BIO10004 Heart & Cardiovascular System PDF

BIO10004 - Anatomy and Physiology Heart & Cardiovascular System Dr. Greg Davis  Copyright Notice This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Swinburne University of Technology in accordance with Section 113P of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). T...

BIO10004 - Anatomy and Physiology Heart & Cardiovascular System Dr. Greg Davis  Copyright Notice This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Swinburne University of Technology in accordance with Section 113P of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Learning objectives and reading At the end of this lecture you should be able to: Describe the anatomical location and the main morphological features of the heart Understand the functions of the heart Identify the main structures of the heart and cardiac chambers Understand the layers of the pericardium and the heart Describe the conducting system Identify the coronary circulation and understand the functional significance as a result of coronary artery occlusion (e.g. coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction) Reading guide (textbook): Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Martini et al., Eleventh Edition, Chapters 20 and 21  Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity Located in the mediastinum, posterior to the sternum Sternum Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 2020; 11th Edition  Location of the Heart Heart in pericardial sac Within the pericardial sac, surrounded by pericardium: Fibrouserous membrane Covers the heart and the great vessel roots Diaphragm (central tendon) Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Atlas of Anatomy, 2009, ISBN 9780781785051, Plates 4-18, Chapter 4  Layers of Pericardium Serous pericardium Pericardium: Fibrouserous membrane Fibrous 2 layers pericardium Pericardial cavity: Heart a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium contains a small amount of fluid, providing a frictionless environment Pericardial cavity Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 2020; 11th Edition Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Williams and Wilkins; 2013. ISBN 9781451119459. Chapter 1, Figure 1.43  Layers of the Heart Endocardium (the outer thin layer, comprised of fat and connective tissues) Serous pericardium Myocardium Cardiac muscle) Fibrous pericardium Epicardium (Serous pericardium) Pericardial cavity Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Williams and Wilkins; 2013. ISBN 9781451119459. Chapter 1, Figure 1.43  Shape of the Heart A conical shape organ Apex mostly formed by L ventricle (note surface anatomy) Base: the posterior aspect of heart 4 chambers: Atria + Ventricles Eizenberg N, Briggs C, Barker P, Grkovic I. An@tomedia: Thorax module-21A2. Melbourne An@tomedia Publishing, 2001, ISBN: 064407317 Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Williams and Wilkins; 2013. ISBN 9781451119459. Chapter 1, Figure 1.67  Surface Anatomy of the Heart Right atrium Right border of heart Left ventricle Left border of heart Apex of Inferior border of heart heart Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Williams and Wilkins; 2013. ISBN 9781451119459. Chapter 1, Figure 1.52  Surface anatomy of the heart (anterior view) Sulcus (groove) Atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus Interventricular sulcus Coronary sulcus Anterior interventricular sulcus Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins; 1985. ISBN 0683061321. Ch.1 Page 60  Surface anatomy of the heart (posterior view/base) Coronary sulcus Right atrium Left ventricle Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins; 1985. ISBN 0683061321. Ch.1 Page 61  Overview of Cardiac Chambers A four-chambered heart Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Atria are thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the veins. Ventricles are thick-walled chambers that forcefully pump blood out of the heart. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 2020; 11th Edition  Function of the Heart A muscular organ. Pumps blood through the of arteries and veins. This blood sends oxygen and nutrients to all parts of your body, and carries away unwanted carbon dioxide to lung and waste products to the kidneys. The right chambers receives deoxygenated blood (low in oxygen) from the body. It pumps this blood to the lungs for gas exchange, the oxygenated blood (high in oxygen) return to the left chambers ready to be pumped to the body. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 2020; 11th Edition  Structure of the Heart - Right Atrium Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Inferior vena cava (IVC) Right atrioventricular orifice (Tricuspid valve) Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1-929007-15-9, Plate #208A  Structure of the Heart - Right Ventricle Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary valve Right atrium Right atrioventricular orifice (Tricuspid valve) Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1-929007-15-9, Plate #208B Structure of the Heart - Left Ventricle Aorta Mitral valve Thickest myocardium Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1-929007-15-9, Plate #209A and B Structure of the Heart - Left Atrium Left Atrium Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1-929007-15-9, Plate #209A and B Auscultation of Heart Sounds Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Williams and Wilkins; 2013. ISBN 9781451119459. Chapter 1, Figure 1.76  Conduction System of the Heart Left bundle branch Sinuatrial (SA) node Right bundle branch (intrinsic pacemaker) ~70 beats/min Atrioventricular (AV) node AV bundle (bundle of his) Purkinje Fibres Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1-929007-15-9, Plate #213A Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) ECG: Records the electrical activity of the heart Reliable identification of underlying cardiac rhythm Diagnosis of cardiac conditions that produce characteristic abnormalities on an ECG Please revise the following topics in your practical sessions ECG Blood pressure Cardiac output Moore K L. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Williams and Wilkins; 2013. ISBN 9781451119459. Chapter 1, Figure B-1.329  Arterial Supply to the Heart Left Right coronary coronary artery artery Coronary arteries: Two main branches Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Supply atria (including SA and AV nodes) and ventricles Eizenberg N, Briggs C, Barker P, Grkovic I. An@tomedia: Thorax module-21A2. Melbourne An@tomedia Publishing, 2001, ISBN: 064407317  Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries Prevent oxygen reaching cardiac muscle Reduced circulatory supply Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 2020; 11th Edition  Coronary Arteries are functional end arteries Anastomosis: Fusion of two arteries or arterioles End arteries: Do not link with other arteries Anatomical end artery (e.g. central retinal artery) Functional end artery (e.g. coronary artery) Eizenberg N, Briggs C, Barker P, Grkovic I. An@tomedia: Thorax module-21A2. Melbourne An@tomedia Publishing, 2001, ISBN: 064407317 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 2020; 11th Edition Summary Atria receive blood from veins Ventricles pump blood out of the heart Valves control blood flow via opening and closing APE To Man = Auscultation of heart sounds Conduction of the heart allows the "pump" to move blood from the heart Conduction moves from the SA node through to the AV node Coronary artery disease prevents oxygen from reaching cardiac muscle