BIO 223 - Intro . Homeostasis Lecture 1.pptx

Welcome HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I BIO 223 Week 1 Meet your Instructor Canvas Overview Syllabus Highlights Let’s begin! – Intro to Anatomy & Physiology – Biomolecules – Cell Biology  BIO 223 Human Anatomy & Physiology I Course Objectives Demonstrat...

Welcome HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I BIO 223 Week 1 Meet your Instructor Canvas Overview Syllabus Highlights Let’s begin! – Intro to Anatomy & Physiology – Biomolecules – Cell Biology  BIO 223 Human Anatomy & Physiology I Course Objectives Demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology associated with the anatomy & physiology of each organ system. Examine the levels of structural organization as an anatomical foundation for the body. Identify the structures and their relevant features of the organ systems in the body. Describe the basic functions of structural components, organs and systems. Examine how the integration of organ systems contributes to the collaboration of all systems of the body to support life. 3  BIO 223 Human Anatomy & Physiology I Unit 1 Learning Objectives 1. Understand the relationship between anatomy and physiology and why it is important. 2. Examine the four major organic compounds that make up living things and be able to recognize similarities & differences between them. 3. Describe the composition of the cell membrane and the organelles it contains. 4. Compare different types of cell membrane transportation. 5. Analyze the functional relationship between organelles and different cell types. 6. Identify (by image or by description) specific cell organelles. 7. Categorize different tissue types, their function, and general use in the body. 8. Relate the structure of different tissues to the organ system in which they are located. 9. Identify images of specific tissue types and cellular features within them. 4  BODY ORGANIZATION 1. Chemical Level: atoms and molecules 2. Cellular Level: Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life 3. Tissue Level: Tissue: similar cells that perform a common function 4. Organ Level: Organ: 2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform a specific function 5. Organ System Level: Organ system: organs having related functions 6. Organismal Level: Organism: has several organ systems which work together to maintain life Body Organization and Homeostasis Anatomy: the science (study) of body structure; what things are and their feactures Greek anatomē, from ana- ‘up’ + tomē ‘cutting’ (from temnein ‘to cut’) Physiology: the science (study) of body function. Greek phusiologia ‘natural philosophy’(see physio-, -logy) Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function: Anatomy & Physiology are interdependent  Structure and Function Things are made based on what they need to do, and what they do is an outcome of how they’re made. The coordination of both is what sustains life, and the study of them cannot be easily separated. The science uses tools from biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, chemistry and physics to explain the workings of the body. Anatomy & Physiology can be applied to study the cell, organ, system, or organism (whole-body).  Why does it matter? understanding our bodies to be able to interact with medical professionals in appointments understanding our bodies to be a medical professional responsible for recognizing issues and communicating them effectively to patients discernment for fad diets, experimental treatments, exercise programs, illness / epidemics, etc.  Levels of Organization All matter are composed of atoms that combine and interact in specific ways. I. Chemical Level Atoms – tiny particles made of protons, neutrons, and electrons that correspond to certain elements Molecules – combinations of atoms connected by different chemical bonds (hydrogen, ionic, covalent) Macromolecules – large carbon-based molecules essential for life: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids II. Cell: the smallest living unit. Each is independently capable of carrying out its own basic life processes, and because of their specialized functions, their working together is important to the operation of the body as a whole. Organelles – functional substructures of a cell made of molecules III. Tissue = a group of similar looking cells, which function similarly) Tissue types are based primarily on cell function, which corresponds to four major cell types – Nerve cells – Muscle cells – Epithelial cells – Connective cells IV. Organs: Composed of at least two tissue types; most organs contain all four. The tissues perform specific functions V. Organ System: Collection of organs which work together to perform a particular task (function) Organism – all interacting organ systems keep the body alive  Requirements & Characteristics of Life To sustain life, there are certain essential requirements (supplies and conditions) Water, Nutrients, Oxygen, Heat, Pressure Maintenance of boundaries (ex. cell, pleural, mucous, cutaneous) to manage what is where and how much or when things migrate around external vs. internal separation and control over interactions mitigate other environmental influences and fluctuations regulate direction of movement of materials Metabolism all chemical reactions that combine/break things down at the chemical level based on what our body needs to maintain balance VI. The Overall Body Plan: A Simplified View A. Simplified to show relationships B. Wrong shape (on purpose) C. Missing parts D. Different cell types not shown E.However the External and Internal environments are well-characterized: Separated by epithelial membrane; note the Epithelial barrier is continuous Epithelial Membranes 1. External Environment: External side of epithelial (= body barrier). Examples of external environment: 1. External Environment: External side of epithelial (= body barrier). Examples of external environment: a. Surroundings external to skin b. Air in lungs c. Food in gastrointestinal tract d. Urine in urinary tract Most cells have no direct exchange with external environment!!!!!! External Environment 2. Internal Environment: Immediate environment surrounding most cells; Includes tissue fluid and plasma. a. Plasma is fluid around blood cells b. Tissue (Interstitial) fluid is the fluid around all other cells Internal Environment Body Fluid Compartments: Most abundant substance in the body is water. The water is maintained in compartments: A. Compartments are separated by epithelial membranes or cell membranes BUT B. Membranes are semipermeable, thus transport occurs between compartments ICF = intracellular fluid (cytosol); Fluid within cells ECF = extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial); Fluid outside cells but within body also known as the “internal environment”  Homeostasis: is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in the face of a constantly changing external environment. Conditions of the internal environment which are regulated include - Temperature - Fluid Volume - Composition of Fluids Disruption of homeostasis is the basis for disease and death Feedback Mechanisms: using receptors, control center, and effectors Negative feedback If a regulated variable (such as potassium, sodium, calcium, glucose, temperature, etc.) decreases or increases, the system responds to correct it by counteracting the change (thus the term ‘negative’). Positive Feedback Loop Positive feedback loop causes a rapid change in the variable in the direction of the initial change. Ex: Birthing  Functions of Living Things Support & Movement (skeletal and muscular systems) Integration, Coordination, and Responsiveness (nervous and endocrine system) Transportation (cardiovascular and lymphatic systems) Absorption and Excretion (respiratory, digestive and urinary systems) Growth, Development, and Reproduction (reproductive systems and mitosis)