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 Learning Objectives: Definition of Biology science Definition of Cell Definition of properties of cells Definition of types of cell Differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote. Composition of cell Functions of each organelles Definition of biological science: Br...

 Learning Objectives: Definition of Biology science Definition of Cell Definition of properties of cells Definition of types of cell Differences between Prokaryote and Eukaryote. Composition of cell Functions of each organelles Definition of biological science: Branch of biological science which deals with the study of:  Structure,  Function,  Molecular organization,  Growth,  Reproduction and,  Genetic of the cell. Cell biology, concern with study of structure and function of specialized cells. What is the cell? Cell is the smallest and basic structural and functional unit of cellular organisms, that can exist by itself. It carryout the basic functions of the life. (Every living organism is composed of cells). Bacterial cells consists of only a single cell, while others, such as humans are made up of many trillions of cells. Definition of biological science: Branch of biological science ‫فرع من العلوم البيولوجية الذي‬ which deals with the study of: ‫يتعامل مع‬  Structure, Function, ‫التنظيم‬،‫الوظيفة‬،‫البنية‬:‫دراسة‬  Molecular organization, ‫والوراثة‬،‫ التكاثر‬،‫النمو‬،‫الجزيئي‬  Growth, Reproduction and,.‫للخلية‬  Genetic of the cell. Cell biology, concern with study of structure and function of specialized cells. What is the cell? Cell is the smallest and basic structural and functional unit of cellular organisms, that can exist by itself. It carryout the basic functions of the life. (Every living organism is composed of cells). Bacterial cells consists of only a single cell, while others, such as humans are made up of many trillions of cells. ‫ة‬,,‫ات الحي‬,,‫ية في الكائن‬,,‫ة أساس‬,,‫ة ووظيفي‬,,‫دة بنيوي‬,,‫غر وح‬,,‫ة هي أص‬,,‫الخلي‬ ‫ية‬,‫ائف األساس‬,‫ؤدي الوظ‬,‫ وهي ت‬.‫ا‬,‫د بمفرده‬,‫تي يمكن أن توج‬,‫ وال‬،‫ة‬,‫الخلوي‬.)‫ (يتكون كل كائن حي من خاليا‬.‫للحياة‬ ‫ل‬,‫ مث‬،‫رى‬,‫ا أخ‬,‫ون خالي‬,‫ا تتك‬,‫ بينم‬،‫ط‬,‫دة فق‬,‫ة واح‬,‫ا من خلي‬,‫ا البكتيري‬,‫ون خالي‬,‫تتك‬  Organization of Living Things Five main levels of organization 1. Cell + Cell = Tissue 2. Tissue (Tissues are made of specialized cells) + Tissue = Organ. 3. Organ (Composed of tissues that are organized into groups that work together to perform special functions) ex, heart, liver, kidney. Organ + Organ = System 4. Organ System (A group of organs that work together) example, Circulatory System. System + System = 5. Organism Types of cells  10 Organ Systems in complex organisms (humans, dogs, birds, etc.) 1.Circulatory 6.Skeletal 2.Digestive 7.Muscular 3.Nervous 8.Reproductive 4.Respiratory 9.Excretory 5.Skin 10.Endocrine Different organ systems work together to keep the organism alive Properties of cell: Cells are  Highly complex and organized,  Possess a genetic program,  Capable of producing more of themselves,  Acquire and utilize energy,  Carryout a variety of chemical reactions,  Engage in mechanical activities.  