BIO 205 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

BIO 205 Study Guide Exam 1 Lecture 1: Introduction 1. Define what marine biology is a. Study of marine life and the interactions of the ecosystems 2. What are some examples of different subfields under the marine biology umbrella? a. Biology, chemistry, physics, geology,...

BIO 205 Study Guide Exam 1 Lecture 1: Introduction 1. Define what marine biology is a. Study of marine life and the interactions of the ecosystems 2. What are some examples of different subfields under the marine biology umbrella? a. Biology, chemistry, physics, geology, engineering 3. How did exploration expand over time? a. Went from trade and competition of land to studying organisms b. What was the goal of cruises early on? i. Navigation and trading c. How did this goal change with time? i. Changed to studying the ocean 4. Why was James Cook’s cruise important in terms of advancing science, especially marine science? a. He mapped out the ocean floors 5. What was the original goal of Darwin’s trip and how did he expand on that goal over the course of the trip? a. Atolls, plankton, barnacles -> he found more than what he expected to find 6. What is the HMS Challenger and why is it significant in marine science history? a. Exploration, scientific boat sailed out to find new oceanic finds; It found lots of organisms and began scientific cruises 7. Who were the first navigators of the sea? How did these folks navigate – both along the shore and open ocean? a. Phoenicians used stars and coastlines to navigate 8. Where in the world was the first marine station established? a. Naples, Italy 9. When was sonar to map ocean bottoms become heavily used? a. 10. What are some examples of equipment used to collect data? a. Lecture 2: Scientific Method 1. Outline the scientific method. a. Question – hypothesis – experiment – results - conclusion 2. Explain an example of inductive reasoning in terms of marine biology. a. Observation – no goal – general conclusion b. Tiger sharks and bluefin tuna have gills therefore all fish have gills 3. Explain an example of deductive reasoning in terms of marine biology. a. General statement testing a theory – verify to make general conclusion – predict the consequences b. Coral reefs thrive in warm, clear water, test, water near this are is warm and clear therefore corals are likely found here 4. How are induction and deduction different? Which method would you use as a marine biologist? a. Induction has no experiment and is rather an observation and conclusion whereas deduction has an experiment. You would use deduction as a scientist 5. If you do not support your hypothesis with your data, what do you do? a. You can try it again or present your data with a different outcome 6. Where do you find information on a topic you are interested in and want to conduct research on? a. Scientific data bases, primary literature sources 7. What are primary literature articles? a. Experiments completed by other scientists 8. Compare and contrast an observational and manipulative study. How are they different and similar in respect to asking a question and applying the scientific method? a. Observational – field study, observing organisms in natural habitat b. Manipulative – lab study, observing organisms in a contained space 9. What is the ideal number of replicates? How can the study animal change this and when are their exceptions to having a high number of replicates? a. At least 3-10 times b. Size, if they are available/ can be found 10. Is there a benefit of field or controlled lab experiments? How does a question change based on type of experiment or data collection method? a. No benefit, just whichever preferred or would be benefit the organisms b. Question can change based on environmental conditions in the field or lab and how many organisms can be obtained 11. Can you ‘prove’ a hypothesis true? a. no 12. What are some reasons an experiment may have to be revisited? a. Poor design b. Uncontrolled variables c. Unable to take measurements d. Lost satellite tags/ stolen equipment  e. Unexpected results Lecture 3: Seawater Properties 1. 3 properties of matter a. Solid, liquid, gas 2. Explain what and how salinity and temperature affect density? a. They control the vertical structure of the water column, cooler temps = higher density 3. Trends of salinity, temperature, and sound throughout water column and at different latitudes a. 4. Why does ice float at high latitudes and what does it have on the climate? a. Ice absorbs sun’s heat in the day and refreezes at night giving back the heat to the atmosphere b. Ice floats due to it being less dense than liquid water 5. Seawater composition and Rule of Constant Proportions a. 35 ppt of salt b. Concentration varies by location but percentage of total salinity of each ion remains constant 6. Factor influencing turbidity a. Dependent on organic and inorganic particles (sediment, algae, phytoplankton, tannins) 7. Dissolved oxygen trend with depth – what is happening at oxygen min layer a. DO decreases with depth; O2 is at its greatest at the top due to primary production 8. Relationship between temperature and speed of sound a. Sound decreases as temperature decreases Lecture 4&5: Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation 1. Uneven heating of the Earth a. Solar energy varies at different latitudes due to Earth’s shape and tilt 2. Coriolis Effect and movements a. NH – things move to the right b. E – nothing c. SH – things move to the left d. Longer the duration of movement, the more severe the curve will be 3. Hadley vs. Ferrel vs. Polar cell locations  a. 4. Polar Easterlies, westerlies, and northeast trade winds a. ^^^ 5. Net transport of water a. Eckman spiral = spiral pattern 6. North Pacific currents a. Cold water currents bringing water down from pole 7. North Atlantic currents a. Warm water currents bringing water up from Equator 8. Stability of a water column a. Difference in surface and bottom density = stable i. More energy needed to mix b. Difference in surface and bottom density = less stable i. Less energy needed to mix 9. Great Ocean Conveyor belt a. Oceans mix every 1000 years b. Can break down with temperatures rising and ice melting disrupting the climate c. Movement of water across all the oceans Lecture 6 1. Water molecule motion with a wave; net direction of a molecule a. Water molecule move in a circle with not net movement and the energy moves forward 2. How deep in the water column must you be diving to not feel the surface waves anymore? a. ½ wave height 3. Four factors that influence the production of wind generated waves.  