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ENGLISH READING MATERIAL I SEMESTER B.COM (SEP): 2024-25 HARMONY-1 UNIT: 1 POEMS 1. WHEN TO THE SESSIONS OF SWEET SILENT THOUGHT WILLI...

ENGLISH READING MATERIAL I SEMESTER B.COM (SEP): 2024-25 HARMONY-1 UNIT: 1 POEMS 1. WHEN TO THE SESSIONS OF SWEET SILENT THOUGHT WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616) “Let Me Not To The Marriage Of True Minds”, (Sonnet 30)is a sonnet written by William Shakespeare. A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines. There are two kinds of sonnets: Petrarchan and Shakespearean. Shakespeare has written 154 sonnets. The first group of 126 sonnets is addressed to his friend and patron Mr. W.H. The second group of 28 sonnets is addressed to „Dark Lady‟. The identity of these two persons is still unknown. The theme of the sonnet 116 is love. In the first stanza, the poet uses the metaphor of marriage to compare it to true and real love. The poet says that nothing that can stand between true and sincere lovers because it is not the marriage of bodies but of minds. Therefore, the poet does not admit that any impediments can come in the way of true love. The poet says that if love changes, it is not truly loved because nothing can change it. In the second quatrain, the poet opines that it is not true love, which changes with changing situations. True love does not submit to the power of its annihilator. If a remover tries to remove the poles of love, true love will not let it do so. It will overcome any hurdle that comes in its way. Love is something that does not shift, change, or move.It is always constant in the same place. The speaker declares that love is always firm. The poet compares true love to a lighthouse and a pole star. Though the lighthouse faces tempests in the sea, it stands firm and is never shaken. In the same way, true love is not shaken with the difficulties and challenges of life. Secondly, the speaker compares true love to the pole star. The pole star serves as a guide to every ship in the oceans. Like the pole star, true love also guides lovers. The depth of true love, like the full value and potentialities of the guiding star,can never be completely acknowledged. The pole star and ideal love both are beyond human estimation. The value of these two cannot be measured even if we come to know their heights. In the third quatrain, the speaker says that true love is not time‟s slave. It does not change with the passage of time. He admits that the outward beauty of the human body does fade away with time. Time is personified here as a farmer harvesting the crops with a sickle. The rosy lips and 1 cheeks of the beloved will surely lose their vibrant colours as time passes. However, the small hours and weeks of time cannot encompass the vastness of true love. True love will remain unchanged in the face of every trick employed by time. It will fight time until doomsday sees the end of time. In the couplet, the poet says that if anybody can prove him wrong in his assessment of true love, he will let go of his identity as a poet and admit to have never written a poem, and no man has ever loved in this world. 2. THE WORLD IS TOO MUCH WITH US WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) ‘The World is Too Much with Us’ written by William Wordsworth is a sonnet. The sonnet presents the conflict between spiritual versus materialistic values. ‘The World is Too Much with Us‟ means men care too much care about the worldly things. Theyare always busy running after the material pleasure of life. Since they have become too materialistic, they spend their precious time, minds and energy in getting and spending. They have lost their touch with the spiritual and natural object. They see nothing in nature that belongs to them. They have sold their hearts to the gods of wealth and have no feeling left for enjoying the beauty of Nature. They do not have any love for the sight of moonlight falling on the surface of the sea or the picture of the winds, which make tumultuous noise throughout the day. They just sleep like flowers at night and do not have they any liking for lovely aspects of Nature. The poets of his age fail to recognise their kinship with the beautiful objects of Nature because its beauty does not move them at all. They are out of tune with every beauty and blessings of nature have to offer because they are caught up in web of worldly wealth. The poet wishes to become a pagan to be in harmony with nature rather than be the part of outdated faith that has separated him from nature. As a pagan, the poet would have the opportunity of witnessing the sights of pagan gods like Proteus, the sea god rising from the sea and Triton, the sea deity controlling the sea waves by blowing his wreathed horn. Clara L. Thomson says, “Wordsworth would rather be a pagan brought up in a creed that is now obsolete, and keep the close sense of communication with Nature that is possessed by primitive people, than so much taken up with worldly things as the Englishmen of his day.” 2  3. RING OUT WILD BELLS ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON (1809-1892) “Ring Out Wild Bells” by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, is a poem that emphasizes a plea for transition for good. The title “Ring Out, Wild Bells” suggests bidding goodbye to the old order and welcoming the new one. In the first stanza, the poet talks about the end of the year. The year is coming to end since the time is New Year‟s Eve, 31 December. The sky is wild because of cold weather at the end of the year. The year is slowing disappearing with the onset of night. The poet tells to let the night pass and end the year with the ringing of the church. The second stanza talks about bidding adieu to the old year by ringing the church bells and, at the same time, ringing those bells to salute the New Year. „Ring, happy bells, across the snow‟ again indicates the cold winter in month of January. The poet tells to do away with falsehood and with the New Year, make a new beginning, and embrace the truth. The third stanza is an entreaty to humankind to let go of all their pent-up sorrows for those who are no more with us. In addition, the prolonged bitter quarrel between the rich and the poor must be done away with, and all fellow human beings must rectify their past mistakes and put an end to class differences. In the fourth stanza, „Slowly dying cause‟ refers to customs or reasons which are now futile and prove to be a hindrance to change. All old conflicts must be forgotten and replaced with more virtuous ways of living. Every person must be good to each other and be guided by fresh and ethical laws, which are harmful to none. We must turn our backs on materialistic objectives that make us indulge in immoral desires. Cynicism and suspicion must be bid farewell to, and melancholic tunes must be put to end. Instead, medieval melodies of minstrels must be rung in. The final three stanzas tell about conceit, regionalism, spitefulness, and other human vanities that must be banished and replaced with love for humanity and good for society. Honesty and righteousness must prevail. The desire for peace must overrule greed, lust, and wars. Darkness must be eradicated forever by the kindness and love in the human heart. All men will be free and gallant. No man is inherently evil and that the ability to love resides in every human. „Ring in the Christ that is to be‟ is suggestive of never losing Faith, as the ultimate redemption