Beginning of Life PDF

BEGINNING OF LIFE 1. Ovulation- when your ovary releases an egg for fertilization. Fimbriae help guide the egg through your fallopian tubes towards your uterus. An egg can be fertilized by sperm. 2. Fertilization- the process where a sperm cell penetrates an egg in the fallopian...

BEGINNING OF LIFE 1. Ovulation- when your ovary releases an egg for fertilization. Fimbriae help guide the egg through your fallopian tubes towards your uterus. An egg can be fertilized by sperm. 2. Fertilization- the process where a sperm cell penetrates an egg in the fallopian tube. 3. Zygote- a single cell that is formed when an egg and a sperm cell combine. 4. Blastocyst- a hollow ball of cells. The cells form two layers.  Endoderm: digestive and respiratory system  Ectoderm: skin and nervous system  Mesoderm: muscle and skeletal system 5. Implantation- the blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall. PRE NATAL STAGE- period of development from conception to birth. Typically calculated as 40 weeks. Pre- term: born before 37 weeks Post- term: born after 42 weeks STAGES OF PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Germinal (fertilization to 2 weeks)- zygote travels along the fallopian tube and eventually implant itself in the uterus wall. Also functions as protective in this stage. 2. Embryonic (2 weeks to 8 weeks)- formation of major organs that form the biological system. 3. Fetal (8 weeks to birth)- longest and final stage of pregnancy lasting until giving birth. Organs are highly developing and senses are becoming more functional. FACTORS AFFECTING PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT  Prenatal development- is the process of a baby growing in the mother’s womb, from the time it’s conceived until birth.  Pregnancy- period when a woman is carrying a developing baby inside her womb, typically lasting about nine months from conception to birth.  Pre-natal- The care and events that occur before the baby is born, during the pregnancy.  Threats to Pregnancy- things that can cause serious problems during pregnancy. Miscarriage- loss of a baby before the 20th week of pregnancy.  Ectopic pregnancy- the fertilized egg (zygote) implants outside the uterus. Complications associated with pregnancy- the body undergoes rapid hormonal and biological changes. Bleeding- more significant and heavier Spotting- usually involving small amounts of blood  Maternal Context- The characteristics and the readiness of the mother’s biological system.  Medical Related Concerns- The kinds of medication the mother has taken before and during pregnancy can possibly cause deformities, delayed development, and fatality.  Environmental Factors- amount of social support by the immediate environment can affect the quality of pregnancy experienced by the mother.  Other factors- quality of sperm The Body Systems  Endocrine System- affects the under secretion or over secretion of certain hormones that can have an immediate, long-term, and short-term effect on the person. In charge of the production of different hormones in the body. 4 MAJOR GLANDS 1. Pituitary Glands- growth hormones; somatotropin (natural), somatropin (injection) 2. Thyroid Gland- thyroxine (brain development) 3. Adrenal Gland- aldosterone (keeps the salt and water balance), cortisol (essential for growth of an unborn baby), adrenaline (fight or flight response) 4. Gonads- testosterone, estrogen and progesterone  Nervous System- controls the full functioning of the other body system. Affects a person's behavior depending on the trajectory of brain development. 2 MAJOR SYSTEMS  Central Nervous System- Brain and spinal cord, responsible for controlling major activities and responses.  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to the rest of the body, receiving and sending signals. 1. Somatic Nervous System- transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the central nervous system. Things you can consciously send and do. 2. Autonomic Nervous System- controls the function of our organs and glands. Regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure. Sympathetic- responding to dangerous or stressful situation. Parasympathetic- normal functioning under relaxed conditions.  Brain Development   Synaptogenesis: Increase in neural connections facilitating sensory information (conception to infancy.  Lateralization: Specialization of the hemispheres—left (language) and right (spatial/creative).  Adolescent Brain Development o Prefrontal lobe- which is responsible for critical and reflective thinking. Full prefrontal lobe development leads to better impulse control and decision-making.  Brain Changes in Late Adulthood- Decrease in brain cells affects: o Mental processing o Motor coordination o Memory and recall o Physiological functions, potentially leading to illnesses. Physical Development Across Stages 1. Infancy- demonstrate their early communication through reflexes, which are automatic responses to stimuli that ensure survival. o Sucking reflex o Grasping reflex o Babinski reflex- foot sole o Moro reflex- startled o Rooting- locate a food source 2. Childhood  gain more control over motor functions, such as balance.  muscular coordination improves  sensory systems also become more advanced. 3. Adolescent  Boys: starts at 12, peaking 14  Girls: starts at 10, peaking at 12  characterized by a growth spurt, and boys and girls develop at different times.  hormones trigger physical changes, including maturation of sexual organs and increased muscle mass and height.  Grapple with psychological challenges, such as concerns about body image and identity. 4. Adulthood  individuals reach their peak physical capabilities, typically in their early 20s.  Strength, endurance, and agility are at their highest  in the 60s, as the body loses the ability to engage in prolonged physical activities.  middle adulthood, women experience menopause  sperm production decreases with age, affecting fertility Parental Contributions  A. Parental Attitude and Knowledge B. Parental Cultural Influences C. Socioeconomic Barriers D. Pedagogical Implications Psychosocial Opportunities  Social Interaction- Positive relationships can promote confidence  Emotional Well-being- Positive social interactions and emotional support can foster feelings of security, self-worth, and motivation.  Motivation and Encouragement  Managing Stress Physical Environment  non-social aspects of one's environment, such as but not limited to, the place where one lives and the accompanying materials within it. Nutritional Knowledge and Practices  Health- the overall physical and mental well-being of an individual. It encompasses the absence of disease, illness, or injury, as well as the ability to function and adapt to various situations.  Nutrition- the process by which the body uses food to build, maintain, and repair tissues.  Go- carbohydrates like rice, bread, potatoes  Grow- protein like meat, eggs, beans  Glow- minerals and vitamins found in foods like milk Research Integration  Effect of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional measures in children: a randomized controlled trial  Balkrishna, A. et. al.  Physical exercise- higher social self-esteem. Increase in body mass.  Yoga- cognitive and emotional