Able to respond to stimuli.  Capable to self regulation.  Able to communicates with other cells (interactions of the cell with their environment). ‫ قادرة على إنتاج المزيد من‬،‫ تمتلك برنامًج ا وراثًيا‬،‫معقدة للغاية ومنظمة‬ ‫ تنفذ مجموعة متنوعة من التفاعالت‬،‫ تكتسب الطاقة وتستخدمها‬،‫نفسها‬ ‫ قادرة على االستجابة‬.‫ تشارك في األنشطة الميكانيكية‬،‫الكيميائية‬ ‫ قادرة على التواصل مع الخاليا‬.‫ قادرة على تنظيم نفسها‬.‫للمثيرات‬.)‫األخرى (تفاعالت الخلية مع بيئتها‬ The most important units of measurements used are Units Minute equivalent units One meter = 100 centimeter (cm) One cm = 10 millimeters (mm) One millimeters = 1000 micrometer (µm) One micrometer = 1000 nanometer (nm) One micrometer = 10000 angstrom (Å) One nanometer = 10 angstrom (Å) One angstrom = 1/10000 of a micron No sexual reproduction (Meiosis) Meiosis  “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif There are two fundamental classifications of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are distinguished from eukaryotic cells by the absence of: A cell nucleus or, Other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, Making them the smallest form of life. Nucleus: Brain of the cell (information center). As genetic information storage for the cell, smallest structure, perform specific functions, containing all the DNA (genetic materials) organized in the form of chromosomes. This is also the site for replication of DNA as well as transcription of DNA to RNA. Nucleus: Brain of the cell (information center). As genetic information storage for the cell, smallest structure, perform specific functions, containing all the DNA (genetic materials) organized in the form of chromosomes. This is also the site for replication of DNA as well as transcription of DNA to RNA. ‫باعتبارها مخزًنا للمعلومات الوراثية‬ ‫ فإن أصغر بنية تؤدي وظائف‬،‫للخلية‬ ‫ حيث تحتوي على جميع‬،‫محددة‬ ‫( المواد الوراثية‬DNA) ‫المنظمة في‬ ‫ وهذا أيًضا هو‬.‫شكل كروموسومات‬ ‫موقع تكرار الحمض النووي وكذلك‬ ‫نسخ الحمض النووي إلى الحمض‬ ‫النووي الريبي‬. Nucleolus: This structure is within the nucleus, usually dense and spherical. It is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, which is needed for ribosomal assembly. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Rough and smooth. This functions to synthesize, store, and secrete proteins to the Golgi apparatus. Structurally, the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes found throughout the cell and connected to the nucleus. And subdivided into rough (has ribosome, and transport protein), smooth (has no ribosome, synthesizes lipid). Mitochondria: Commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell organelle. This functions for the production of energy or ATP within the cell. Specifically, this is the place where the Krebs cycle or for the production of NADH and FADH occurs. Finally, its convert’s foods into usual energy. Nucleolus: This structure is within the ‫ وعادة‬،‫ هذا البناء يقع داخل النواة‬:‫النوية‬ nucleus, usually dense and spherical. It is the ‫ وهو موقع تخليق‬.