lies in God, as He is the Almighty and heals all. This highlights the poet‟s attachment to his Faith and demonstrates his conviction that salvation is achievable only by surrender to God. 3  4. PIANO D.H. LAWRENCE (1885-1930) The poem “Piano” written by D.H. Lawrence depicts the power of nostalgia. The piano as a symbol connects the poet‟s present to the past, while the music initiates his journey to the past. In the first stanza, the poet as a narrator, recalls his past as a fully grow up adult. It is dusk. A woman is singing to the narrator accompanied by piano. The music and singing take him back to his childhood days where he not only remembers sitting under the piano at home but also remembers his own mother playing for him. He was literally pressing the feet of his mother who is singing and smiling with affection. It shows how the narrator felt both emotionally and physically connected to his mother as she played and sang. In the second stanza, the music once again makes him feel strongly nostalgic. He wants to go back to the time when he spent Sunday evenings in winter with his family listening to them singing hymns in the warm parlour room with the piano‟s music guiding them. He once again wants to feel that warmth and the serene joy the music created on these evenings at home. The music kept "winter outside," by creating a barrier between the cold world outside and the warmth within. He also connects the music to a deep spirituality. He tells that he remembers the music most often on Sunday evenings. His mother was a master of song and of creating warmth on these cold evenings, and his soul now longs to weep for what no longer exists. In the third stanza, the poet says that the singer‟s song in the present, unlike his mother‟s, has no hope of stirring his soul. Therefore, it is vain for the singer to burst into clamour. The real glamour found in the days of his childhood and the sweet memories that his mother created were borne out of genuine love for him and their family. Now they no more exist. As he recalls once more those evenings, he gives in to the emotions stirred initially by this piano music in his present, and he weeps for the past and for the beauty music created for him as a child. 4. THERE WILL COME SOFT RAINS SARA TEASDALE (1884-1933) Diameter of the Bomb, written by Yehuda Amichai, is a poem that explores the devastation and suffering caused by war and its effect on humanity. The poem explores the far-reaching consequences of violence through the lens of a single bombing. The destruction is measured not only in physical terms (the bomb's diameter, its effective range, the number of casualties), but also in the emotional and geographical circles of grief and loss that extend beyond the immediate impact. 4  At the beginning of the poem, the poet, in a detached manner, simply describes a bomb being “thirty centimeters” with a range of about “seven meters. This statistical description gives the impression that the bomb is more harmful, holds limited capacity for damage, ineffective and the fatalities are insignificant when compared to the total fatalities in a war. That is why he just states that just four are dead, eleven are wounded, two hospitals and one graveyard are devastated. However, poet‟s experience with war tells what the true aftermath effect of the war is. The poet talks about a young woman being killed despite being “more than a hundred kilometers” away and “the solitary man mourning her death at the distant shores of a country far across the sea.” The impact of the bomb is not what it seems. Its impact is gradually expanding. The grievance and pain caused by the war spread further. It means that people and places are connected and it will affect everyone in some way. The poet also presents the harsh facts and the paints the heart-wrenching situation that is caused by the war with descriptions of the cries of orphans “that reaches up to the throne of God and beyond.” Eventually, the poet concludes that the impact of the bomb is so large that the circle has no end and there is no God. The constant repetition of the word “circles” emphasizes the ongoing endless cycle of pain and suffering from the war. With the description of the horrific aftermath of war, the poet brings up the question of whether war is really worth the pain and loss that consume the living. The representation of the impact of the bomb is so vast that the poet questions the existence of God in a world where such pain and suffering exist. 5  UNIT II SHORT STORIES THE MODEL MILLIONAIRE OSCAR WILDE (1856- 1900) SUMMARY “The Model Millionaire” is a short story that portrays the value of kindness and compassion in a world of selfishness and cruelty. The protagonist, Hughie Erskine, is a young and handsome person. Cavalry sword and a History of the Peninsular War in fifteen volumes are the only two things that he inherited from his father. He has tried many things to make a living. He worked as a stockbroker, tea merchant, sold dry sherry and did pekoe and souchon but he could not succeed in anything. Finally, he had to survive on two hundred pounds a year given to him by an elderly aunt. Hughie falls in love with Laura Merton, the daughter of a retired Colonel. Although the retired Colonel likes and approves of Hughie Erskine, he refuses to give his daughter‟s hand in marriage unless he is able to amass a wealth of £10,000. Hughie often visits his friend, Alan Trevor, a painter by profession. Alan Trevor likes Hughie, and allows him to visit his studio. One day when Hughie goes to meet Alan Trevor in his studio, he sees him painting a portrait of an old man who appears to a beggar with a piteous and miserable look on his face. Both talk about the beggar and Hughie asks how much the model gets. He learns that a shilling for an hour to pose for him, while his friend gets 2000 guineas for the painting. Hughie comments that the painters are heartless because they give the models only one shelling though they work as hard as the painters do. When Alan Trevor goes out to meet the frame maker, the beggar takes the time to rest for a while. Hughie looks at him with compassion and feeling pity for him, he dips into his pocket a sovereign. The beggar is very grateful for the money. Later when he visits Laura and tells her what he did, she scolds him for being extravagant. That night, he visits the Palette Club and finds Alan Trevor there, sitting by himself smoking and drinking. Alan tells Hughie that he has told the beggar all about his financial situation and the £10,000 he has to amass before he can marry Laura Merton. Now Hughie tells Alan that he gave the beggar a shilling. Alan discloses the fact that the beggar is not really a beggar; he is Baron Hausberg, one of the richest men in Europe. He could buy all London tomorrow without overdrawing his account. He has a house in every capital, dines off gold plate, and can prevent Russia going to war when he chooses”. Once when Baron Hausberg visited Alan Trevor‟s studio, he gave him a commission and paint him as a beggar. Hughie goes home feeling unhappy while Alan Trevor leaves in fits of laughter. 6  The next morning while he is eating breakfast in his house, a man comes to his house with a sealed envelope from Baron Hausberg. On the envelope it is written, “A wedding present to Hughie Erskine and Laura Merton, from an old beggar.” Inside the envelope, Hughie Erskine finds a cheque for £10,000. ONE MARK QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence: 1. What were the two things that Hughie Ernskine inherited from his father? Answer: Cavalry sword and a History of the Peninsular War in fifteen volumes. 