Bio Lab - Organisms PDF

Lab 1: Prokaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea Bifidobacterium lactis: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Actinobacteria, Genus Bifidobacterium -​ Common Name: -​ Yoghurt Bacteria -​ Environment: -​ Found in inte...

Lab 1: Prokaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea Bifidobacterium lactis: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Actinobacteria, Genus Bifidobacterium -​ Common Name: -​ Yoghurt Bacteria -​ Environment: -​ Found in intestinal tract -​ Movement: -​ Sessile -​ Reproduction: -​ Binary fission -​ Adaptations: -​ Thick capsule coats their cell wall to protect them -​ Energy: -​ Heterotrophic -​ Creates energy through extracellular digestion to break down non living material and absorb it - called saprotrophs -​ Unicellular, grows in colonies but not true colonial -​ Prokaryotic -​ Bacillus shape - rod -​ Friends: -​ Lactobacillus bulgaricus: -​ Bacillus shape - rod -​ Smaller than bifidobacterium -​ Streptococcus thermophilus: -​ Coccus shape - spherical (ball and chain) Anabaena: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Bacteria, Phylum Cyanobacteria -​ Common Name: -​ Blue-green Algae -​ Environment: -​ Moist environments / bodies of water -​ Movement: -​ Sessile -​ Reproduction: -​ Asexually through fragmentation -​ Adaptations: -​ Gelatinous sheaths: Helps cells stick together and protects them from predators -​ Heterocysts: Fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere for the cell to use -​ Energy: -​ Autotrophic -​ Uses photosynthesis to produce organic molecules and energy from the sun -​ Friends: -​ Gloeocapsa -​ Spirulina  -​ Oscillatoria -​ Nostoc -​ Fischerella ​ ​ Halobacterium: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Archaea, Kingdom Euryarchaeota, Phylum Euryarchaeota, Genus Halobacterium -​ Common Name: -​ Dead Sea Bacterium -​ Environment: -​ Extremely saline water -​ Movement: -​ Motile, flagella propels it, and gas vesicles allow it to float -​ Reproduction: -​ Binary fission -​ Adaptations: -​ Bacteriorhodopsin: A protein that generates ATP for the cell using the sun's energy to create a proton gradient by pumping protons out of the cell -​ Halorhopsin: Specialized protein that acts as a chloride pump to maintain high salt concentration in the cell to reduce water loss by osmosis -​ Energy: -​ Heterotrophic -​ Acquires nutrients and energy from organic compounds in its environment. Also uses protein bacteriorhodopsin to obtain ATP through a protein gradient -​ Prokaryotic -​ Unicellular -​ Friends: -​ Halococcus  -​ Methanomonas Lab 2: Protists: Amoeba: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Amoebozoa, Genus Amoeba -​ Common Name: -​ Amoeba -​ Environment: -​ Freshwater, like sloughs and lakes -​ Movement: -​ Motile, uses pseudopodia to move -​ Reproduction: -​ Asexual reproduction by doubling its genetic material to create a second nucleus, then splits into 2 cells. This is known as mitosis -​ Adaptations: -​ Contractile vacuole: Transparent and circular organelle that controls water balance in the cell through a process called osmoregulation -​ Once the vacuole fills up, it contracts and discards the water -​ Pseudopodia: Grows around its prey to engulf it and digest it intracellularly through phagocytosis -​ Energy -​ Heterotrophic -​ Energy is obtained through the process of digesting other cells and taking in the  nutrients -​ Eukaryotic -​ Unicellular -​ Animal-like protist -​ Friends: -​ Entamoeba gingivalis -​ Lives in human gum tissue -​ Entamoeba histolytica -​ Parasite -​ Lives in human colon Paramecium: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Ciliophora, Genus Paramecium -​ Common Name: -​ Ciliate / paramecium -​ Environment: -​ Freshwater, like ponds or sloughs -​ Movement: -​ Motile, propels through water using cilia -​ Reproduction: -​ Sexually by lining up with another paramecium to exchange micronuclei through a bridge in cytoplasm -​ Asexually through mitosis -​ Adaptations: -​ Macronucleus: Site of chromosomal duplication resulting in multiple copies of the chromosome -​ Micronucleus: Site of genetic material storage. Allow the cell to create enough enzymes and molecules to control the active cell body -​ Contractile Vacuole: Regulates the amount of water in the cell through osmoregulation -​ Energy -​ Feeds on bacteria and small protists to gain energy and nutrients -​ Eukaryotic -​ Unicellular -​ Animal-like protist -​ Friends: -​ Stentor -​ Large, cone shaped  -​ Euglena -​ Unicellular -​ Animal-like -​ Uses flagella -​ Spirostomum -​ Brown -​ Unicellular -​ Uses cilia Micrasterias: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Charophyta, Genus Micrasterias -​ Common Name: -​ Green Algae -​ Environment: -​ Freshwater, like ponds or sloughs -​ Movement: -​ Motile, uses mucilage secretion to create directional gliding movement -​ Reproduction: -​ Asexually through mitosis where its genetic material is duplicated to create 2 new semi-cells between the original semi-cells -​ Sexually through conjugation, where two organisms combine their haploid cells to  make diploid zygote -​ Adaptations: -​ Mucilage: Secreted from the apex of the semi-cells, responsible for cell movement and also protects the organism from weather like drought and UV radiation -​ Energy -​ Autotrophic -​ Uses chlorophyll a and b to perform photosynthesis in order to create energy for the cell -​ Friends: -​ Protococcus -​ Unicellular -​ Green algae -​ Selemastrum -​ Chlamydomomas -​ Ulothrix -​ Volvox -​ Scenedesmus -​ Ulva -​ Large -​ Multicellular -​ Porphyra (red algae) -​ Used in to wrap sushi Fucus: -​ Classification: -​ Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista, Phylum Phaeophyta, Genus Fucus -​ Common Name: -​ Brown algae, wrack -​ Environment: -​ Rocky marine shorelines -​ Movement: -​ Sessile, stays attached to rocks, only moves when it floats due to air sacks -​ Reproduction: -​ Sexual reproduction, conceptacles produce male and female gametes that later join together to create a zygote -​ Adaptations: -​ Pneumatocysts: Air sacks that help keep the organism afloat during high tide to help perform photosynthesis -​ Holdfasts: Structures that attach to rocks to keep the organism in place against tides and waves -​ Conceptacle: Houses gametes and protects sexual organs from drying out. Also uses tiny hairs to block the opening to protect the gametes -​ Energy -​ Obtains energy through photosynthesis using photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll a, c1, and c2, as well as a pigment called fucoxanthin -​ Friends: -​ Laminaria: -​ Lives in rocky outcrops on sea floor -​ Can grow very larger, several meters -​ Plant-like protist -​ Multicellular -​ Autotroph - photosynthesis -​ Brown algae -​ Diatoms: -​ Tiny, golden brown algae -​ Cell wall made of silica -​ Unicellular -​ Autotroph - photosynthesis -​ Aquatic environment