‫ما يكون كثيًفا وكروًيا‬ site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis,‫الحمض النووي الريبوزي الريبوسومي‬ which is needed for ribosomal assembly. ‫ وهو ضروري لتجميع‬،)rRNA( Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Rough and smooth. ‫بكة على‬,,,‫ الش‬.‫الريبوسوم‬ ‫ذه‬,,,‫ل ه‬,,,‫تعم‬ This functions to synthesize, store, and secrete‫من‬ ‫ا‬,,‫ات وتخزينه‬,,‫ق البروتين‬,,‫تخلي‬.‫ولجي‬,‫از ج‬,‫ا لجه‬,‫وإفرازه‬ proteins to the Golgi apparatus. Structurally, the‫بكة‬,,,‫ الش‬،‫ة‬,,,‫ة البنيوي‬,,,‫الناحي‬ endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes‫عن‬ ‫ارة‬,,,,‫ة عب‬,,,,‫اإلندوبالزمي‬ ‫ية‬,,,,,,,‫بكة من األغش‬,,,,,,,‫ش‬ found throughout the cell and connected to the‫اء‬,,‫ع أنح‬,,‫ودة في جمي‬,,‫الموج‬ nucleus. And subdivided into rough (has ribosome, and‫نة‬,,‫خش‬.‫النواة‬,,,‫لة ب‬,,,‫ة والمتص‬,,,‫الخلي‬ ‫بكة‬,,‫م إلى ش‬,,‫وتنقس‬ transport protein), smooth (has no ribosome, synthesizes lipid). ‫وم‬,,,,,‫وي على ريبوس‬,,,,,‫(تحت‬ Mitochondria: Commonly known as the ‫ة‬,‫بكة ناعم‬, ‫رف‬,,,‫ع‬ ‫ل) وش‬,‫روتين نق‬,‫وب‬ ‫ ُت‬:‫دريا‬,,,‫الميتوكون‬ ،‫وم‬,,,‫وي على ريبوس‬,,,‫(ال تحت‬ ‫ة‬,,,‫ا محط‬,,,‫بأنه‬ ‫وتصنعًم ا‬ ‫عمو‬ powerhouse of the cell organelle. This ‫ة للعضيات‬,‫د الطاق‬,‫تولي‬.)‫الدهون‬ functions for the production of energy or ‫ل على‬,,,,‫ تعم‬.‫ة‬,,,‫الخلوي‬ ATP within the cell. Specifically, this is the ATP ‫ة أو‬,‫اج الطاق‬,,,,,‫إنت‬ ‫ه‬,‫ على وج‬.‫ة‬,‫ل الخلي‬,‫داخ‬ place where the Krebs cycle or for the ‫ان‬,‫و المك‬,‫ذا ه‬,‫ ه‬،‫د‬,‫التحدي‬ production of NADH and FADH occurs. ‫ه دورة‬,,‫دث في‬,,‫ذي تح‬,,‫ال‬ ‫اج‬,,,,,,‫ريبس أو إلنت‬,,,,,,‫ك‬ Finally, its convert’s foods into usual energy. ،‫ي ا‬,‫ أخ‬.FADH‫ و‬NADH Golgi apparatus: Process, package, and secrete the proteins to their destination. Its moves molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to their destination. Lysosome: The lysosome functions to degrade material (due to the presence of digestive enzymes). This contains many acid hydrolases, proteases, nucleases, and lipases, which break down the various molecules. They may used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. Ribosomes: Functions to translate RNA to protein. It serves as a site of protein synthesis. Half of the ribosomes are located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the other half is free floating in the cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton: Helps to maintain the shape and general organization of the cytoplasm. It anchors organelles within the cells and makes up the structure and stability of the cell. Support internal structures and gives the shape to the cells. Golgi apparatus: Process, package, and secrete the ‫ات‬,,,,‫ة البروتين‬,,,,‫معالج‬ ‫ا إلى‬,,‫ا وإفرازه‬,,‫وتعبئته‬ proteins to their destination. Its moves molecules from ‫ل‬,‫ا تنق‬,‫ا أنه‬,‫ كم‬.