Bio 20 - Ch. 1 Energy Flow Through Biosphere PDF

BIO 20: Chapter 1 Energy Flow Through the Biosphere What is photosynthesis? Can life be supported without sunlight? If yes, how? What are producers? What are consumers? Key What are decomposers?...

BIO 20: Chapter 1 Energy Flow Through the Biosphere What is photosynthesis? Can life be supported without sunlight? If yes, how? What are producers? What are consumers? Key What are decomposers? Questions What consumer comes first in a food chain, a primary or secondary consumer? What are the different type of consumers? What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics? What are trophic levels? What is the difference between food chains and food webs? What are the 3 types of energy pyramids? What are the advantages and disadvantages of energy pyramids?  1.1 – How Energy Enters the Biosphere  One of the requirements of all living things is energy All organisms use cellular respiration to obtain energy from chemical compounds These chemical compounds are produced by organisms known as producers Autotroph These are organisms that can make their own food AKA = producers What are 3 examples of producers? 7 PHOTOSYN THESIS What comes to mind when you hear the word photosynthesis? …throwback to Science 10 Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?  THE CHLOROPLAST Bonus: What is the green pigment in leaves?  WHICH ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS ARE INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESI S  RESPIRATION VS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHE PROCESS RESPIRATION SIS GAS IN Oxygen Carbon dioxide GAS OUT Carbon dioxide Oxygen TIME At all times Daytime only C02 + water = glucose + EQUATION Oxygen + glucose = energy oxygen THE PROCESS IN A CELL ligh t wat CO2 er oxyge glucos n e PHOTOSYNTHESIS PROCESS glucose light oxygen carbo n dioxi de wat er Photosynthesis is carried out by producers such as plants, algae and some bacteria. The process of photosynthesis is often written as:  Photosynthesis and Solar Energy The Earth receives large amounts of energy from the sun However, very little of that energy is used for photosynthesis: 30% is reflected from the clouds and atmosphere (albedo) 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds Of the remaining energy that reaches the ground, only 1 to 2% is used to drive photosynthesis Photosynthesis and Solar Energy  Question: Can life exist where there is no sun? example: at the bottom of the ocean What is the name of the process that makes life without light possible? (parallel to photosynthesis ) nautiluslive.or g 20 CHEMOSYN THESIS  IS CHEM - o - SYNTHESIS Use the word to tell you what it means… Synthesis = to create (sci 10 chemistry - synthesis/composition/formation reaction) Chem = chemistry or chemical  Chemosynthesis Organisms that live in areas without light (such as the deepest parts of the ocean) cannot perform photosynthesis Near deep-sea vents in the http:// ocean, specialized bacteria scienceblogs.com split hydrogen sulfide molecules that come out of the vents They use the energy http://  Chemosynthetic Organisms Other types of bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis have been found in other environments We now know that these organisms live in the cold ocean, in hot springs, salty lakes, deep caves, and even in soil  the sea floor? Instead of plants, what are the primary producers? How can lots of species live in these environments? What role to these chemosyntheti c 25 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB4p6ckSsGE Extra Video: Chemosynthet ic Organisms of the Mediterranean https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=wpzA_JPzfBs 26 Summary: Chemosynthesis vs. Photosynthesis 28 We’ve learnt about producers… what about consumers and decomposers?  What are CONSUME RS? Use the word to tell you - consume means what? Heterotrop h These are organisms that cannot make their own food AKA = consumers  What are DECOMPO SERS? Use the word to tell you - compose means what? So…de-compose means the opposite  Consumers Consumers cannot capture the sun’s energy directly Therefore, they must feed on producers In animals, plants, and most other species of organisms, the process that releases this energy is cellular  Levels of Consumers: Primary consumers (herbivores) eat producers HERBivore = Herbs = plants http:// www.texasbeyondhistory.n et 35  Secondary consumers (carnivores) eat mainly herbivores http:// www.wildlifesciencecenter.o rg  Tertiary consumers are organisms that feed on other carnivores Occasionally, there are higher order consumers  Decomposers Decomposers play an important role in ecosystems Without them, the http:// nutrients trapped in the upload.wikimedia.org bodies of dead organisms would not be released http://  Energy in the Biosphere Earth can be considered a closed system The energy that the Earth receives does not cycle like matter does We are bound by the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics: Laws of Thermodynamics 1st: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only converted into different forms of energy. 