS bacteria causative agent VIRUS; carbon based, organic, able of replicating itself of tuberculosis these bacteria treatment: ioslation, antibiotics Monkeypox virus Causative agent of Staphylococcus aureus Mpox bacteria causing epidemic, color is artifical, shape is real causative agent of various skin and respiratory infections bacteria, round shape, pneuium, respiratory, causes skin conditions, can become resistance to antibiotics MRSA 15  Epidemics and Pandemics It is natural for a population to be affected by various health detriments (such as diseases) Sometimes, an unusually high cases of a particular disease is reported Epidemic: significant rise in occurrence of a disease, above the rate which is normally expected in a local population Pandemic: Global epidemic, usually on more than one continent - graph - steady level of disease in population, normal for population have to infection will have a steady level of infections, sometimes you see a high spike , trigger(defining features of epidemic, rate is much higher), becomes larger scale - affecting mutiple countries - WHO anncounces - moneypox difference - magntitute of countries being affected 16  SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020s were caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 COVID-19 is the symptom caused by the virus Corona Virus Disease 2019 Modified from Valencia (2020) Cureus 12:e7286; doi:10.7759/cureus.7386 - you get sick, sneezing, lost of smell - feature of COVID Spike protein sticks out of the envelope actual name is SARS - CoV - 2 making the virus look like a 'sun' (corona) 17 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is not the first coronavirus which humans had to deal with Seven different human-host coronavirus are known to date including SARS-CoV-2 Four are not as problematic (causes ~15% of the common cold) and have been recognized as early as Modified from Valencia (2020) Cureus 12:e7286; doi:10.7759/cureus.7386 1960’s Spike protein sticks out of the envelope making the virus look like a 'sun' (corona) 18  other three are problematic SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV SARS-CoV-1 - first version 1 Countries with confirmed deaths Countries with confirmed infections Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 causative agent of 2002 – 2004 SARS epidemic Countries without confirmed cases about 8000 documented cases (0.08 million) across 29 countries 10% fatality rate MERS-CoV - second outbreak Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus first reported in 2012, and have caused multiple outbreaks since then about 2500 cases (0.025 million) documented until July 2022 accross ~30 countries Countries affected by 2002 SARS epidemic up to 35% fatality late - very high chance --- term test - don't focus on smaller details Maximilian Dörrbecker, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 19 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SARS_map.svg  SARS-CoV-2 Causative agent of COVID-19 about 612 million cases as of September 2022, globally 6.5 million deaths, about 1 % fatality rate - not that high fatality rate -- comapred to Sars CoV -1 -- magntitute differs what to consider epidemic and pandemic (difference is high) tremendous damage to human society March 2020 – February 2022 State of emergency in Ontario December 2019 March 11, 2020 First reports of WHO announces April 2021 COVID-19 cases COVID-19 pandemic Phase 2 of Vaccine rollout in Ontario 2020 2021 2022 December 2020 May 2021 Early 2022 Health Canada approves 50 percent of Over 80 percent of Pfizer–BioNTech and Ontarians received Ontarians received Moderna mRNA vaccines first dose first dose 20 COVID-19 pandemic SARS-CoV-2 was not the first coronavirus which humans had to deal with Prior to COVID-19, we already have: 1. Recognized, identified and studied multiple coronaviruses 2. Encountered epidemic(s) caused by more deadlier versions of coronavirus 3. Experience combatting this infection 4. …in addition to knowledge on other viruses, vaccination, epidemiology, etc. This was a ‘new’ Coronavirus but not an ‘infectious agent completely unknown in human history’ corna virus is the first virus in human history ,we have experienced since we have dealt with SARS - COV - 2 why we classify - human health - why does SARA - COV 1 less efficient at spreading - capacity to persistant 21 BIO153 Week 1 To-do Review Syllabus and Quercus info Lecture 1 and 2, Tuesday and Thursday You need to attend your own lecture section Tutorial on Friday (Week 1: more detailed introduction to BIO153 structure) two sessions, noon – 1 PM and 2 – 3 PM You can attend either section, but space may be limited No Labs this week Labs start next week (Week 2, Pre-lab quiz + Lab Worksheet) Lab materials posted on Quercus mid-this week, review in advance 22 Image Credits Brown Kelp and Fish Slime mold Stef Maruch CC BY-SA 2.0 Alexis Tinker-Tsavalas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_a CC BY 4.0 lgae#/media/File:Kelp-forest- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comatricha_nigra#/media/File: Monterey.jpg Comatricha_nigra_176600092.jpg Anemone and Seastar Fungus Aquaimages CC BY-SA 2.5 Onderwijsgek https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anemone_and_seastar_in_ke CC BY-SA 3.0 nl lp_forest.jpg#/media/File:Anemone_and_seastar_in_kelp_fores https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_muscaria#/media/File:Amanita_muscaria_ t.jpg 3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg Fern Paramecium Barfooz CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium#/media/F ile:Paramecium.jpg Diatoms Prof. Gordon T. Taylor, Stony Brook University Public domain Rror https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom#/media CC BY-SA 3.0 23 /File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern#/media/File:Equisetopsida.jpg Image Credits Grizzly bear and tuna Vagrant darter dragonfly Darkone CC BY-SA 2.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#/media/Fil e:Gemeine_Heidelibelle_(Sympetrum_vulgatu Dmitry Azovtsev, http://www.daphoto.info m)_4_(cropped).jpg CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bear#/med ia/File:Grizzly_Bear_Fishing_Brooks_Falls.jpg Pillbug Puffin Franco Folini CC BY 2.5 Charles J. Sharp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#/me CC BY-SA 4.0 dia/File:Armadillidium_vulgare_001.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_puffin#/m edia/File:Puffin_(Fratercula_arctica).jpg Leaf green tree frog Elephant Mister-E Froggydarb CC BY 2.0 CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian#/media/Fi /media/File:Angry_elephant_ears.jpg le:Litoria_phyllochroa.JPG 24 Image Credits EU Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity#/media/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg 25 Image Credits Cougar National Park Service Public Domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar#/media/File:Mountain_Lion_in_Glacier_National_Park.jpg Canada lynx Snowshoe hare Michael Zahra D. Gordon E. Robertson CC BY-SA 3.0 CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_lynx#/media/File: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_hare#/ Canada_lynx_by_Michael_Zahra_(cropped).jpg media/File:Snowshoe_Hare,_Shirleys_Bay.jpg 26 Image Credits Mycobacterium HIV virus tuberculosis Edwin P. Ewing Public Domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism#/media/File:HIV- Janice Carr, CDC 1_Transmission_electron_micrograph_AIDS02bbb_lores.jpg Public Domain https://no.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_8438_lores.jpg Staphylococcus monkeypox virus aureus Janice Carr, CDC Public Domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_VISA_2.jpg National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases CC BY 2.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeypox_virus#/media/File:Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph _of_monkeypox_virus_particles_(green).jpg 27