‫ا‬,‫وجهته‬ the endoplasmic reticulum to their destination. ‫بكة‬,,‫ات من الش‬,,‫الجزيئ‬ ‫ة إلى‬,,,,,,,,,‫اإلندوبالزمي‬ Lysosome: The lysosome functions to degrade ‫يزوزوم‬,‫ل الل‬,‫ يعم‬:‫يزوزوم‬,‫الل‬.‫وجهتها‬ ‫بب‬,,‫واد (بس‬,,‫ل الم‬,,‫تحل‬ ‫على‬ material (due to the presence of digestive enzymes)..)‫ات هضمية‬,,‫ود إنزيم‬,,‫وج‬ This contains many acid hydrolases, proteases, ‫د‬,,‫ذا على العدي‬,,‫وي ه‬,,‫ويحت‬ ‫دروليزات الحمضية‬,‫من الهي‬ nucleases, and lipases, which break down the various ‫ازات‬,,‫ازات والنوكلي‬,,‫والبروتي‬ molecules. They may used to destroy invading ‫ل على‬,‫تي تعم‬,‫ ال‬،‫ازات‬,‫والليب‬.‫ة‬,,‫ات المختلف‬,,‫ل الجزيئ‬,,‫تحل‬ viruses and bacteria. ‫دمير‬,,‫تخدامها لت‬,,‫ويمكن اس‬ ‫ا‬,,,,,‫ات والبكتيري‬,,,,,‫الفيروس‬ Ribosomes: Functions to translate RNA to protein. ‫ وظيفتها‬:‫الريبوسومات‬.‫الغازية‬ ‫ترجمة الحمض النووي‬ It serves as a site of protein synthesis. Half of the ،‫الريبوزي إلى بروتين‬ ribosomes are located on the rough endoplasmic ‫وتعمل كموقع لتخليق‬ reticulum, and the other half is free floating in the cytoplasm. ‫اعد‬,‫ يس‬:‫وي‬,‫الخل‬.‫البروتين‬ ‫ل‬,‫الهيك‬ Cytoskeleton: Helps to maintain the shape and gener- ‫كل‬,‫اظ على ش‬,‫في الحف‬ al organization of the cytoplasm. It anchors organell- ‫ه‬,,,‫يتوبالزم وتنظيم‬,,,‫الس‬ ‫و يثبت‬,,,,,,‫ فه‬.‫ام‬,,,,,,‫الع‬ es within the cells and makes up the structure and ‫ا‬,,‫ل الخالي‬,,‫العضيات داخ‬ stability of the cell. Support internal structures and ‫ة‬,,,‫ة الخلي‬,,,‫كل بني‬,,,‫ويش‬ gives the shape to the cells. ‫دعم‬,‫ا ي‬,‫ كم‬.‫تقرارها‬,‫واس‬ Cell membrane: It is phospholipid bilayer and consisted of lipids and proteins. Centrioles: Function to produce spindle fibers which are used to separate chromosomes during cell division. Chromatin: This makes up chromosomes and is a mixture of DNA with various proteins. Cell wall: Is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, and functions as a selective barrier. Cell membrane: It is phospholipid bilayer and consisted of lipids and proteins. Centrioles: Function to produce ‫ وظيفته إنتاج‬:‫الجسم المركزي‬ spindle fibers which are used to ‫ألياف المغزل التي تستخدم‬ separate chromosomes during cell ‫لفصل الكروموسومات أثناء‬ division. ‫يشكل‬.‫الخلية‬ ‫انقسام‬ :‫الكروماتين‬ Chromatin: This makes up chromosomes and ‫الكروموسومات وهو‬ is a mixture of DNA with various proteins. ‫عبارة عن خليط من‬ ‫الحمض النووي مع‬ Cell wall: Is a structural layer that surrounds ‫ة‬,‫ة بنيوي‬,‫طبق‬ :‫ة‬,‫الخلي‬.‫مختلفة‬ ‫جدار‬ ‫بروتينات‬ some cell types, found outside the cell ،‫ا‬,‫واع الخالي‬,‫ط ببعض أن‬,‫تحي‬ membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and.