BIO 201 Anatomy and Physiology I Practical Exam PDF

BIO 201 Anatomy and Physiology I Practical Exam II APPENDICULAR SKELETON PECTORAL GIRDLE (4) Clavicle (2) o acromial end o sternal end Scapula (2) o spine o acromion o supraspinous fossa...

BIO 201 Anatomy and Physiology I Practical Exam II APPENDICULAR SKELETON PECTORAL GIRDLE (4) Clavicle (2) o acromial end o sternal end Scapula (2) o spine o acromion o supraspinous fossa o infraspinous fossa o subscapular fossa o glenoid cavity o coracoid process o medial border o lateral border UPPER LIMBS Humerus (2) o head o greater tubercle o lesser tubercle o intertubercular sulcus o deltoid tuberosity o capitulum o radial fossa o trochlea o coronoid fossa o olecranon fossa o medial epicondyle o lateral epicondyle Radius (2) o head o neck o radial tuberosity o ulnar notch o styloid process Ulna (2) o olecranon o trochlear notch o radial notch o coronoid process o styloid process Carpals (8) Metacarpals (5) Phalanges (14) BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 1  BONES of the PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER EXTREMITY (Textbook Chapter 8; Ward and Krout Atlas of Anatomy Section 2) PECTORAL GIRDLE: consists of the clavicle and the scapula. Clavicle is connected with ligaments to the scapula and the sternum. o acromial end – the rounder, flattened end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint. o sternal end – the flatter, thicker end articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. Scapula is positioned over the rib cage and articulates with the clavicle and the humerus. o spine (also called the scapular spine) is a bony ridge that can be palpated through the skin. It is an attachment for some of the muscles that move the scapula. o acromion (also called the acromion process) is a bony plate-like extension of the spine that articulates with the clavicle and can be palpated through the skin on top of the shoulder. o supraspinous fossa is a depression above the spine. o infraspinous fossa is a depression below the spine. o subscapular fossa is a depression under the scapula that faces the ribs. o glenoid fossa (also called glenoid cavity) is a hyaline cartilage-covered depression that is the articulation for the head of the humerus. o coracoid process is a piece of bone shaped like a bird’s beak that is the attachment for muscles that move the scapula. o medial border is the edge of the scapula that faces the spine. o lateral border is the edge of the scapula that faces the humerus. UPPER EXTREMITY Humerus o head is the round, hyaline cartilage-covered end that articulates with the glenoid fossa. o greater tubercle is a large, rough area next to the head where muscles attach. o lesser tubercle is a small, rough area next to the head where muscles attach. o intertubercular groove (also called intertubercular sulcus) is a narrow depression that runs down the shaft that holds a shoulder ligament. o deltoid tuberosity is a rough area of the shaft where the deltoid muscle attaches. o medial epicondyle is where forearm flexor muscles attach and it can be palpated on the inside of the elbow. o lateral epicondyle is where forearm extensor muscles attach and it can be palpated on the outside of the elbow. o capitulum is a round, hyaline-cartilage covered articulation for the radius bone. o radial fossa is a shallow depression above the capitulum that receives the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed. o trochlea is a hyaline cartilage-covered V-shaped depression that articulates with the ulna. o coronoid fossa is a shallow depression above the trochlea that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is flexed. o olecranon fossa is a deep depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the elbow is extended. BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 2  Radius o head is the round, hyaline cartilage-covered end of the radius that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. o neck is the skinny part of the radius below the head. o radial tuberosity is a raised, rough area just below the neck that is the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle flexes the elbow joint. o ulnar notch is a small depression where the head of the ulna articulates with the radius. o styloid process is the small, pointed tip of the radius at the wrist. Ulna o olecranon (also called olecranon process) is a heavy piece of bone commonly referred to as “the elbow”. o trochlear notch is a U-shaped depression that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus. o coronoid process is the raised lip of the trochlear notch that is the insertion of the brachialis muscle that flexes the elbow joint. o radial notch is a small, shallow depression that the edge of the head of the radius articulates with during pronation and supination of the forearm. o styloid process is the small, pointed tip of the ulna at the wrist. Interosseus Membrane