Bio-molecules PowerPoint PDF

Bio-molecules  ORGANIC CHEMISTRY “ORGANIC” = CARBON COMPOUND FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISMS Often used in non-science language to mean ‘natural’ (no preservatives, no hormones, no pesticides, etc.) 1. PROTEINS = STRUCTURE 2. LIPIDS = STORED ENERGY 3. CARBOHYDRATES = READY...

Bio-molecules  ORGANIC CHEMISTRY “ORGANIC” = CARBON COMPOUND FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISMS Often used in non-science language to mean ‘natural’ (no preservatives, no hormones, no pesticides, etc.) 1. PROTEINS = STRUCTURE 2. LIPIDS = STORED ENERGY 3. CARBOHYDRATES = READY ENERGY 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS = GENETIC INFORMATION  Carbon Molecules Carbon is in group four on the periodic table It needs four electrons to fill its outer electron level and thus it makes four covalent bonds (the most possible bonds) Carbon is so essential that carbon molecules have a special name (organic)  Definitions Dehydration synthesis: Process of making a larger molecule by removing water from 2 or more smaller molecules and joining them together. Hydrolysis: split molecule into smaller molecules by adding water ATP: ENERGY Carbohydrates  CARBOHYDRATES Made of carbon and water Function = Ready energy Simple Carbohydrates (sugar) … Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Example: Glucose C6H12O6 Complex Carbs … Polysaccharides: starches (breads, pasta, potatoes, etc)  Complex vs. Simple Carbohydrates Lipids (aka “fats”)  LIPIDS Function = STORED ENERGY, (also helps in insulation) Made of: 1 GLYCEROL bonded to 3 FATTY ACIDS EXAMPLES: FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES), phospholipids, waxes, steroids Is Fat Good or Bad for You?  Is Fat Good or Bad for You? Answer: Homeostasis  Types of Lipids Saturated – Full of Hydrogen; Only single bonds between Carbon atoms, larger molecule, solid at room temperature … can get “stuck” in arteries – Example: Animal fats Unsaturated: Not maximum amount of bonds with Hydrogen; normally liquid at room temp. – Examples: Vegetable oils, Cis, Trans, Omega-3 Better does not necessarily mean good  Examples of Foods High in Fat Fried food, butter, margarine, oils, gravy, cream cheese, oil-based salad dressing, mayonnaise, potato crisps, olives, fried doughnuts, burgers, hotdogs, and many preserved snacks Proteins  PROTEINS USED TO BUILD STRUCTURES MADE OF AMINO ACIDS CHAINS (500-2000) 20 DIFFERENT (unique) AMINO ACIDS Letters are to words like amino acids are to proteins ENZYMES: Proteins that control processes in the body (Etymology Review: What letters do enzyme names end in?)  Protein Examples Lean meat, fish Egg whites Milk Nuts, certain vegetables (although most do not have all 20 amino acids)  Protein Differences Proteins differ from each because of the: ▪ Number (length) of amino acids present ▪ Types of amino acids present ▪ and arrangement (order) of amino acids  Nucleic Acids Blueprints for life / instructions on how to make proteins DNA: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid RNA: Ribo Nucleic Acid  Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides A single nucleotide is made of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen base (A, T(U), G, C)  DNA compared to RNA DNA RNA Deoxyribose Ribose ATGC AUGC Longer Shorter Double Strand(helix) Single Strand Stays in nucleus Different types can travel Watson and Crick (1953)  Nutrition Vitamins and minerals  Shhhh! The Secret of Diets To maintain a healthy weight … Number of calories consumed = number of calories burned (Calorie = unit of measurement for energy) UNLESS – a food item does not fill you and you continue to eat more food and thus consume more calories … see the movie Fed Up and the Time Magazine article on Nutrition