Law Society of Ontario Barrister Licensing Examination 2024 PDF

Law Society of Ontario LICENSING O PROCESS EXAMINATION 2024 STUDY MATERIALS BARRISTER Copyright © 2024 The Law Society of Ontario. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the prior written permission of the Law Society of Ontario. These materials are produced for the sole purpose of self-study in preparation for the Barrister Licensing Examination and should not be used for any other purpose. The Law Society does not accept liability for, and makes no warranties in regards to, any use made of these materials beyond their stated purpose. Licensing candidates are only permitted to reproduce these materials for their personal use in examination preparation. The Law Society staff and contributors make best efforts to ensure that these materials are accurate and current as of the currency date. Licensing Process The Law Society of Ontario Osgoode Hall 130 Queen Street West Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N6 Telephone: (416) 947-3315 www.lso.ca These 2024 Study Materials support the Barrister Licensing Examinations that take place before May 2025. The currency date of these Study Materials is January 31, 2024. To ensure consistency and fairness to all candidates in respect of the Examinations, these Study Materials will not be revised to account for changes in the law that occur after the currency date, including changes to terminology. Any updates in respect of the Study Materials will be posted on candidates’ iLaws accounts under the heading “Study Materials Updates.” No updates will be posted less than 2 business days before an exam. List of Contributors The Law Society of Ontario is grateful for the valuable contributions made in the preparation of these Examination Study Materials by the following people: Sarah Boulby Anastasia MacLean Erin Dann Gerry McGeachy Bruce Drake Michael P. Michaud Fay Faraday Apple Newton-Smith Michelle Flaherty Brahm Siegel Andrew Freedman Arthika Srivarapathy David S. Goodis Marshall Swadron S. M. Zachary Green Oren Weichenberg Stacey Hamilton Lynn Wheatley Reema Khawja Krista Yao Kathleen Lickers Lorna M. Yates Agnieszka Zagorska General Table of Contents Professional Responsibility 1 Regulating the legal professions................................................................................................. 1 2 Professionalism........................................................................................................................ 5 3 Who is the client.................................................................................................................... 15 4 Competence.......................................................................................................................... 23 5 Confidentiality....................................................................................................................... 29 6 Conflicts of interest................................................................................................................ 35 7 Duty to the client................................................................................................................... 47 8 Fees and disbursements.......................................................................................................... 55 9 Managing the client relationship............................................................................................... 63 10 Withdrawal from representation............................................................................................... 69 11 Duty to others....................................................................................................................... 73 12 Advocacy.............................................................................................................................. 83 13 Practice management............................................................................................................. 91 14 Accounting, bank accounts, and bookkeeping...........................................................................111 15 Indigenous peoples of Canada: history and current legal issues..................................................133 Civil Litigation 16 Jurisdiction and organization of the courts of Ontario.................................................................143 17 The lawyer-client relationship.................................................................................................151 18 Privacy issues and litigation....................................................................................................153 19 Preliminary matters to consider before commencing proceedings................................................155 20 Parties: persons who can sue and be sued...............................................................................161 21 Joinder and interventions.......................................................................................................171 22 Commencement of proceedings..............................................................................................179 23 Applications..........................................................................................................................185 