Bio 11 Evolution Study Package PDF

Bio 11 evolution study package Darwin 1. What scientists contributed to Darwin\'s theory of evolution and how? 2. What were Darwin's 4 key ideas in his theory of evolution? 3\) What does descent with modification mean? Species change over time, passing traits from one generation to the ne...

Bio 11 evolution study package Darwin 1. What scientists contributed to Darwin\'s theory of evolution and how? 2. What were Darwin's 4 key ideas in his theory of evolution? 3\) What does descent with modification mean? Species change over time, passing traits from one generation to the next but with slight variations, leading to new species. 4\) What provides evidence for evolution? Discuss each one [ Fossil record:] Shows a chronological sequence of life forms revealing change in b species over time. [Embryology:] Similar early-stage development in different species points to bbb common origin. DNA 5\) What is the structure and function of DNA? Know how to draw++ DNA is made up of small units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three vv parts: 1\. Sugar (deoxyribose) 2\. Phosphate group 3\. Nitrogenous base Adenine(A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) The structure of DNA is a double helix, where two strands are connected by vv complementary base pairing: A pairs with T C pairs with G The function of DNA is to store genetic information that guides the growth, vvvvvv development, functioning, and reproduction of living organisms. It contains bb b instructions for making protein. 6\) How and why does DNA replicate? DNA replicates to pass on genetic information to new cells during growth, fggg repair, or reproduction. How it happens: 1. Unwinding: Helicase unzips the DNA double helix. 2\. Priming: Primase adds RNA primers to start replication. 3\. Copying: DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands. 4\. Finishing: Ligase joins fragments on the lagging strand. Each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand. 7\) What is a gene? A genome? Gene: A DNA segment with instructions to make a protein or RNA. Genome: The complete set of an organism's DNA including all genes. 8\) What is an allele? A version of a gene that can cause variations in a trait, such as different eye bvv or hair colors. 9\) What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? Give example Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism ex: having two alleles for v v c brown eyes "BB" Phenotype: The physical expression of the genotype ex: brown eyes Example: A person with the genotype "Bb" for eye color has the phenotype of dddd brown eyes 10\) Compare haploid and diploid cells. Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes. Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes. 11\) What are two sources of genetic variation? Mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence that can create new alleles. Genetic recombination: The exchange of genetic material during sexual fff d reproduction leading to new combinations of alleles. 12\) What is a gene pool? Total set of genes and alleles in a population, representing its genetic sgga diversity. 13\) What is relative frequency? How can we use this to define evolution? Relative frequency is the proportion of a specific allele or genotype in a dssds population. It helps define evolution by showing how allele frequencies fbfbf change overtime due to natural selection. 14\) Who was Gregor Mendal? Was a scientist who discovered that traits are inherited as dominant or ffdf g recessive through his experiments with pea plants, He is known as gsgsgsd the father of modern genetics \+ 15) Using a Punnet square explain how probability and genetics are fggfd s related Include terms like heterozygous and homozygous. Example: If one parent is heterozygous (Bb) for a trait and the other is asadas homozygous recessive (bb) B b b Bb bb b Bb bb Genotypes: 50% Bb (heterozygous) and 50% bb (homozygous fgdgfd sg recessive). Probability: Theres a 50% chance of the offspring being heterozygous gsgs (Bb) and a 50% chance of being homozygous recessive (bb) This shows how genetics and probability work together to predict the sgg likelihood of different traits in offspring. 11\) What is incomplete dominance? Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele is completely fdfgfg dominant ex: WW and RR would make WR 12\) what is Codominance? When both alleles in a pair are fully expressed in the organism bfbbdfb without blending. This results in both traits appearing fgdgdf sd d fbff simultaneously. Ex: a red cow and a white cow can produce ggggggggoffspring with red and white patches instead of blending into a different color. \+ 13) What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes? Dominant= expressed with one allele Recessive= only expressed when both alleles are the same +14) Are an organism\'s genes the only influence on how an organism will sdd develop? No, both genes and environmental factors influence development. 