Bio 37 - Epigenetics (1) PDF

Aim: What are teratogens and how do they affect development? Do Now: Brainstorm! Make a list of all the things pregnant women are not allowed to do. Come up with a reason for each one. Assignment #2 3/30/23 Assignment #3 4/20/23 Test #3 4/5/23 Success Criteria: I can name and describe teratogens...

Aim: What are teratogens and how do they affect development? Do Now: Brainstorm! Make a list of all the things pregnant women are not allowed to do. Come up with a reason for each one. Assignment #2 3/30/23 Assignment #3 4/20/23 Test #3 4/5/23 Success Criteria: I can name and describe teratogens that influence development How do you hypothesize Baby Prior’s development will be different from Danielle’s? What skills is the baby developing here? Cortico-laryngeal connection and the cortico-thalamo-basal ganglia pathway, and genes like ROBO1 and FOXP2 have been associated with these networks FOXP2 is extensively expressed in the developing brain and its expression is down-regulated in the adult Syntax must be learned before age 5 Doesn’t matter the language Teratogens: are substances that cause congenital disorders in a developing embryo or fetus. They can also cause miscarriage, stillbirth or complications during birth. 1. Alcohol, cigarettes and recreational drugs Pair/Share: Make a list of differences you notice between these two brains 2. Medications Thalidomide - prescribed extensively for morning sickness Causes mutations in SALL4 transcription factor Thalidomide changes the growth and development of new blood vessels Still used as a treatment for Myeloma and Leprosy https://www.bbc.com/news/ magazine-23418102 Why were there no thalidomide babies in the U.S.? ← Dr. Frances Kelsey - McGill Alumnae She was an FDA reviewer and did not approve the drug for the U.S. market Does Tylenol Cause Autism? Medium Exposure: 2.26x higher ADHD and 2.14x higher ASD High Exposure: 2.86x higher ADHD and 3.62x higher ASD 65% of pregnant women take tylenol Why were the mothers taking tylenol? 3. Infections and viruses Toxoplasmosis Listeria Herpes Syphilis CMV (cytomegalovirus) 4. Toxins Radiation Mercury Lead Aim: What factors affect how we age? Do Now: Pair/Share: Which woman is older? A or B? Why do you think that? Assignment #2 Due 3/30/23 Assignment #3 Due 4/20/23 Exam #3 4/5/23 A B What do you notice about the graph? What do you wonder? Can you draw any conclusions? Success Criteria: I can discuss accelerated aging and longevity Methyl - CH3 Acetyl C2H3O CpG islands are DNA methylations regions in promoters known to regulate gene expression through transcriptional silencing of the corresponding gene Sirtuins: that regulate energy use in cells by altering the expression of certain sets of genes. - - Transcription repressors Proper lifestyle including physical activity and diet can influence healthspan via increasing the level of sirtuins curcumin Pair/Share: Are you older or younger than Sam? → Progeria Progeria is caused by a genetic variant in the LMNA gene The average age of death is 14.5 years DNA is not able to repair itself, causing aging to accelerate Would you want to be 4 foot tall if it meant you never got cancer or diabetes? Laron Dwarfism GHR gene mutation GHR and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor–1) deficiencies 100 people in a small town in Ecuador have this mutation Prevents cell damage and destroys cancerous cells Centenarians have inherited two types of gene variants—those that directly protect them, and wild type alleles of genes that, when mutant, cause disease. Types of genes that affect longevity control: ■ immune system functioning; ■ insulin secretion and glucose metabolism; ■ response to stress; ■ the cell cycle; ■ DNA repair; ■ lipid (including cholesterol) metabolism; ■ nutrient metabolism; and ■ production of antioxidant enzymes. Researchers estimate that at least 130 genes have variants that influence how long a person is likely to live. Read the following article. Generate at least one question you have. Share your questions with a partner. Aim: How can we further investigate the effects of epigenetics? Do Now: What was the main difference between Darwin and Lamarck when it came to the theory of evolution? Success Criteria: I can relate gene expression to environmental influence (e.g.: heart health and weight). Fragile X Syndrome FMR1 protein that is needed for typical brain development Removal of DNA methylation can be achieved using the drugs 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine. Science knows that certain ‘chaotic factors’ can influence the origin of mental illness. These factors refer to DNA variations and alterations that, despite not being heritable, accumulate in the nervous tissue as the individual grows and ages, affecting the appearance of the disease. How does the epigenome affect the following: - Major psychosis (Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder) Alzheimer's disease Autism spectrum disorders Cardiovascular Disease Obesity Diabetes Make sure to cite at least one specific example of a gene that is impacted in this disorder Once Aim: Why are clones never really clones? Do Now: Pair/Share: Would you want to clone your pet? If yes, how much are you willing to spend? Exam #3: 4/5/23 Assignment #3: 4/20/23 Success Criteria: I can explain how cloning can be affected by epigenetics Dolly the Sheep Dolly and her surrogate mother Dolly was cloned from adult cells Dolly died at the age of 6, her telomeres were shorter than they should have been. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Pair/Share: Why will Danielle’s dogs (Trouble and Poppy) never be the same as Trouble? Do you think she wasted her money? Why can’t clones be the same? 1. Premature cellular aging: Telomeres stabilize the ends of chromosomes during replication - they shorten with every replication Why can’t clones be the same? 2. Altered gene expression: genomic imprinting, one copy of a gene is turned off depending on which parent it comes from. This causes cloned animals to be really big. We can fix this now in mammal cloning Why can’t clones be the same? 3. More mutations: donor cells have had years to accumulate changes to their epigenome, some of these are inherited Why can’t clones be the same? 4. X inactivation: in early prenatal development in female mammals, one X chromosome is inactivated. Whether that X chromosome is from the mother or the father occurs at random in each cell, creating an overall mosaic pattern of expression for genes on the X chromosome. X chromosome is inactivated by RNA transcripts from the Xist gene on the same X chromosome Why can’t clones be the same? 5. Mitochondrial DNA: mtDNA comes from the egg, not from the donor cell, this can lead to genetic differences Why can’t clones be the same? 6. THE ENVIRONMENT IS DIFFERENT! You can never recreate the environment you grew up in Even small interactions can dramatically change the genetic expression of genes Should human cloning be illegal? Why or Why not? Should clones have the same rights as their predecessors? What does that mean for generational wealth? If clones have different fingerprints what does this mean for crime?