24 Service of process.................................................................................................................191 25 Pleadings.............................................................................................................................199 26 Disposition without trial.........................................................................................................209 27 Subsidiary claims — counterclaims, crossclaims, and third party claims.......................................219 28 Motions................................................................................................................................225 29 Discovery.............................................................................................................................235 30 Offers to settle and pre-trial procedures...................................................................................261 31 Preparing for trial: marshalling the evidence.............................................................................275 LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION vii GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS BARRISTER 32 Trial procedure..................................................................................................................... 285 33 Judgments, orders, appeals, enforcement, and costs................................................................. 299 34 Alternative dispute resolution................................................................................................. 315 35 Simplified procedure under Rule 76......................................................................................... 327 Criminal Law 36 The classification of offences and trial jurisdiction..................................................................... 335 37 Investigative powers............................................................................................................. 347 38 Pre-trial release.................................................................................................................... 365 39 Disclosure............................................................................................................................ 377 40 Preliminary inquiries.............................................................................................................. 385 41 Witnesses............................................................................................................................ 391 42 Pre-trial and trial applications in criminal proceedings............................................................... 399 43 Mental disorder.................................................................................................................... 411 44 The trial.............................................................................................................................. 417 45 Sentencing........................................................................................................................... 431 46 Appeals and bail pending appeals........................................................................................... 449 47 Indigenous peoples and the criminal justice system.................................................................. 461 48 Youth criminal justice............................................................................................................ 467 49 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, Cannabis Act, and Cannabis Control Act, 2017.................... 475 Family Law 50 Procedure and the Family Law Rules....................................................................................... 489 51 The law of divorce................................................................................................................. 513 52 Parenting orders................................................................................................................... 519 53 Matrimonial property............................................................................................................. 525 54 Child support........................................................................................................................ 533 55 Spousal support.................................................................................................................... 539 56 Cohabitation........................................................................................................................ 543 57 Financial disclosure in family law matters................................................................................. 547 58 Enforcement of support orders............................................................................................... 555 59 The tax principles of family law............................................................................................... 559 60 Alternative dispute resolution in family law.............................................................................. 577 61 Domestic contracts............................................................................................................... 