2. Where did the Mertons live? Answer: Holland Park 3. What was Alan Trevor‟s profession? Answer: Painter 4. What was the only means of sustenance for Hughie? Answer: Two hundred pounds a year given to him by an elderly aunt. 5. Why could not the colonel accept the engagement of his daughter with Hughie? Answer: Because Hughie did not have any profession and a wealth of ten thousand pounds. 6. How does Hughie show his kindness to the beggar? Answer: By giving the beggar a sovereign. 7. Who was the beggar in reality? Answer: The beggar in reality was Baron Hausberg, one of the richest man in Europe. 8. Name the girl whom Hughie Erskine loved. Answer: Laura Merton 9. How does Baron Hausberg help Hughie? Answer: By giving him a cheque for £10,000. 10. Why does Hughie comment that painters are heartless? Answer: Because they pay less to the models. 11. How does Baron help Hughie get married to Laura? Answer: By giving him a cheque for £ 10,000. 7  2. THE CONJURER‟S REVENGE STEPHEN LEACOCK (1869-1944) A conjurer is happy, confident and interested to show his tricks and entertain the audience. He has prepared himself for the various tricks to be presented before the audience. The first trick was taking a bowl of gold fish from an empty cloth. The second trick was the famous Hidonstanee rings. The rings are separated initially but at the blow of the conjurer they all join. The third trick was extracting 17 eggs from the hat. The audience was astonished for 35 seconds and thought that it was a wonderful magic. The next tricks he performed were several packs of card, a loaf of bread, a dolls cradle, alive guinea pig, a fifty-cent piece and a rocking chair. However, a man from the audience called the Quick Man starts spoiling the every magic trick of the conjurer by whispering the audience that the conjurer „had-it-up-his- sleeve‟. He convinced the audience that it was no magic. His words were damaging the conjurer‟s image in front of the audience. The audience was slowly losing interest in the tricks of the conjurer. This made the conjurer, upset. So the conjurer decided to take revenge by playing some tricks on the quick man. He made a bold announcement that he was going to present the famous Japanese trick invented by the natives of Tipperary. With the permission of the Quick Man, he borrowed his gold watch and smashed it in the mortar with hammer. Then he had his silk hat and danced on it. The hat was crushed beyond its recognition. Then he borrowed his handkerchief and made holes in it. The next thing is he took is his celluloid collar and burnt it in the candle. Then he took the spectacles from him and smashed it into pieces. The Quick Man initially thought that the conjurer was playing his trick and he would get back his things. Later he realised that those were not tricks but actual destruction of the items. The conjurer maintained patience and did not let the audience know that he was taking revenge. Finally, the conjurer wanted to get the Quick Man‟s overcoat and paint green strips on it or tie his suspenders in a knot. When he realised that the Quick Man was no longer ready to give any of his items, the conjurer ended up the show with a big bang. This was the way the conjurer fooled the Quick Man and took revenge. 8  ONE MARK QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence: 1. Who spoiled the magic trick every time? Answer: The Quick Man 2. What did the Quick Man whisper every time the conjurer performed his trick? Answer: He-had-it-up-his-sleeve. 3. Who invented the Japanese trick? Answer: The natives of Tipperary. 4. Name the things collected by the conjurer from the Quick Man to perform tricks. Answer: Gold watch, handkerchief, silk hat, celluloid collar and spectacles, 5. What did the conjurer do to his gold watch and spectacles? Answer; He broke the watch and smashed the spectacles. 6. Why does the conjurer get personal things from the Quick Man? Answer: To perform Japanese trick invented by the natives of Tipperary. 7. Mention the tricks performed by the conjurer. Answer: Taking a bowl of fish from the empty cloth, Hindostanee rings, taking eggs from the hat. 8. How many eggs did the conjurer extract from a hat? Answer: 17 eggs. 9. Who is called the Quick Man in the story? Answer: A man from the audience who spoils every trick of the conjurer. 9  3. AN ASTROLOGER‟S DAY R.K. NARAYAN (1906-2001) R.K. Narayan is an acclaimed novelist, short story writer and essayist. „An Astrologer’s Day‟ is a story of an astrologer. The astrologer began his trade each day at midday. He spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of dozen cowrie shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing. His forehead was shining with sacred ash, vermilion, his eyes sparkled with a sharp gleam, and his head was wound with a saffron-coloured turban. He sat under the boughs of a spreading tamarind tree situated at the side of the Town Hall. Medicine sellers, sellers of stolen hardware and junk, magicians an auctioneer of cheap cloth, a vendor of fried ground net were the other trades men along the same footpath. The astrologer did not have the benefit of Municipal lighting. Shop lights, two gaslights nearby, old cycle lamps, lighted up the place, where he sat. Though he was an astrologer, he did not know what was going to happen to others, but he knew what would happen to him next minute. He was as much a stranger to the stars as were his innocent customers. Yet he said things, which pleased and astonished every customer: that was more a matter of study, practice, and guesswork. The astronomer began his life in his ancestral home in a village. If he had remained there, he would have carried on his forefather‟s work- namely, tilling the land, living, marrying, and ripening cornfield. But he had to leave home without telling anyone and settle down in a town where he became an astrologer. He was successful as an astrologer because he understood human problems. He found his knowledge of human psychology a useful thing. He had the working analysis of mankind‟s troubles: marriage, money, and the tangles of human ties. Within five minutes, he could understand what was wrong because long practice had sharpened his perception. He charged three paise per question. He did not talk the minute the customer paid him. He remained silent for the first ten minutes with every customer. First, he listened to what the customer said. That helped him to answer their queries and give advice. Every minute he packed up when the ground net seller packed up. One evening when the astrologer was packing up, he saw a man standing before him. He sensed a possible client and asked him to sit down because he looked so careworn. The strange customer looked challenging type. The pact agreed between the astrologer and stranger was that the stranger had to pay eight annas if he found the answer satisfactory. If he found the answers wrong, the astrologer had to pay him sixteen annas. When the stranger lighted the cheroot, the astrologer recognised the stranger‟s face. The astrologer became uncomfortable after this and wanted to pack up and go. But the stranger did not allow him to go. 10  Then the astrologer began to reveal the stranger‟s past. The stranger‟s name was Guru Nayak. The stranger‟s name was Guru Nayak. He and the stranger drank, gambled and quarreled badly one day. He stabbed the stranger