a. Wind velocity – wind must be moving faster than the waves b. Wind duration – length of time that wind blows over the water c. Fetch – area of water over which wind blows over water d. Original sea state 4. Relationship between wind velocity, wavelength, height, and period. a. As wind speed increases, so does wavelength, height and period 5. What is a rogue wave and how is it created? Do we really know? a. Reinforcement causing random larger waves; wind and reinforcement is what is assumed to cause them, but no one is sure Lecture 7: Tides 1. Explain the gravitational and centrifugal forces created by the moon and how they create high and low tide a. Gravitational – largest influence -> pulling toward the moon b. Centrifugal – opposite side of Earth -> pushing water away from the moon 2. How does the sun influence tides? How is this different than the moon? a. Causes spring and neap tides which influences the changes between high and low tides 3. How does rotation of the Earth influence tides? a. Causes the 24 hour rotation b. Given point lies under tide 4. How long is one tidal cycle? Why isn’t it just 24 hours? a. 24 hr 50 min b. Moon advances and Earth is 50 min behind 5. Read a tide chart and determine what types of waves are in a location based on number high and low tides per day a. 6. What creates a tidal bore? a. Onset of flood tide into river valley, causing a spontaneous buildup of water 7. Stressors and benefits of tides to flora and fauna  a. Stressors i. Desiccation ii. Sun iii. Temperature fluctuations iv. Predation b. Benefits i. Spawning – migration – dispersal ii. Circulation of bays and estuaries iii. Foraging iv. Habitat maintenance 8. In osmosis, will water move toward an area of high or low solute? a. High -> low solute concentration 9. Sharks lose salt via urine. How do sharks maintain conforming to seawater if the salt is expelled from the body? Can osmoconformers tolerate a wide range of salinity? a. Ingest salt from food and absorb water through gills and skin b. No osmoconformers tolerate a narrow salinity range 10. Explain the ways water and salts are lost and taken up by a fish that osmoregulates. a. Water loss through gills and skin b. Salt excreted by gills c. Salts pass through gut 11. What does it mean if a fish hyporregulates? a. Internal salinity is lower than the environment salinity 12. How do turtles excrete salt? How do black mangrove excrete salt? a. Turtles and black mangroves contain salt glands 13. If temperature increases from 70-80C, what happens to the rate of enzyme reactions in a poikilotherm? a. Their body temp will increase causing a higher rate of enzyme reactions Lecture 8: Microbial World 1. Microbial structuring – passing of C through the food chain and microbial loop a. POM – particulate organic matter which cannot be filtered b. DOM – dissolved organic matter which can be filtered c. Microbial loop i. DOC (dissolved organic carbon) -> microbes -> phytoplankton -> zooplankton -> small fish -> large predators 2. Virus – composition; hosts; how they contribute to carbon cycle; examples of viruses  a. Composed of genetic material, protein capsid, occasional collar and tail b. Infect bacteria (bacteria lyses) -> contribute to carbon cycle by entering water column c. Sea star wasting syndrome, rhabdovirus, mammal mass die offs 3. Roles of different bacteria in carbon cycling; examples of disease they cause a. Break down decaying bacteria, carbon sequestration to the deep, bioremediation, disease b. Black band disease 4. Cyanobacteria and pigments; examples of symbiotic bacteria a. Chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin b. Prochlorococcus & Synecococcus 5. Diatoms – pigments, stores oil vs. Silica – how this affects buoyancy, pennate vs. centric a. Chlorophyll a&c, carotenoids b. Silica frustules -> diatom blooms -> domoic acid c. Oil and silica enable buoyancy with a glass cell wall d. Pennate – form together to make colonies vs. centric – grow in solitude 6. Dinoflagellates – mixotrophic; bioluminescence; oil 7. What is red tide, and how does it affect marine life and humans? a. Large concentration of dinoflagellates that split open and release brevotoxin b. Can negatively affect humans and marine life 8. Protozoa – Foraminifera – habitat; pseudopodia; calcareous ooze a. Benthic and pelagic b. Pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding c. Calcareous ooze = skeletal remains on ocean floor 9. Protozoa – ciliates – habitat; free-living, parasitic, symbiotic; cilia a. Benthic and pelagic; freshwater and marine b. Free-living, symbiotic and parasites c. Cilia Lecture 9: Macroalgae 1. Where does photosynthesis occur in seaweed – the whole thallus or just the blades? a. Blades 2. Do all seaweeds have the same body structure/ plan? a. No 3. What are photosynthetic pigments and how does it determine color of the algae?  a. Chlorophyll; the primary and accessory pigments determine the color of the algae 4. What is the benefit of having more than one photosynthetic pigment in a seaweed, and even in unicellular algae? a. Multiple pigments = more light that can be used for photosynthesis = more nutrients 5. How do the three phyla habitats of algae differ? How are they the same? a. Green algae – mostly freshwater, chlorophyll a &b, carotenoids b. Brown algae – most marine, rarely freshwater, chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids c. Red algae – mostly marine, some freshwater, chlorophyll a & d, carotenoids, phycobilin 6. Why is Halimeda a unique species of green algae? a. Contains calcium carbonate in its tissues deterring predators and giving additional supports 7. Examples of medicinal uses for macro- and microalgae? a. Anti-cancer, anti-allergy, blood pressure reduction, anti-aging