First Year Comps-Endocrine Review PDF

First Year Comps-Endocrine Review Paracrine vs Exocrine vs Endocrine secretions: Endo: Secretes hormones into bloodstream Exo: Secretes to outside of body……..includes secretions into hollow organs i.e. enzymes, saliva, mucus, bile, tears Paracrine: Acts locally Hypotha...

First Year Comps-Endocrine Review Paracrine vs Exocrine vs Endocrine secretions: Endo: Secretes hormones into bloodstream Exo: Secretes to outside of body……..includes secretions into hollow organs i.e. enzymes, saliva, mucus, bile, tears Paracrine: Acts locally Hypothalamus: Located in brain. Part endocrine part nervous system. Regulates thirst, hunger, body temp, plays role in emotions, master gland of endocrine system. Names of hormones including releasing and inhibiting hormones. I.e. Thyroid releasing hormone Posterior Pituitary Stores hormones and releases them into bloodstream. Does not make hormones. Hypothalamus makes ADH and oxytocin. 1. Anti-Diuretic Hormone: Increases reabsorption of H2O in collecting ducts of nephron (kidneys). ADH released when body fluids are too concentrated 2. Oxytocin: Promotes delivery of fetus by causing uterine contractions, ejection of breast milk, cuddling hormone Anterior Pituitary 1. Follicle stimulating Hormone-Promotes making/maturation of sperm in testes and oocytes in ovaries 2. Luteinizing H-Surges on Day 14 of female reproductive cycle to trigger ovulation 3. Adrenocorticotropic H(ACTH)-Tells adrenal glands to make cortisol 4. Thyroid Stimulating H-Tells thyroid to make thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) 5. Prolactin-Promotes lactation/making of breast milk 6. Growth H……….Most GH is converted to insulin-like growth factor 1 by liver and then many tissues respond to that. Pineal gland Located in diencephalon of brain 1.Melatonin_regulates sleep/wake cycles or circadian rhythm Pancreas Located posterior to stomach. Head of pancreas nestled in curvature of duodenum and tail goes towards spleen Hormones made in Islets of Langerhan  1. Insulin: Lowers blood sugar (i.e. after eating) by promoting cellular utilization of glucose, promotes glycogenesis (making of glycogen), promotes adipose tissue to convert glucose to fat (lipogenesis). Glycogen=stored glucose. Stored in the liver and muscles. Promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis 2. Glucagon: Raises blood sugar during starvation situation. Promotes glycogenolysis(breakdown of glycogen), lipolysis (Breakdown of fat), and gluconeogenesis(Creation of new glucose from non-glucose sources-i.e. converting fat or amino acids into glucose) Thyroid 1. Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4): Regulates metabolic rate-the rate your cells convert food energy into chemical energy that the cell can utilize (ATP). 2. Calcitonin-Promotes uptake of calcium by bone. Lowers blood calcium. (Tones the bones) Parathyroid (4 little glands on posterior side of thyroid) 1. Parathyroid Hormone: Stimulates bone breakdown to raise blood calcium. Adrenal Glands Above kidneys Medulla: 1. epinephrine-Works in conjunction with sympathetic NS. Fight or flight. Cortex: 1. Glucocorticoids i.e. Cortisol-Raises blood sugar as part of a stress response 2. Mineralcorticoids i.e. Aldosterone-causes reabsorption of Na+ in collecting ducts of nephron (done in response to drop in blood volume/blood pressure) 3. Androgens DHEA-can be used to make sex hormones i.e. testosterone Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Cycle: Overall function: Helps increase blood volume/ raise blood pressure Kidneys secrete renin, which converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I, which then goes to the lungs where ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) converts it to Angiotensin 2. Functions of angiotensin 2 are to stimulate secretion of Aldosterone and ADH, cause constriction of arterioles, and to stimulate thirst.