‫ة‬,‫اء الخلي‬,‫ارج غش‬,‫د خ‬,‫وتوج‬ sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the ‫لبة‬,,,‫ون ص‬,,,‫ويمكن أن تك‬ cell with structural support, shape,.‫لبة‬,,,‫ وأحياًن ا ص‬،‫ة‬,,,‫ومرن‬ protection, and functions as a selective ‫ام‬,‫ة في المق‬,‫وفر للخلي‬,‫وت‬ barrier. ‫نيوي‬,,,,,‫دعم الب‬,,,,,‫األول ال‬ Cytoplasm: The jelly-like fluid is composed of salt and water, various organic molecules, enzymes that are crucial in the breakdown of the waste, also assists in metabolic activities, and embeds all of the parts of the cells and organelles, and provides shape to the cell. In addition, helps in cell respiration and converts glucose into energy. Vacuole: Is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance. Hold food for later use. Cytosol's: Is to provide structural support to the cell organelles, and it acts as a platform for the transport of molecules across the cell. It also aids in the transduction of signals from the membrane to the target locations. Made of water and soluble molecules. Cytoplasm: The jelly-like fluid is composed of ‫ائل‬,,‫ون الس‬,,‫ يتك‬:‫يتوبالزم‬,,‫الس‬ salt and water, various organic molecules, ‫اء‬,,,,,,,‫الهالمي من الملح والم‬ ‫ة‬,,,‫ات عضوية مختلف‬,,,‫وجزيئ‬ enzymes that are crucial in the breakdown of ‫ل‬,,,‫رورية لتحل‬,,,‫ات ض‬,,,‫وأنزيم‬ the waste, also assists in metabolic activities, ‫اعد في‬,,,‫ا يس‬,,,‫ كم‬،‫ات‬,,,‫النفاي‬ and embeds all of the parts of the cells and ‫ ويضمن‬،‫طة األيضية‬,,‫األنش‬ organelles, and provides shape to the cell. In ‫ا‬,,,,,,‫زاء الخالي‬,,,,,,‫ع أج‬,,,,,,‫جمي‬ ‫كاًل‬,,,,‫ ويعطي ش‬،‫والعضيات‬ addition, helps in cell respiration and converts ،‫ك‬,,‫ذل‬ ‫ة‬,‫إلى خلوي‬ ‫افة‬,,‫باإلض‬.‫ة‬,,‫للخلي‬ glucose into energy. ‫عضيات‬ ‫ا‬,,,,‫فيالخالي‬ ‫تنفس‬ ‫ هي‬:‫وات‬,‫الفج‬ ‫اعد في‬,,,,‫يس‬ ‫ا‬,,‫الخالي‬.‫اء‬,,‫بغش‬ ‫ة‬,,‫محاط‬ Vacuole: Is a membrane-bound cell organelle. ‫وات‬,,,‫ون الفج‬,,,‫ تك‬،‫ة‬,,,‫الحيواني‬.‫طاقة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫ويحول‬ In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small ‫اعد‬,‫ام وتس‬,‫كل ع‬,‫غيرة بش‬,‫ص‬ and help sequester waste products. In plant ‫ في‬.‫زل الفضالت‬,,,,,‫في ع‬ cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance. ‫اعد‬,,,,‫ تس‬،‫ة‬,,,,‫ا النباتي‬,,,,‫الخالي‬ ‫اظ على‬,,,‫وات في الحف‬,,,‫الفج‬ Hold food for later use. ‫ظ‬,‫تحتف‬‫دعم‬,‫ال‬‫ا‬,‫وفرأنه‬,‫ي‬ ‫ا‬,‫ كم‬:‫ول‬,‫السيتوس‬.‫اء‬,‫وازن الم‬,‫ت‬ Cytosol's: Is to provide structural support to the cell ،‫ة‬, ,‫الستخدامهالخلي‬.‫الحًقا‬ ‫نيوي لعضيات‬, ,‫الب‬ ‫بالطعام‬ organelles, and it acts as a platform for the transport of ‫ل‬,,,‫ة لنق‬,,,‫ل كمنص‬,,,‫ويعم‬ molecules across the cell. It also aids in the ‫ا‬,‫ كم‬.‫ة‬,‫بر الخلي‬,‫ات ع‬,‫الجزيئ‬ transduction of signals from the membrane to the ‫ارات‬,‫ل اإلش‬,‫اعد في نق‬,‫يس‬ target locations. Made of water and soluble molecules. ‫ع‬,,‫اء إلى المواق‬,,‫من الغش‬ ‫ون من‬,,,‫ يتك‬.‫تهدفة‬,,,‫المس‬