2nd: Entropy of an isolated system always increases. Energy flows between states, when energy conversions take place there is always a loss of energy, in other words https://www.yo utube.com/wat ch?v=WQf32A 5ecIU 41 https://www.y outube.com/w atch?v=v4zp First Law 43 Second Law 44 45  Consequences of the Laws: As a result, we lose energy as it is passed along a food chain As a general rule, less than 10% of the energy that is present at one level is passed on to the next This will limit the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem to five or Interacti ons in the Environ ment 48 10% passed on = 90% lost 49 Rule of 10 works heet 1.2 – How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere  We know that there are a number of trophic levels that exist in ecosystems Each trophic level represents a level through which energy and matter are transferred  Food Chains and Webs A food chain is a model showing a linear pathway through which energy moves in ecosystems Food webs show connections between different food chains http:// www.saskschools.ca http:// caplter.asu.edu https://www. youtube.com /watch?v=he https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lqhJNgn_Wg 58  Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels Most food chains have very few trophic levels The amount of energy transferred from one level to the next ranges from 5 to 20 percent The remaining energy is not passed on because it is not stored in tissues As a general rule we can consider  Ecological Pyramids Ecological pyramids represent the distribution of energy in an ecosystem They exist in 3 types: What are the 3 types of pyramids ? (3.5 mins) https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=w GfOoRrICto 61 What are the 3 types of pyramids ? (1 min) https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=VNYyU-e0ykQ 62 Types of Ecological Pyramids 0 0 0 1 2 3 Pyramid of Pyramid of Pyramid of Numbers Biomass Energy 1.Pyramid of Numbers This represents the number of organisms that occupy each trophic level http://  2. Pyramid of Biomass Biomass is the dry mass of living organisms per unit of area The pyramid of biomass indicates the biomass present at each trophic level in an ecosystem http://  3. Pyramid of Energy A pyramid of energy represents the amount of energy that is transferred through each trophic level  Advantages and Disadvantages of the Pyramids ofPyramids numbers and biomass can sometimes be inverted due to certain situations within ecosystems These inverted pyramids then lose their ability to accurately represent the passage of energy from one trophic level to the next 68  The Inverted Numbers Pyramid This inversion occurs when we have a large number of primary consumers www.bbc.co feeding on a.uk single producer  The Inverted Biomass Pyramid Ocean ecosystems may show an inverted biomass pyramid as the producers (phytoplankton) make up much less biomass than the zooplankton that feed on them Keep in mind, though that the phytoplankton transfer a larger amount  Pyramids of energy will always be upright This is because these types of pyramids only represent the energy This pyramid of energy that is transferred through each may match the pyramid trophic level of numbers shown on the left users.rcn. www.bbc.c com  Disadvantages of the Pyramid of Energy To develop a pyramid of energy, we must know how much energy is contained in the tissues at each trophic level To do this, we must use calorimetry In this process, a sample of material is burned to determine how much energy it contains  Energy Transfer and The Stability of Ecosystems As our climate changes, so will the distribution of organisms in our ecosystems If organisms at the bottom of these ecological pyramids are affected, then those changes will be passed on through the food chain If an ecosystem has fewer and less https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= v6ubvEJ3KGM 74  Extra: Interactive to understand interactions between trophic levels and organisms https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/exploring-tro phic-cascades https://www.biologycorner.com/2021/03/13/trophic-cascades-at-bi ointeractive/ Student Worksheet https://docs.google.com/document/d/15L0iFNbaK0zrK0Q2QCO8 Cf7tB4XjKOpX_oTo3HZQj24/edit?usp=sharing 76