595 62 Representing a victim of domestic abuse................................................................................. 599 63 Child protection law in Ontario................................................................................................ 605 64 Aboriginal law in a family law context...................................................................................... 615 65 The Change of Name Act....................................................................................................... 619 viii LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Public Law 66 Public law: basic principles.....................................................................................................625 67 Practice before administrative tribunals....................................................................................633 68 Judicial review of administrative action....................................................................................639 69 Freedom of information and privacy........................................................................................655 70 The division of powers...........................................................................................................661 71 Interpreting the Charter.........................................................................................................667 72 Proving a Charter claim..........................................................................................................677 73 Procedure in constitutional cases.............................................................................................683 74 Aboriginal and treaty rights; Constitution Act, 1982, Section 35..................................................693 Appendices Rules of Professional Conduct....................................................................................................... 703 By-Law 6.1................................................................................................................................ 831 By-Law 7.1................................................................................................................................ 833 By-Law 8................................................................................................................................... 847 By-Law 9................................................................................................................................... 855 Table of Authorities..................................................................................................................... 875 LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION ix Detailed Table of Contents 1.3 Firm clients.............................................. 16 Professional Responsibility 2. Determining who is the client............................. 16 2.1 Joint clients — rr. 3.4-5–3.4-9 and Chapter 1 commentaries........................................... 16 Regulating the legal professions 2.2 Authorized representatives — r. 3.2-9 and commentary....................................... 17 1. The Law Society of Ontario................................... 1 2.3 Third parties............................................. 17 1.1 Convocation and management...................... 1 2.4 Organizations — r. 3.2-3 and 1.2 Education, licensing, and professional commentary............................................. 17 development.............................................. 1 2.5 Limited scope retainers — rr. 3.2-1A– 1.3 Professional regulation................................. 1 3.2-1A.2 and commentaries....................... 17 1.4 Support to lawyers, paralegals, and the 2.6 Unrepresented parties — r. 7.2-9 and public........................................................ 1 commentary............................................. 18 2. Regulating the legal professions in the public 3. Client identification and verification interest.............................................................. 1 requirements — By-Law 7.1, Part III................... 18 2.1 Terminology............................................... 2 3.1 When identification is required — By- 2.2 The Rules of Professional Conduct................. 2 Law 7.1, ss. 22 and 23(1).......................... 18 2.3 Competence and professional 3.1.1 Identifying information when the development.............................................. 3 client or third party is an individual 2.4 Complaints, investigations, discipline, — By-Law 7.1, s. 23(1)......................... 18 and appeals............................................... 3 3.1.2 Identifying information when the 2.5 Suspensions — disciplinary and administrative............................................ 4 client or third party is an organization — By-Law 7.1, ss. 20, Chapter 2 23(1)–(2.3), and (12.1)–(12.2)............. 19 Professionalism 3.2 When verification of identity is required — By-Law 7.1, ss. 20, 22(1)(b), 23(4), 1. Standards of the legal professions......................... 5 (8), and (13)............................................ 19 2. Integrity — r. 2.1-1 and commentary.................... 5 3.2.1 Verifying identity when the client or 3. Courtesy, civility, and good faith — rr. 5.1-5 and 7.2-1 and commentary.................................. 