is a strong, but thin and flexible sheet of connective tissue that binds the radius and the ulna together, but still allows movement of the radius for pronation and supination. Carpals are the wrist bones. (you will not be tested on the individual names of each carpal) Metacarpals are the hand bones. Phalanges are the finger bones. MUSCLES of the PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER EXTREMITY (Textbook Chapter 11; Ward and Krout Atlas of Anatomy Section 3) Muscles of the Chest, Primary Action(s) Origins & Insertions Back, Shoulder, Arm O: Acromion and spine of scapula deltoid abducts humerus at shoulder I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus O: Sternum and clavicle pectoralis major adducts and flexes humerus at shoulder I: Intertubercular groove of humerus O: Spine (lumbar) latissimus dorsi adducts & extends humerus at shoulder I: Intertubercular groove of humerus O: Scapula teres major adducts humerus at the shoulder I: Intertubercular groove of humerus O: Coracoid process of scapula coracobrachialis adducts humerus at the shoulder I: Shaft of humerus O: Spine (cervical and thoracic) trapezius elevates, depresses, and retracts scapula I: Spine of scapula O: Ribs pectoralis minor protracts and depresses scapula I: Coracoid process of scapula O: Ribs serratus anterior protracts scapula I: Medial border of scapula O: Spine rhomboid major retracts scapula I: Medial border of scapula O: Spine rhomboid minor retracts scapula I: Medial border of scapula BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 3  Rotator Cuff Muscles (SITS) O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula 1. supraspinatus I: Greater tubercle of humerus O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula 2. infraspinatus I: Greater tubercle of humerus circumduction of humerus at shoulder O: Scapula 3. teres minor I: Greater tubercle of humerus O: Subscapular fossa of scapula 4. subscapularis I: Lesser tubercle of humerus Muscles Acting on Primary Action(s) Origins & Insertions Forearm at Elbow flexes forearm at the elbow; supinates O: Scapula biceps brachii I: Radial tuberosity of radius forearm O: Shaft of humerus brachialis flexes forearm at the elbow I: Coronoid process of ulna O: Humerus brachioradialis flexes forearm at the elbow I: Styloid process of radius triceps brachii extends forearm at the elbow long head triceps brachii O: Scapula and humerus extends forearm at the elbow I: Olecranon process of ulna lateral head triceps brachii extends forearm at the elbow medial head O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus anconeus extends forearm at the elbow I: Olecranon process of ulna Forearm Muscles – Primary Action(s) Origins & Insertions anterior gross anatomical landmark bounded by cubital fossa brachioradialis and pronator teres O: Medial epicondyle of humerus pronator teres pronates forearm I: Radius O: Medial epicondyle of humerus flexor carpi radialis flexes wrist, radial deviation of hand I: wrist O: Medial epicondyle of humerus palmaris longus flexes wrist I: connective tissue of wrist & palm O: Medial epicondyle of humerus flexor carpi ulnaris flexes wrist, ulnar deviation of hand I: wrist flexor digitorum O: Medial epicondyle of humerus flexes fingers I: phalanges 2-5 superficialis flexor digitorum O: Ulna flexes fingers I: phalanges 2-5 profundus O: Radius flexor pollicis longus flexes thumb I: Base of thumb pronator quadratus O: Ulna (note: seen on cadaver) pronates forearm I: Radius connective tissue sheath that covers the carpal flexor retinaculum tunnel BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 4  Forearm Muscles - Primary Action(s) Origins & Insertions posterior extensor carpi O: humerus extends wrist; radial deviation of hand I: wrist radialis longus extensor carpi O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus extends wrist; radial deviation of hand I: wrist radialis brevis O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus extensor digitorum extends fingers I: Phalanges 2-5 extensor digiti O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus extends little finger I: Phalanx #5 minimi extensor carpi O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus extends wrist; ulnar deviation of hand I: Wrist ulnaris O: Ulna supinator supinates forearm I: Radius abductor pollicis O: radius and ulna abducts thumb I: base of thumb longus extensor pollicis O: Radius extends thumb I: Base of thumb brevis extensor pollicis O: Ulna extends thumb I: base of thumb longus extensor indicis O: Ulna (also spelled extensor indices) extends index finger I: Index finger connective tissue sheath that holds down the extensor retinaculum extensor tendons Intrinsic Muscles of the Primary Action(s) Origins & Insertions Hand thenar group circumducts thumb (note: a group of four muscles) abductor digiti minimi abducts little finger BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 5  Histology