in the chest, pushed him into a well nearby in the field and he was left for dead. Then the astrologer ran away from hone and settled down in a town where he became an astrologer. However, a passerby saved Guru Nayak. He vowed revenge and was looking for him. The astrologer was relieved because he had not killed him. In order to escape the wrath of Guru Nayak, he told him that his enemy was crushed under a lorry and advised him not to travel southward again. The astrologer reached home at midnight. His wife, who was waiting anxiously at the door, was angry with him for coming late. However, at the sight of the money, her anger turned into joy. She decided to spend it on jaggery and coconut to make sweets for her little daughter. ONE MARK QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence: 1. What are the professional equipments of the astrologer? Answer: A dozen cowrie shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing. 2. What was the stranger‟s name in the story, An Astrologer’s Day? Answer: Guru Nayak 3. What was the pact between the stranger and the astrologer? Answer: The stranger had to pay the astrologer eight annas if he found the answer satisfactory; If the stranger found the answers wrong, the astrologer had to pay him sixteen annas. 4. What did the astrologer know about the stranger? Answer: The stranger‟s name was Guru Nayak. He and the stranger drank, gambled and quarreled badly one day. The astrologer stabbed the stranger in the chest, pushed him into a well nearby in the field and he was left for dead. 5. What did the astrologer advice the stranger? Answer: To take the next train and go back home because there is a great danger to his life if goes from home. 6. How did the astrologer recognize the stranger? Answer: By noticing the scar on his chest. 7. How did the stranger‟s enemy die according to the astrologer? Answer: He was crushed under a lorry. 11  8. To whom does the astrologer confess the truth about the stranger? Answer: His wife. 9. He “never opened his mouth till the other had spoken for at least ten minutes.” Give a reason. Answer: It provided him enough stuff for a dozen answers and advices. UNIT III: ESSAYS ON TRAVEL BY TRAIN J.B. PRIESTLEY (1894-1984) SUMMARY The essay „On Travel by Train‟ by J.B. Priestley depicts how common experiences in life like a simple travel by train are full of humour. The author humorously describes the various types of fellow travelers in a train journey by using the technique of self- mockery. 1. Englishman: When removed from his hearth and home, an English man becomes a very different creature. He is capable of sudden furies, roaring passions and strong emotions. 2. Middle-aged woman: The middle-aged woman traveler always rouses the author‟s quick hatred. He describes her as a person with a rough voice and face of brass. She loves to invade smoking compartments that are already filled with a quiet company of smokers. Her dog always accompanies her. She does not possess any modesty and courtesy and destroys the peace of the travel. 3. Heavy carriers: Then he describes the heavy carriers. They are less offensive but still annoying. They carry all their odd chattels and household utensils and parcel them up in brown paper. They also carry baskets of fruits and bunch of flowers to add to their own and other people‟s misery. 4. Non- stop eaters: Priestley talks about the non- stop eaters who are simple folks. Once they settled in their seats, they pass each other tattered sandwiches and mouthful scraps of pastry and talking with their mouths full and scattering crumbs over the trousers of fastidious old gentlemen. 5. Children: The author talks about children‟s behavior in the train. Some children do not make good travelling companions because throughout the journey they will spend all their time daubing their faces with chocolate or trying to climb out of the window. 12 6. Cranks: Then, he describes about the cranks. The cranks will always annoy their fellow passengers by insisting to open the windows in the trains on the bleakest days but in the hot season, they do not allow a window to be opened. 7. Innocent travelers: Then, the author describes about innocent travelers who always find themselves in the wrong train. They neither bother about the railway timetables nor ask the railway officials for advice. They get into the train that comes first. In the midst of the journey, they enquire, whether they are on the right train or not. The writer has often wondered whether these people will ever reach their destination. 8. Mighty sleepers: The author envies the mighty sleepers. Once they settled in their seats, they are off to sleep in a moment. Two minutes or so from their destination they wake up, collect their baggage, go out alert, and refreshed leaving others to their boredom. Priestley calls them as descendants of the Seven of Ephesus. 9. Seafaring men: According to the author, seafaring men are good companions on a railway journey. They are always ready for a pipe and a crack with any man. There is usually some entertaining matter in their talk. According to author, seafaring men make good companions on a railway journey as they are always ready for a pipe and a crack with any man and there is usually some entertaining matter in their talk. 10. Confidential Stranger: And then there is the confidential stranger who makes the train travelers to yawn. They are rarely seen and they are compared to a very dull dog. They take pleasure in talking of their own interest. 11. Elderly man: At last, the author talks about the elderly man who always seated in a corner of the carriage and says that the train is two minutes behind time. Then with the slightest encouragement, he will begin to talk and his talk will be all of trains. The author advices the readers to be aware of the elderly man, for he is the Ancient Mariner of railway travelers who will hold you with his glittering eye. ONE MARK QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence: 1. How does Priestly describe the middle-aged women? Answer: The middle-aged woman is large with rasping voice and a face of brass. 2. Why does the writer say children are not good to travel with? Answer: Because throughout the journey they will spend all their time daubing their faces with chocolate or trying to climb out of the window. 13  3. Who are the cranks? Answer: The cranks annoy their fellow passengers by insisting to open the windows in the trains on the bleakest days but in the hot season, they do not allow a window to be opened. 4. Why does the writer like innocent travelers? Answer: The innocent travelers who always find themselves in the wrong train. They neither bother about the railway timetables nor ask the railway officials for advice. They get into the train that comes first. In the midst of the journey, they enquire, whether they are on the right train or not. 5. Who are called the Seven of Ephesus? Answer: Sleepers 6. Who, according to the writer, makes good companions on rail journeys? Answer: Seafaring men. 7. Who is the Ancient Mariner of the railway traveler? Answer: The elderly man. 8. Who does the poet envy among the travelers? Answer: Sleepers. 