BIO 105 Lecture 5 Learning Objectives PDF

BIO 105 – Lecture 5 Learning Objectives Lecture 5 – Microbial Metabolism and Growth (8.1-8.4, 9.1-9.5) 1. Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism, and the concepts of exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions. 2. Recognize how reducing equivalents (electron carriers) can releas...

BIO 105 – Lecture 5 Learning Objectives Lecture 5 – Microbial Metabolism and Growth (8.1-8.4, 9.1-9.5) 1. Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism, and the concepts of exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions. 2. Recognize how reducing equivalents (electron carriers) can release energy through electron transfers, and how hydrolysis of ATP phosphate bonds is ‘coupled’ to make endergonic chemical reactions favourable. 3. Recognize in general terms the functions of enzymes in the cell, including the concepts of the enzyme substrate, active site and activation energy. What is an apoenzyme? Cofactor? How do enzyme inhibitors block enzymatic function? How is this relevant to antimicrobial treatments? 4. Recognize the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity. Why does denaturing an enzyme (or any protein) inhibit its function? 5. Recognize the basic principles of cellular respiration, and identify the major processes involved in it (glycolysis, Krebs, electron transport chain). You do not need to recognize the individual steps within these processes, just the broad idea. What is substrate-level phosphorylation? 6. Recognize the basic process of ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) by powering the electron transport chain with reduced electron carriers from glycolysis/citric acid cycle. What is the net result in terms of ATP production for cellular respiration, compared with just glycolysis? Why is a final electron acceptor like oxygen necessary? 7. Recognize the concept of fermentation, and why this process is necessary when a final electron acceptor is not available for the electron transport chain Remember: fermentation does not generate energy (glycolysis does)! Why is fermentation important to industry and food production? 8. Compare and contrast prokaryotic binary fission with eukaryotic mitosis (at a very basic level). 9. Recognize the concept of microbial logarithmic (exponential) growth, and how this produces explosive microbial growth under the right conditions. 10. Briefly detail the four stages of microbial growth, including how fast the microbial population is growing, and the relative nutrient/waste levels at each stage. 11. Recognize the steps utilized in the formation of a bacterial biofilm. Why are biofilms problematic in clinical environments, and an obstacle to treating infections? 1 12. Distinguish between obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, and microaerophiles. You should be able to: Relate their oxygen tolerances with their ability to breakdown reactive oxygen species (ROS), and why they can or can’t do this. Recognize the enzymes required to break down ROS. Locate where each species would end up if grown in liquid thioglycolate broth. 13. Recognize what happens within the cell when organisms are grown below or above their optimal growth temperature. 14. Recognize the terms we apply to microbes that can grow in various extreme temperatures, including high/low temperature or pH, high salt or high pressure. 2