for Practical 2 Integument Epidermis - Identify the specific tissue that comprises the epidermis then identify (1) the following strata (layers), with their included cells, and (2) some structures located within the epidermis: o stratum corneum o stratum lucidum (in thick skin only) o stratum granulosum o stratum spinosum o stratum basale Dermis - Identify the tissue primarily comprising the dermis then identify (1) the following layers and (2) structures located within the dermis: o dermal papillae o papillary layer o reticular layer Hypodermis - Identify the type of tissue comprising the hypodermis and identify the following components: o adipose tissue Compact Bone o osteon (Note: also Haversian system) o central canal (Note: also Haversian canal) o lacunae (Note: osteocytes are contained inside) o canaliculi (Note: canaliculus = singular) o concentric lamellae (Note: lamella = singular) o perforating canal (Note: also Volkmann’s canal) BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 6 The information in this table is for your information only. These definitions will not be required on the practical. DEFINITION STRUCTURE comes from the Greek "akron", peak + "omos", shoulder = the peak of the ACROMION shoulder; platelike extension; (acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula) smooth, rounded eminence; (capitulum of humerus) CAPITULUM CORACOID resemblance to crow’s beak; (coracoid process of the scapula) CORONOID Corono – crown; (coronoid process of the mandible, coronoid process of the ulna) EPICONDYLE epi – upon; projection superior to a condyle (medial epicondyle of the femur) smooth, slightly concave or convex articular surface; (articular facets of FACET vertebrae) FOSSA shallow, broad or elongated basin (mandibular fossa) from Greek: gléne, "socket"; (glenoid cavity) GLENDOID prominent expanded end of a bone; (head of rib, head of femur, head of HEAD humerus) large, thick, curved eminence; (olecranon of the humerus) OLECRANON Greek word from “phalangos”, meaning finger; (phalanges of the fingers and PHALANX toes) Latin meaning of “Pollex” is thumb; (flexor and extensor pollicis longus, POLLICIS abductor pollicis longus) rhomboid is a parallelogram in which adjacent sides are of unequal lengths RHOMBOID and angles are oblique (Rhomboid major and Rhomboid minor) serrated refers to a finely notched edge; (serratus anterior) SERRATUS SPINE sharp, slender or narrow process; (spine of the scapula) stylus – pen used by ancient Greeks and Romans to write on wax tablets; STYLOID (styloid process of temporal bone, styloid process of the ulna, styloid process of radius) a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel; (intertubercular sulcus of the SULCUS humerus) TROCHLEA Latin for pulley; (trochlea of the humerus) small, rounded process; (greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus) TUBERCLE rough elevated surface; (tibial tuberosity) TUBEROSITY a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel; (intertubercular sulcus of the SULCUS humerus) BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 7  IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Understanding these words is critical to making sense of the terminology, functions, and muscle attachments (origins & insertions) on the practical. Anatomical position – starting position (all descriptions relate to anatomical position) o toes pointing forward, feet slightly apart, arms at sides, palms facing forward Movement Definition Flexion Decrease joint angle Extension Increase joint angle Abduction Moving a body part away from body midline Adduction Returning a body part toward body midline Medial Rotation Turning a body part on axis toward midline (aka – internal rotation) Turning a body part on axis away from midline (aka – external Lateral Rotation rotation) Lateral flexion Bending body sideways Elevation Lifting a body part (in frontal plane) Depression Lowering a body part (in frontal plane) Protraction Sliding a body part forward (in horizontal plane) Retraction Sliding a body part backward (in horizontal plane) Supination Turn palms toward anatomical position, uncross radius & ulna Pronation Turn palms to back; cross radius & ulna Dorsiflexion Bending ankle so that the toes are raised Plantar Flexion Extending ankle joint so toes point downwards Circumduction Combination of movements that create a complete circle Direction Definition Ventral/Anterior toward the belly/toward the front Dorsal/Posterior toward the back/toward the rear Distal away from, farther from the origin Proximal near, closer to the origin Superior above, over Inferior below, under Lateral toward the side, away from the mid-line Medial toward the midline, middle, away from the side Rostral toward the front, toward the nose Caudal toward the back, toward the tail Superficial closer to the surface, more external Deep further from the surface, more internal BIO 201 GCC 2/7/24 Page 8