2. HOW TO ESCAAPE FROM INTELLECTUAL RUBBISH BERTRAND RUSSELL (1872-1970) In „How to Escape from Intellectual Rubbish’ Bertrand Russell talks about people‟s opinions and describes different ways to escape from intellectual rubbish and avoid foolish opinions. Russell asserts the need for careful observations before an opinion is formed. He suggests some simple rules. If we can settle any matter by observation, we ourselves should make the observation. Russell gives some examples to illustrate it. Aristotle had thought that women have fewer teeth than men. Actually, it was a mistake. If Aristotle asked his wife to keep her mouth open while he counted, he could have avoided the mistake. He did not do it because he thought he knew. Russell believed that hedgehogs eat black beetles because he had been told that they do; but if he were to write a book on the habits of hedgehogs, he himself should see and clarify if hedgehogs eat black beetles. Ancient and medieval authors knew and wrote about unicorns and salamanders but none of them had seen them before giving statements about them. There are many matters, which cannot be brought to the test of experience; but we can know if one is biased. For example, if an opinion that is different from our own makes us angry then it is a 14 sure sign that we are biased. But if someone says that two and two are five or that Iceland is located on the equator, instead of getting angry we feel sorry, because it is a truth known to everybody. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. For example, religion cannot be scientifically proved and hence there are controversies. Therefore, persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic because in arithmetic, there is knowledge, but in theology, there is only opinion. If we become aware of different opinions in social circles and the opinions different from our own, such controversies can be avoided. It will help us in diminishing our prejudice. According to Russell, it is good to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. One advantage in that method is that there can be no counter arguments. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi had deplored railways, steamboats, and machinery. His opinion was contrary to the opinion held by the west regarding industrial revolution. Russell had an imaginary argument with Gandhi and imagined what he would have said about the industrial revolution. This helped Russell to change his opinion. One must be very careful about opinions that flatter. For instance, both men and women very are often firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. If a man points out that most poets and scientists are men, a woman will retort by saying that most of the criminals are men. People believe that their own nation is superior to all other nations. If they see that each nation has its own merits and demerits they glorify the merits and say that its demerits are comparatively trivial. A sensible man will say that this is something that cannot be proved. Therefore, it is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of a man as man, because, according to Russel, they are non- human beings. The only way of dealing with self esteem is to tell ourselves that man‟s life is a brief episode in a small planet in a little corner of the universe and there are planets where beings superior to us exist. They are as superior to us as we are to jelly fish. This sort of thinking is the only way to get rid ourselves of the pride in opinion of human superiority. ONE MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence: 1. How to escape from intellectual rubbish according to Bertrand Russell? Answer: Observation 2. What are the advantages of having an imaginary argument with a person having a different bias? Answer: It is not subject to the same limitations of time nd space. 15 3. How could Aristotle avoid the mistake about women teeth? Answer:, Aristotle could have avoided the mistake about women teeth if had asked his wife to keep her mouth open while he counted. 4. In arithmetic, there is knowledge, but in theology, there is only one ………… Answer: In arithmetic, there is knowledge, but in theology, there is only one opinion. 5. How could one avoid dogmatism? Answer: To become aware of opinions held in social circles different from our own. 6. What is the most savage controversies? Answer: The matters that have no good evidence. 7. What are the common sources of error? Answer: Passions and self-esteem. 8. What are the forms of fear according to Russell? Answer: Fear of death, fear of the dark and fear of the unknown. 9. What is the main source of superstition? Answer: Fear is the main source of superstition. 10. Mention the two ways of avoiding error. Answer: (1) Persuading ourselves that we are immune from disaster. (2) By the practice of sheer courage. 3. STAY HUNGRY, STAY FOOLISH STEVE JOBS (1955-2011) ONE MARK QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS Answer the following questions in a word, a phrase or a sentence: 1. From which college did Steve Jobs drop out? Answer: Reed College 2. Who was Steve‟s biological mother? Answer: A young, unwed college graduate. 3. What did Steve‟s biological mother find about his adopted parents? Answer: His mother had never graduated from college and his father had never graduated from high school. 4. Why did Steve‟s biological mother refused to sign the adoption papers? Answer: Because his biological mother insisted on sending him to college. 5. What according to Steve Jobs was one of best decisions he ever made? Answer: To drop out. 16 6. Why would Steve walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night? Answer: To get one good meal. 7. Where did Steve Jobs walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get a good meal? Answer: Hare Krishna temple. 8. Which college offered the best calligraphy instruction in the country, according to Steve Jobs? Answer: Reed College 9. How did the calligraphy classes Steve had taken help him? Answer: The calligraphy classes helped Steve Jobs to produce artistic posters and labels. 10. What, according to Steve Jobs, has never let him down and made all the difference in his life? Answer: Trust in destiny and karma. 11. Where did Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple? Answer: Garage 12. Name the companies Steve Jobs started after he was fired from Apple. Answer: NeXT and Pixar 13. What was Steve Jobs diagnosed with? Answer: Pancreas Cancer 17  LANGUAGE COMPONENT: 20 MARKS 1. Punctuation: 04 Marks 2. Articles: 4 Marks 3. Subject-verbs Agreement: 4 Marks 4. Prepositions: 4 Marks 1. PUNCTUATION Punctuation mark is one of a set of marks or signs used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases. 1. FULL STOP (.) 1. Assertive and imperative sentences and indirect questions always end with full stops: a) Eg: The sun rises in the east. b) I am going home now. c) Shut the door. d) Get out of my class. e) Please, open the windows. f) He asked me what the report was. 2.A full stop is used in abbreviations and initials: a) Eg: Jan. for January. b) Oct. for October c) L.I.C., M.A., B.A., U.N.O. 2. THE COMMA (,) The comma is a short pause. 1. The comma is used separate words or pair of words: a) China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal are India‟s neighbours. b) The child laughed, danced, jumped and cried for joy. c) Rich and poor, high and low, young or old – all must die. 2.The comma is used to mark off words in apposition: a) Alexander, the conqueror of the world, died of Malaria. b) John Milton, the famous English poet, was blind. c) Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, died in 1964. d) Then, after a little rest, we resumed our journey. 3. The comma is used to separate dates, and other elements in address: 18  a) The meeting will be held on Monday, April 17, 2010. b) Please, send this parcel to Jagan, 22, Church Road, Mysore. 