5 third party is an individual — By- 4. Advancement of the legal professions — Law 7.1, ss. 22(1)(b), 23(4)–(5), r. 2.1-2 and commentary..................................... 5 and (7)–(10)....................................... 19 5. Lawyers and Ontario human rights laws — 3.2.2 Verifying identity when the client or r. 2.1-1 and commentary and ss. 6.3–6.3.1........... 5 third party is an organization — By- 5.1 Discrimination — s. 6.3.1 and Law 7.1, ss. 22(1)(b), 23(4), and commentaries............................................. 6 (6)–(7)............................................... 20 5.2 Harassment — s. 6.3 and commentary, 3.2.3 Additional identifying information r. 6.3.1-1................................................... 6 required when verifying the identity 5.3 Employment practices — r. 6.3.1-3 and of an organization — By-Law 7.1, commentary............................................... 7 ss. 23(2.1), (2.2), and (12.1)–(12.2)..... 20 6. Cultural competence............................................ 7 3.3 Verifying client or third-party identity, 6.1 Cultural competence defined........................ 7 use of agent — By-Law 7.1, s. 23(11).......... 21 6.2 Skills for cultural competence....................... 8 3.4 Previous identification and verification — 6.3 Cultural competence and the lawyer- By-Law 7.1, ss. 23(2.3), (11) and (12)........ 21 client relationship........................................ 8 3.5 Source-of-funds information required 6.4 Culturally competent legal practice.............. 10 when engaged in a financial transaction 7. Equality........................................................... 10 — By-Law 7.1, ss. 23(2) and (12.1)............ 21 8. Inclusion and diversity....................................... 11 3.6 Monitoring obligations — By-Law 7.1, 8.1 Inclusive client service............................... 11 s. 23.1..................................................... 21 8.2 Inclusive workplaces................................. 12 3.7 Records — By-Law 7.1, ss. 23(12.1)– 8.3 Inclusive legal practice.............................. 13 (15)........................................................ 22 9. Equity initiatives, strategies, and resources.......... 13 3.8 Withdrawal obligations — By-Law 7.1, 9.1 Working Together for Change: s. 24........................................................ 22 Strategies to Address Issues of Systemic Racism in the Legal Professions.................. 13 Chapter 4 10. Discrimination and Harassment Counsel Competence Program.......................................................... 14 1. Required standard of competence — rr. 3.1- Chapter 3 1–3.1-2 and commentary and r. 3.7-7................. 23 Who is the client 1.1 Technological competence — r. 3.1-2, commentaries [4A]–[4B]............................ 23 1. Definition of client — r. 1.1-1............................. 15 1.2 Knowledge............................................... 24 1.1 Prospective client...................................... 15 1.3 Skills....................................................... 24 1.2 The lawyer-client relationship..................... 15 1.4 Judgment................................................. 24 LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION xi DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS BARRISTER 1.5Client service and communication................ 24 2. Recognizing situations in which conflicts of 1.6Cultural competence.................................. 25 interest arise — rr. 1.1-1 and 3.4-1 and 1.7Practice management................................ 25 commentary.................................................... 35 1.8Professional development — adapting to 3. Avoiding conflicts of interest — r. 3.4-1 and change..................................................... 25 commentary.................................................... 35 1.8.1 Equality, diversity, and inclusion 4. Dealing with a conflict of interest........................ 36 training............................................... 26 4.1 Consent — rr. 1.1-1 and 3.4-2 and 1.9 Civil society organizations — r. 1.1-1, commentary............................................ 36 commentary, and rr. 3.1-2 and 3.2-1; 4.1.1 Consent in advance — rr. 1.1-1 and By-Law 7.................................................. 26 3.4-2, commentary.............................. 36 2. Quality of service — r. 3.2-1 and 4.2 Independent legal advice, independent commentary..................................................... 26 legal representation — r. 1.1-1 and commentary and r. 3.4-2........................... 37 Chapter 5 4.3 Refuse to act, withdraw from Confidentiality representation — rr. 3.4-1, 3.4-3, and 1. Confidentiality versus privilege — r. 3.3-1 3.7-7...................................................... 37 and commentary............................................... 29 5. Current client conflicts — rr. 3.4-1–3.4-3 2. The duty of confidentiality — r. 3.3-1 and and commentaries............................................ 37 commentary..................................................... 29 5.1 Disputes between clients........................... 37 2.1 Information that must be protected............. 