15\) Why is the study of genetics so important to how organism\'s gg f f f f f evolve? It's Important because it explains how traits are inherited and how degdg variations lead to natural selection. Mutation \+ 16) What is natural selection? Organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and fdfg g g reproduce passing those traits on. 17\) What does it mean to be a "fit" individual? Explain Having traits that increase an organism\'s ability to survive and sgsdg d reproduce in its environment. 18\) Does natural selection act upon the individual? Not on the individual but on their traits. Individuals with beneficial gdgdg traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. +19) What is the difference between directional, disruptive and stabilizing gfgdfgdgd selection? What results from each [Directional selection]: Favors one extreme phenotype, shifting the c v f population toward that trait. EX: larger beaks in birds during a drought. [Disruptive selection:] Favors both extreme phenotypes. Ex: Small ddfsd and large beaks in birds, but no medium sized ones. [Stabilizing selection:] Favors average traits and reduces extremes. Fdfd Ex: Birds with medium sized beaks. 20\) What is sexual selection? Traits that help attract mates. Ex: Peacock feathers x 21) Why does Non-random mating lead to evolutionary change? Changes allele frequencies by favoring certain traits. Can increase ffsdf inbreeding and promote similar trait mating. 22\) What is mutation? A random change in an organism's DNA that can create new traits vcccc and drive evolution. +23) What are the three types of mutations, which has a higher chance xcbbb of changing the protein? Why? Point mutation- change in one nucleotide. Insertion- adding nucleotides Deletion- Removing nucleotides Insertion and Deletion have a higher chance of changing the fffdsa d protein because they can shift the reading frame altering the entire sequence. ++ 24) What determines whether a mutation is good or bad or neutral? It is good if it improves survival, bad if it harms survival, and xzc ssdas neutral if it has no effect. 25\) How can mutation lead to evolutionary change? Where does it fadgdefg occur? It introduces new traits that can drive evolution if they benefit fdfd s survival. They occur in DNA. x 26) How does genetic drift occur? Why only in small populations? How ggdsgf does this lead to evolution? It is a random change in an allele frequency. It has a bigger effect gfgdfdf in small populations because everyone represents a larger dfrfa gdf portion of the gene pool. 27\) How does gene flow lead to evolution? Gene flow is when genetic material moves between populations, sfsds usually through mating. It increases genetic diversity which can dasda lead to new traits driving evolution over time Speciation +28) What is speciation? When species split into two or more due to isolation. Over time fdffsad genetic differences build up and the groups become unable to dsfds interbreed, forming new species. \+ 29) What is a niche? What happens when two species occupy the dfsdfsd same niche? A niche is a species\' role in its environment, if two species share ssds the same niche, they compete for resources, which may lead to csaasf one outcompeting the other. \+ 30) How does speciation occur? Name all three types of isloation It occurs when populations are isloted and evolve separately. Geographic-Physical barriers separate populations. Reproductive- Mating differences prevent interbreeding Behavioral- Different mating behaviors stop reproduction. ++31) Explain how Darwin's finches are an example of speciation. Darwin\'s finches evolved into different species after being gfdgd separated on different islands adapting to their environments gxg and becoming unable to interbreed. 32\) What are the three main steps of speciation? Isolation: Populations are separated. Differentiation: They evolve differently Reproductive isolation: They can no longer interbreed 33\) What is adaptive radiation? When one species rapidly evolves into many new species, rrrerw each adapted to different environments. +34) What is divergent evolution? Proof? When related species become more different over time due to fgfgddf different environments. Ex: The similar forelimbs of whales, ffdsaff bats, and humans have evolved for different purposes. +35) What is convergent evolution? Proof? Occurs when different species develop similar traits because wdwqqw they face similar environmental challenges. Ex: Bats birds, fsfsdf fly\'s +36) Compare and contrast the Gradual and punctuated faff sda SAB Equilibrium models. Gradualism says evolution happens slowly over time with ewttew small continuous changes. Punctuated equilibrium suggest gsgsgs evolution occurs in rapid burst followed by long periods of gdfgg little change. Both agree on evolution but differ in speed and tet pattern. 37\) Why do species go extinct? Factors like environmental changes, competition, disease, or ett w failure to adapt +38) How can mass extinctions cause burst of evolution? Opens empty niches allowing surviving species to rapidly gsg evolve and diversify into new forms.