3. QUESTION MARK (?) 1.Interrogative sentences end with question marks: a) What is your name? b) Where are you going? c) How are you? d) Are you going to Mysore today? 4. EX CLAMATORY MARK (!) 1. An exclamatory mark is used at the end of an exclamation, an interjection and a wish. a) What a beautiful flower it is! (an exclamatory sentence) b) Alas! He is dead. (an interjection) c) Hush! The baby is sleeping. (an interjection) d) Long live revolution! (wish) 5. INVERTED COMMAS (“ ”) 1.The inverted commas are used to mark off the exact words of the speaker: a) The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east”. b) He said to us, “Try and try again”. c) The Bible says, “Love your enemies”. d) Gandhi said, “Honesty is the best policy.” e) My teacher asked me, “What is your name?” 6. SEMI COLON (;) The semi colon represents a pause of greater duration than the comma. 1. Semi colon is used between two separate clauses that are not actually joined by a conjunction: a) To err is human; to forgive is divine. b) Peace is construction; war, destruction. 2.Some adverbial expressions such as ‘nevertheless’, ‘none the less’, ‘all the same’, take semi colons in front of the clause they appear. a) He fought hard; however, he left. b) He fought hard; nevertheless, he lost. c) He fought hard; all the same, he lost. 19  7. CAPITAL LETTERS a) Every sentence begins with a capital letter. Rama is s good boy. He studies in a government school. He works hard. b)All the proper nouns must begin with a capital letter. Raju. Sita. Nelson. Mysore. India. Asia. c) All the name of days, months, holidays and festivals must begin with a capital letter. Days: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. Months: January, February, March, April, May, June, July. Holidays and festivals: Ugadi, Pongal, Onam, Christmas, Ramadan, Valentine‟s Day d)Each fresh line of the poetry must begin with a capital letter. Thy beams, so strong Why shouldst thou think? e) The pronoun „I‟ must be in the capital letter. I am Rajan. I live in Mysore. I am forty years old. He and I are friends. Alas! Ah! Hurrah! Oh! f) The first letter of an interjection must be in the capital letter. Alas! Ah! Hurrah! Oh! Hush! g) Periods, events, and eras must begin with a capital letter. Middle Ages, World War II, Roman Empire. f) The capital letter is used in abbreviations and initials: Jan. for January. Oct. for October L.I.C., M.A., B.A., U.N.O., U.S.A., U.S.S.R. Raju M.S. g) The first word of a quote must begin with a capital letter. Basavanna said, “Work is worship.” Gandhi says, “Honesty is the best policy.” The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.” h) All the nouns and pronouns referring to god must begin with a capital letter. The Almighty, the Lord, His Power, His Might. 20  2 ARTICLES The demonstrative adjectives „a‟, or „an‟, and „the‟ are called articles. There are two kinds of articles in English. 1. Definite article 2. Indefinite article INDEFINITE ARTICLE „A‟ or „An‟ is called indefinite articles because it does not point out any a particular person or a thing. It means any. E.g.: A boy, A student, A cow, A book, An apple, An elephant, An Indian, An orange, An umbrella DEFINITE ARTICLE „The‟ is called definite articles because it points out a particular person or a thing. E.g.: This is the pen which I lost yesterday. THE USE OF „A‟ AND „AN‟ The use of „A‟ or „An‟ depends not on the written form but on the spoken form of the first letter of the word. THE USE OF „A‟ 1. „A‟ is used before the word beginning with a consonant sound. E.g.: A boy, a girl, a table, a tree, a bench, a town, a nation. 2. „A‟ is used before the vowel letter „u‟ having the sound of „yu‟. E.g.: a university, a union government, a unit, a unique, a Unitarian govt. etc. 3. „A‟ is used before a word beginning with the vowel letter silent „e‟ succeeded by „u‟ having the sound of „yu‟. E.g.: a European, a eulogist, a eunuch, a ewe, etc. 4. „A‟ is used before the word „ONE‟ because the vowel letter „o‟ is pronounced as /w/ E.g.: a one eyed person, a one-way traffic, a one sided judgment. THE USE OF „AN‟ 1. „An‟ is used before the word beginning with a vowel sound. Eg: An animal, an elementary school, an Indian, an orthodox person, an untidy girl. 21 2. „An‟ is used before a silent „h‟. Eg: An honest person, an hour, an heir, an honourable person 3.„An‟ is used before a consonant letter beginning with a vowel sound. E.g.: An M.P., an M.L.A., an F.M. radio, an L.L.B., an M.A., an S.M.S., an L-Board THE USE OF „THE‟ 1. „The‟ is used before the names of rivers: E.g.:The Cauvery, the Ganges, the Sindu, the Nile, the Themes, the Euphrates, the Tigris, the Mississippi, the Brahmaputra, etc. 2. „The‟ is used before the names of seas: E.g.: The Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black sea etc. 3. „The‟ is used before the names of oceans: E.g.: The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Antarctic Ocean. 4. The Names of the Channels: E.g.: The English Channel, the Suez Channel, the Grand Channel, etc 5. The Names of the Gulfs: E.g.:The Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of Finland. 6. „The‟ is used before the names of groups of islands: E.g.: The Andaman, the Nichobar, the British Isle etc. 7. „The‟ is used before the names of sacred books: E.g.: The Bible, the Bhagavad Gita, the Vedas, the Puranas, the Koran etc. 8. „The‟ is used before the names of classics: E.g.: The Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Iliad, the Odessay, etc. 8. „The‟ is used before common nouns which are names of things unique of their kind: E.g.: The earth, the sun, the moon, the universe, the galaxy, the sky etc. 9. „The‟ is used before ordinals: E.g.: the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, etc. 10. „The‟ is used before adjectives in the superlative degree: E.g.: He is the best teacher in our class. The darkest cloud has a silver lining. 11. „The‟ is used before the names of buildings, towers, bridges, and tunnels. 22  E.g.; The tower of London, the Eiffel tower, the Red fort, the Taj Mahal, the Town Hall, the Parliament House, the White House, the Hudson Tunnel. 12. „The‟ is used before an adjective to make it a noun in the plural: E.g. The rich must help the poor. The educated should teach the illiterate. 13. „The‟ is used before an adjective when the noun is understood: E.g.:The rich (rich men) should help the poor (poor men). The young, the old, the high, and the low – all loved him. 14. „The‟ is used before the names of races or nations: E.g. The Hindus, the Muslims, the Christians. The Indians, the English, the French, the Dutch etc. 15. The‟ is used before the name of the mountain ranges and group of Lakes: E.g.The Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Shyadri, the Alps, etc. The Great Lake, The Finger Lakes, etc. all love him. 16. The‟ is used a National or Proper Adjective when “people or nation” is understood. E.g.:The English, the Indians, the Americans, the Dutch, the French, the Spanish, etc. 17. „The‟ is used with physical positions: Eg.:Thefront, the back, the side, the top, the bottom, the middle, thecenter, the inside, the exterior, the interior, 18. „The‟ is used with names of the armed forces. E.g.:The Army, the Navy, the Air force. 19. „The is used with the names of branches of the government: E.g.: The executive, the legislative, the judiciary. 