29 5.2 Acting directly adverse to the immediate 2.2 When the duty arises and how long it legal interests of a current client................. 37 lasts........................................................ 30 6. Acting against former clients — rr. 3.4-10– 2.3 Confidentiality: duty to all clients, 3.4-11 and commentaries.................................. 38 protected by all members of the firm........... 30 6.1 Same or related matters............................ 38 2.4 Duty to clients of civil society 6.2 New matters............................................ 38 organizations — commentary, r. 3.1-2; 7. Joint retainers — rr. 3.4-5–3.4-9 and By-Law 7, Part VI...................................... 30 commentaries.................................................. 38 3. Disclosure, with client authority — r. 3.3-1 7.1 Advice to joint clients, informed consent and commentary............................................... 30 — rr. 3.4-5 and 3.4-7 and commentaries..... 38 4. Disclosure, justified or permitted without 7.2 Contentious issues, withdrawal — client authority.................................................. 30 rr. 3.4-8–3.4-9 and 3.7-8–3.7-9................. 39 4.1 Justified disclosure, legally required — 8. Joint retainers in estate and real estate rr. 3.3-1–3.3-1.1....................................... 31 matters........................................................... 39 4.2 Permitted disclosure, to prevent death 8.1 Joint wills for spouses or partners — or serious bodily harm — r. 3.3-3 and commentary, r. 3.4-5................................ 39 commentary............................................. 31 8.2 Acting for borrower and lender — 4.3 Permitted disclosure, to defend against rr. 3.4-12–3.4-16 and commentaries.......... 39 allegations — r. 3.3-4................................ 32 8.3 Acting for transferor and transferee — 4.4 Permitted disclosure, to establish or rr. 3.4-16.7–3.4-16.9................................ 40 collect fees — r. 3.3-5................................ 32 9. Pro bono and other short-term legal services 4.5 Permitted disclosure, to secure legal — rr. 3.4-16.2–3.4-16.6 and commentary........... 41 advice about lawyer’s proposed conduct 10. Transfers between law firms — rr. 3.4-17– — r. 3.3-6................................................ 32 3.4-23 and commentaries.................................. 41 4.6 Permitted disclosure, to detect and 10.1 Law firm disqualification — r. 3.4-20 and resolve conflicts of interest — r. 3.3-7 commentary............................................ 42 and commentary....................................... 32 10.2 Transferring lawyer disqualification — 5. Other obligations related to confidential rr. 3.4-21–3.4-22..................................... 42 client information.............................................. 33 10.3 Lawyer due diligence for non-lawyer 5.1 “Whistle blowing” — rr. 3.2-8 and 3.3-3 staff — r. 3.4-23 and commentary.............. 42 and commentaries..................................... 33 11. Transactions with clients — rr. 3.4-27–3.4- 5.2 Security of court facilities — r. 5.6-3 and 28.................................................................. 42 commentary............................................. 33 11.1 Borrowing from clients — rr. 3.4-27 and 5.3 Duty to report misconduct — rr. 3.3-1(c) 3.4-28.1.................................................. 42 and 7.1-3 and commentary........................ 33 11.2 Indirect transactions — r. 3.4-28.2 and 6. Prohibited use or disclosure of client commentary............................................ 43 information — commentary, r. 3.3-1.................... 33 11.3 Requirements for permissible 6.1 Literary works — r. 3.3-1, commentary........ 34 transactions with clients — rr. 3.4-28, 6.2 Discussions within the office and in 3.4-29, and commentaries......................... 43 public — r. 3.3-1, commentary.................... 34 11.3.1 Independent legal advice, 6.3 Search of electronic devices containing independent legal representation, confidential client information..................... 34 and consent — r. 3.4-29....................... 43 11.4 Lawyers in mortgage or loan Chapter 6 transactions — r. 3.4-27, r. 3.4-33.1 Conflicts of interest and commentary, and rr. 3.4-33.2–3.4- 33.3................................................... 43 1. Definition of “conflict of interest” — rr. 1.1-1 11.5 Acting for clients in transactions with and 3.4-1 and commentary................................ 35 clients — r. 3.4-29, commentary........... 44 11.6 Payment for legal services – r. 3.4-36......... 44 11.7 Guaranteeing debts — rr. 3.4-34–3.4-35..... 44 xii LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 12. Other conflicts of interest................................... 45 2.7 Statement of account — rr. 3.6-3–3.6- 12.1 Personal relationships — commentary, 4, 3.6-1.1 and commentary, and r. 5.1- r. 3.4-1................................................... 45 5............................................................. 57 12.2 Affiliations, multi-discipline practices, 2.8 Appropriation of funds from trust — and civil society organizations — r. 3.6-10; By-Law 9................................... 