20. „The‟ is used before the names of the musical instruments: E.g.: The piano, the flute, the tabala, the harp, the veena, the harmonium, the sitar. 21. 21. „The‟ is used before names of scientific inventions: E.g.: The radio, the TV, the telephone. 22. „The‟ is used with the names of parts of body: E.g.: The head, the ear, the eye, the leg, the face, the heart. 23. „The‟ is used before the manes of high ranks: E.g.: The Prime Minister, the President, the Principal. 24. „The‟ is used before the incidents: E.g.:The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the Battle of Panipath, the Freedom Movement. 23  25. „The‟ is used before the plural nouns on Proper Nouns: E.g.:The Sharmas were very nice people. I believe in what the Biswas say. The Guptas are usually rich. 26. „The‟ is used before the names of political parties and organizations: E.g.:The Congress, the BharatiyaJanatha Part, the Janatha Dal. 27. „The‟ is used before the names of public places and historical buildings: E.g.: The TajMahal, the Golden Temple, the Zoo. 28. „The‟ is used before certain countries when they are supposed to be groups consisting of smaller units: E.g.: The USA, the USSR, the Republic of South Africa. 29. „The‟ is used before the names certain world organizations: E.g.: The UNO, The WHO, The UNESCO 3. SUBJECT-VERBS AGREEMENT: VERB The word verb is derived from the Latin word “verbum” which means a word. It is called so because it is the most important word in a sentence. A verb indicates an action and a state or condition. E.g.; He drinks coffee. (The verb „drinks‟ indicates an action.) He is sick.(The auxiliary verb „is‟ does not indicate an action but a state or condition.) VERB FORMS PRESENT TENSE FORM „ING‟ PAST TENSE PAST „TO‟ INFINITIVE FORM FORM PARTICIPLE FORM FORM BASE FORM „S‟ FORM Believe Believes Believing Believed Believed To believe Dance Dances Dancing Danced Danced TO dance Jump Jumps Jumping Jumped Jumped To jump Play Plays Playing Played Played To play Walk Walks Walking Walked Walked To walk Work Works Working Worked Worked To work Bring Brings Bringing Brought Brought To bring Buy Buys Buying Bought Bought To buy Catch Catches Catching Caught Caught To catch Come Comes Coming Came Come To come Dream Dreams Dreaming Dreamt Dreamt To dream 24 Drink Drinks Drinking Drank Drunk To drink Eat Eats Eating Ate Eaten To eat Go Goes Going Went Gone To go Keep Keeps Keeping Kept Kept To keep Run Runs Running Ran Run To run Sing Sings Singing Sang Sung To sing Sleep Sleeps Sleeping Slept Slept To sleep Sweep Sweeps Sweeping Swept Swept To sweep Swim Swims Swimming Swam Swum To swim Take Takes Taking Took Taken To take Write Writes Writing Wrote Written To write Cut Cuts Cutting Cut Cut To cut Put Puts Putting Put Put To put AUXILIARY VERBS An auxiliary is a verb used to form the tenses (present, past, and future), moods (indicative mood, imperative mood and subjective mood) and voices (active voice and passive voice). There are 24 auxiliaries in English. The features of all the 24 auxiliary verbs are: 1.They are used to form continuous tense. I am reading a book. We are not working. 2.They are the only verbs that can form interrogatives. Are you going to Mysore today? What do you want? 3.They can combine with /not n‟t in the negative. He is not/n‟t active now a day. 4.They are used to formtag question. He is sick, isn‟t he? He works hard, doesn‟t he? Have you bought the text book? 5.Shall/ should, will/ would, can/could, may/ might, must, need, dare, ought to, and used to, are called modal auxiliaries. 25  AUXILIARY VERBS An auxiliary is a verb used to form the tenses (present, past, and future), moods (indicative mood, imperative mood and subjective mood) and voices (active voice and passive voice). There are 24 auxiliaries in English. NON FINITE FORMS FINITE FORMS PRESENT PAST PRESENT PAST INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE TENSE TENSE Be Being Been Am, is, are Was were Have Having Had Do, does Did Do Doing Done Have, has Had Shall Should Will Would Can Could May Might Must ----------- Dare ----------- Need ------------ Ought to ----------- ----------- Used to FORMS OF „BE‟ Finite forms of „be:„am‟, „is‟, „are‟, „was‟, „were‟ (Finite forms of verbs take subjects). Nonfinite forms of „be‟: „being‟ „been‟. (Non- finite forms of verbs do not take subjects). 26  PERSON PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL st 1 Person Am Are Was Were 2nd Person Are Are Were Were 3rd Person Is Are Was Were TENSES There are three tenses in English. They are: 1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense Each tense is divided into four groups. They are: 1. Simple:(a) Simple Present Tense (b) Simple Past Tense (c) Simple Future Tense 2. Continuous:(a) Present Continuous Tense (b) PastContinuousTense(c)Future Continuous Tense 3. Perfect:(a) Present Perfect Tense (b) Past Perfect Tense (c) Future Perfect Tense 4. Perfect Continuous:(a) Present Perfect Continuous Tense (b) Past Perfect Continuous Tense(c) Future Perfect Continuous Tense PERSONAL PRONOUNS AS SUBJECTS I, We, You, He, She, It &They are called personal pronouns. They are divided into three groups. They are: PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL 1st Person I WE 2nd Person YOU YOU HE – (Rama –Masculine ) 3rd Person SHE- ( Sita- Feminine ) They IT-(Tree - Neuter ) Note: The second person „YOU‟ is always used in plural. Therefore, plural verbs such as „Are‟, „Were‟ „Have‟ and base form of the verb must be used. 27  SIMPLE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PAST TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Subject+ Base form/ „S‟ form Subject+ Past tense form Subject+ Shall/Will + Base form I eat. I ate. I shall eat. We eat. We ate. We shall eat. You eat. You ate. You will eat. He eats. He ate. He will eat. She eats. She ate. She will eat. It eats. It ate. It will eat. They eat. They ate. They will eat. CONTINUOUS PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Sub+ am/is/are+ verb+ ing Sub+ was/were +verb+ ing Sub+ shall/will verb+ verb+ ing I am eating. I was eating. I shall be eating. We are eating. We were eating. We shall be eating. You are eating. You were eating. You shall be eating. He is eating. He was eating. He shall be eating. She is eating. She was eating. She shall be eating. It is eating. It was eating. It shall be eating. They are eating They were eating. They shall be eating. PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Sub+ have/has+ Past participle Sub+ had+ Past participle Sub+ shall/will have+ Past participle I have eaten. I had eaten. I shall have eaten. We have eaten. We had eaten. We shall have eaten. You have eaten. You had eaten. You will have eaten. He has eaten. He had eaten. He will have eaten. She has eaten. She had eaten. She will have eaten. It has eaten. It had eaten. It will have eaten. They have eaten. They had eaten. They will have eaten. PERFECT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS TENSE CONTINUOUS TENSE TENSE Sub+ have/has+ been + verb+ Sub+ had+ been + verb+ Sub+ shall/will have+ been+ verb+ ing ing ing 28  I have been eating. I had been eating. I shall have been eating. We have been eating. We had been eating. We shall have been eating. You have been eating. You had been eating. You will have been eating. He has been eating. He had been eating. He will have been eating. She has been eating. She had been eating. She will have been eating. It has been eating. It had been eating. It will have been eating. They have been eating. They had been eating. They will have been eating. NEGATIVES THE WAYS TO FORM NEGATIVE STATEMENTS 1. Negative sentences are formed by placing ‘not’ (or n‟t) after all the twenty-four auxiliary verbs. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE I am sick. I am not sick. He /She is a doctor. He /She is not a doctor. We/You/They are students. We/You/They are not students. I / He/ She/ It was absent. I / He/ She/ It was not absent. We/ You/They were present. We/ You/They were not present. I / We/ You / / They have come I / We/ You / They have not come He/ She / it / has come. He/ She / it / has not come. They can come tomorrow. They cannot come tomorrow. He may come. He may not come. 2. If there are no auxiliary verbs, we put „do‟, „does‟, and „did‟ after the subject, followed by „not‟ or „n‟t‟ and followed by the base form of the main verb. a) Simple present tense takes do/does. b) Simple past tense takes did. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE I/ We/ You/ They like sweets. I/ We/ You/ They do not like sweets. He/ She/ It likes sweets. He/ She/ It does not like sweets. I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/They liked sweets. I/ We/ You/ He/ She/ It/They did not like sweets. 3. Semi-negatives „few‟, „little‟ „never‟, „no‟, „none‟, „nobody‟, „no one‟, „none‟ „neither - nor‟, „nothing‟, „nowhere‟ „barely‟, „hardly‟, „scarcely‟ „rarely‟, and „seldom‟ do not take „not‟ / „n‟t‟ after them. He hardly studies. 29  He seldom comes. He rarely goes to church. 4. Two negatives make one positive. He is not unable to do this work. = He is able to do this work. She is not incapable. = She is capable. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT: (Verbs in relation to tense, person and number of the subject) The verbs must always agree with the subject. 1. I = First person singular 2. We = First Person Plural 3. You = Second person singular and plural. „You‟ always takes plural verbs 4. He / She / It =Third person singular 5. They = Third person plural 6. I =am, was, have, had, do, did, shall & should 7. We / You / They = are, were, have, had, do, did, will & would 8. He / She / It = is, was, has, had, does, did, will & would 9. SINGULAR VERBS: AM, IS, WAS, HAS, & „S‟ FORM OF THE VERB 10. PLURAL VERBS: ARE, WERE, HAVE, & BASE FORM OF THE VERB 11. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: I / We / You / They + BASE FORM OF THE VERB 12. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: He / She / It/ Rama/ Sita + „S‟ FORM OF THE VERB 13. SIMPLE PAST TENSE: I / We / You / They/ He / She / It + PAST TENSE FORM OF THE VERB 14. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: I/ WE/YOU/ THEY + have + PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB HE/SHE//IT + has + PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 15. PAST PERFECT TENSE: I/ WE/YOU/ HE/SHE//IT/ THEY + had + PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 16. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: I/WE + shall + PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB YOU/ HE/ SHE/ IT/ THEY + will + have + PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 17. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE: Do/Does/Did + (not) + BASE VERB FORM OF THE VERB +? 30  18. NEGATIVE SENTENCE: I / We / You / They take Do + (not) + BASE FORM OF THE VERB 19. NEGATIVE SENTENCE: He / She / It/ Rama/ Sita +Does + (not) + BASE FORM OF THE VERB 20. NEGATIVE SENTENCE: I / We / You / He / She / It They+ did+ not+ BASE FORM OF THE VERB 21. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: I / We / You / They + have + PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 22. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE He / She / It + has + PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 23. PAST PERFECT TENSE:I / We / You / They/ He / She / It + had+ PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 24. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: I/We + „SHALL‟/WILL+ have+ PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 25. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: You/ He/ She/It/ They + SHALL/„WILL‟ + have+ PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE VERB 4. PREPOSITIONS Preposition is placed before a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase. They are used to show how they are related to one another. Eg: The boon is on the table. The cat jumped off the table. She is good at singing. PREPOSITIONOF PLACE Above, About,Across,Against, A head of, Over, All over,: Among, Around,, At,Awayfrom,Before, Behind, Below,Beneath, Beside, Between, Beyond, By, Closeby, Down, From, In, In between, Infront of, Inside,Into,Near, Next to, Off,On,Oppositeto,Out of,Outside,Over, Round,Through,Throughout,To, Towards,Under, With, Up, Within. 31  PREPOSITIONOF TIME About, After, Around, At,Before,Behind, Beyond, By, During,For,From, In, On, Lived, Past, Pending, Since, Throughout, Till:To:Towards: Until: Up to: Within. PREPOSITION OF POSITION Above, about, across, against, ahead of, all over, alongside, amidst, among, around, astride, at, away from, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, close by, close to, down, in, in between, in front of, inside, near, near to, next to, off, on, on top of, opposite, out of, outside, past, though, under, underneath, up, upon, with, within. 1. „Up‟ and „down‟ positions: Above, after, below, down, in, on, over to, under, beneath, up. 2. Relative Positions: Against, along, alongside, around, at, beside, by, on the right of, on the left of, near, next to towards. 3. Opposing Positions: Across, after, before, behind, facing, in front of, opposite, over FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS: 1. She always picks a quarrel with her neighbours. 2. He quarrelledwith his friends over a trifle. 3. I cannot cope with the world. 4. Rama is superior / inferior / senior/junior to Raju. 5. He came prior to me. 6. I prefer coffee to tea. 7. He jumped off the river. 8. I congratulate you on your success in the examination. 9. I have been ill since Monday. 10. He has been working for ten years. 11. I have been living here since1996. 12. It has been raining since yesterday. 13. We have had no rain now for three months. 14. It has been working since last four years. 15. He has been sick since Friday. 16. He went to Mysore. 17. He has left for Mysore. 18. She died of cancer. 32  19. She is suffering from cancer. 20. The Kannambadi dam is built across the river the Cauvery. 21. Raju is fond of sweets 22. He left for Mysore three days ago. 23. They live under the same roof. 24. He is afraid of dogs. 25. Raju is looking at the sky. 26. The dog is barking at the strangers. 27. A bird is flying over the bridge. 28. He is walking on the bridge. 29. The book is on the table. 30. They live in America. 31. He studies at Hassan in Karnataka. 32. This table is made of wood. 33. She always eats with a spoon. 34. There is a cow in the field. 35. Bangalore is the capital of Karnataka. 36. The ship sailed on the Atlantic. 37. She smiled at me. 38. The birds fly in the sky. 39. 39. It always gets cool in the morning/afternoon/ evening. 40. He came at noon. 41. She divided the cake among her five sons. 42. She divided the cake between her two sons. 43. Death does not distinguish between the rich and the poor. 44. Brass consists of copper and zinc. 45. She lived with her parents. 46. They are waiting for the bus. 47. My father was angry with me................................................................................... 33