58 commentary, rr. 3.1-2, 3.4-11.1–3.4- 3. Division of fees — rr. 3.6-5, 3.6-7, 3.6-8, 11.3 and commentary, and rr. 3.4-16.1– and commentaries............................................. 58 3.4-16.1.1............................................... 45 4. Referral fees — rr. 3.6-6.0–3.6-7.1 and 12.3 Outside interests and public office — commentaries................................................... 59 ss. 7.3 and 7.4......................................... 45 4.1 Referral fee requirements — r. 3.6-6.1 12.4 Gifts and testamentary instruments — and commentary....................................... 59 rr. 3.4-38–3.4-39..................................... 46 4.2 Disclosure to client — r. 3.6-6.0 and 12.5 Judicial interim release — rr. 3.4-40– commentary and r. 3.6–6.1(2).................... 59 3.4-41................................................... 46 4.3 Prohibition against licensees in a CSO — 12.6 Unrepresented persons — r. 7.2-9.............. 46 r. 3.6-6.1; By-Law 7, Part VI...................... 60 13. Conflicts checking systems................................. 46 4.4 Prohibition against non-licensees — r. 3.6-7 and commentary and r. 3.2–9.5...... 60 Chapter 7 5. Contingency fees and contingency fee Duty to the client agreements — rr. 3.6-2–3.6-2.3 and 4.2-2.2 1. The lawyer as a fiduciary................................... 47 and commentary............................................... 60 2. Duties when advising clients............................... 47 5.1 Contingency fees generally — rr. 3.6-1 2.1 Honesty and candour — rr. 3.1-2 and and 3.6-2–3.6-2.1(1) and 3.2-2 and commentary.............................. 48 commentaries; Solicitors Act, s. 28.1; 2.2 Dishonesty, fraud, etc., by client or O. Reg. 563/20......................................... 60 others — rr. 3.2-7–3.2-8 and 5.2 Contingency fee agreements: commentaries; By-Law 7.1, s. 27................ 48 requirements and exemptions — r. 3.6- 2.3 Settlement and ADR — r. 3.2-4 and 2.1 and commentary; Solicitors Act, commentary............................................. 48 s. 28.1; O. Reg. 563/20............................. 61 2.4 Threatening penal or regulatory 5.2.1 Standard-form contingency fee proceedings — r. 3.2-5 and commentary..... 49 agreement — O. Reg. 563/20, s. 7......... 61 2.5 Client with diminished capacity — 5.2.2 Requirements when standard-form r. 3.2-9 and commentary........................... 49 contingency fee agreement is not 2.6 Client under duress or undue influence........ 49 required — Solicitors Act, s. 28.1; 2.7 Medical-legal reports — rr. 3.2-9.1– 3.2- O. Reg. 563/20, ss. 7, 8........................ 61 9.3 and commentary................................. 50 5.2.3 Client disclosure requirements for 2.8 Title insurance — rr. 3.2-9.4–3.2-9.7 contingency fees — rr. 3.6-2–3.6-2.1 and commentaries.................................... 50 and commentary.................................. 61 2.9 Reporting on mortgage transactions — 5.3 Record-keeping and reporting rr. 3.2-9.8–3.2-9.9................................... 50 obligations for contingency fees.................. 62 2.10 Errors and omissions — s. 7.8.................... 50 6. Securing payment for legal services — 2.11 Official language rights — rr. 3.2-2A– rr. 3.4-27–3.4-36 and commentaries................... 62 3.2-2B and commentary............................ 51 3. Duties regarding client property — s. 3.5 Chapter 9 and commentaries; By-Law 9............................. 51 Managing the client relationship 3.1 Client property......................................... 52 3.2 Client money............................................ 52 1. Managing the stages of the client 3.3 Client file................................................. 52 relationship...................................................... 63 1.1 Initial screening stage................................ 63 Chapter 8 1.2 Non-engagement stage.............................. 63 Fees and disbursements 1.3 Engagement stage.................................... 64 1.4 Implementation stage................................ 65 1. Retainers......................................................... 55 1.5 Disengagement or completion stage............ 65 2. Fees and disbursements.................................... 55 2. Managing client expectations.............................. 66 2.1 Fair and reasonable — r. 3.6-1 and 2.1 What do clients want?................................ 66 commentary, r. 3.6-4, and commentary, 2.2 Challenging lawyer-client relationships......... 67 r. 4.1-1.................................................... 56 2.3 Client communication................................ 67 2.2 Timely disclosure to client and cost estimates — r. 3.6-1 and commentary......... 56 Chapter 10 2.3 No hidden fees — commentary, r. 3.6- Withdrawal from representation 1.1.......................................................... 57 2.4 Charging fees and disbursements 1. Good cause and reasonable notice — r. 3.7- through civil society organizations — 1 and commentary............................................ 69 rr. 3.6-1 and 3.6-1.2; By-Law 7, s. 51......... 57 2. Optional withdrawal........................................... 69 2.5 Interest on overdue accounts — r. 3.6- 2.1 Serious loss of confidence — r. 3.7-2 1.1.......................................................... 57 and commentary....................................... 69 2.6 Written confirmation — commentary, 2.2 Non-payment of fees — r. 3.7-3.................. 70 r. 3.6-1.1................................................. 57 3. Withdrawal from criminal proceedings.................. 70 3.1 Withdrawal permitted — r. 3.7-4 and commentary............................................. 70 3.2 Withdrawal not permitted — r. 3.7-5........... 70 LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION xiii DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS BARRISTER 3.3 Withdrawal with permission of the court 5.3 Security of court facilities — r. 5.6-3 — r. 3.7-6 and commentary........................ 71 and commentary...................................... 80 4. Mandatory withdrawal — r. 3.7-7 and 5.4 Acting as mediator — s. 5.7....................... 80 commentary..................................................... 71 5.5 Retired judges returning to practice — 5. Leaving a law firm — r. 3.7-7A and s. 7.7...................................................... 81 commentary and r. 3.7-7B................................. 71 6. Manner of withdrawal — rr. 3.7-8–3.7-9 and Chapter 12 commentary..................................................... 72 Advocacy 6.1 Confidentiality upon withdrawal — 1. Theory of the case............................................ 83 r. 3.3-1 and commentary........................... 72 1.1 Developing the theory of the case............... 83 6.2 Written confirmation of file transfer............. 72 2. Lawyer as advocate — rr. 5.1-1, 5.1-2A, and 7. Duties of a successor lawyer — r. 3.7-10 5.1-4–5.1-6 and commentaries.......................... 84 and commentary............................................... 72 2.1 Duty as defence counsel — commentary Chapter 11 r. 5.1-1................................................... 84 2.2 Duty as prosecutor — r. 5.1-3 and Duty to others commentary............................................ 84 1. Duty to the Law Society..................................... 73 3. Lawyers and the tribunal process — r. 5.1-2........ 84 1.1 Responding promptly and completely — 3.1 Shall not abuse the tribunal process — r. 7.1-1.................................................... 73 r. 3.2-5 and commentary, and rr. 5.1- 1.2 Unauthorized practice of law or provision 2(a) and (n)............................................. 84 of legal services — r. 7.6-1 and 3.2 Shall not mislead the tribunal — rr. 5.1- commentary............................................. 73 2(e), (h), (i), and (l)................................. 85 1.3 Working with or employing unauthorized 3.3 Shall not improperly influence the persons — r. 7.6-1.1.................................. 73 tribunal — rr. 5.1-2(c)–(d)......................... 85 1.4 Licence suspended or restricted, 3.4 Shall not engage in dishonest conduct — undertaking not to practice law — r. 5.1-1 and commentary, and rr. 5.1- rr. 7.6-1.2–7.6-1.4; By-Law 7.1, Part II; 2(b), (e), (f), (g), (j), and (k).................... 85 By-Law 9, Part II.1.................................... 74 3.5 Shall not mistreat witnesses — rr. 5.1- 1.5 Disciplinary authority — rr. 1.1-1 and 2(j), (m), (o), 5.3-1, 7.2-6, and 7.2-8– 2.1-1 and commentary and s. 7.8.2............. 74 7.2-8.2 and commentary........................... 86 2. Duty to the legal professions............................... 75 3.6 Shall not appear under the influence of 2.1 Reporting misconduct — r. 7.1-3 and alcohol or a drug — r. 5.1-2(p)................... 86 commentary............................................. 75 3.7 Shall not counsel or participate in the 2.2 Encouraging client to report dishonest concealment, destruction, or alteration conduct — rr. 7.1-4–7.1-4.3....................... 75 of incriminating physical evidence — 2.3 Reporting criminal charges or r. 5.1-2A and commentary......................... 86 convictions — rr. 7.1-3, 7.1-4.4 and 4. Dealing with witnesses...................................... 87 commentary; By-Law 8, s. 2....................... 75 4.1 Interviewing witnesses — r. 5.3-1............... 87 2.4 Reporting errors and omissions — s. 7.8...... 76 4.2 Interviewing represented persons — 3. Duty to lawyers and others................................. 76 rr. 5.3-1 and 7.2-6–7.2-6A and 3.1 Courtesy and good faith — rr. 7.2-1– commentary............................................ 87 7.2-3 and commentary............................... 76 4.3 Communicating with witnesses giving 3.2 Communications — rr. 7.2-4–7.2-5.............. 77 evidence — r. 5.4-2.................................. 87 3.3 Communications with represented 4.3.1 Communicating with a lawyer’s own person, second opinions — rr. 7.2-6– witnesses during testimony................... 87 7.2-7 and commentaries............................ 77 4.3.2 Communicating with witnesses called 3.3.1 Communications with persons by other parties................................... 87 associated with a represented 4.3.3 Practical considerations........................ 88 organization — rr. 7.2-8–7.2-8.2 and 5. Relations with jurors......................................... 88 commentaries...................................... 77 5.1 Communications with jurors — rr. 5.5-1 3.4 Undertakings and trust conditions — and 5.5-4 and commentaries..................... 88 rr. 5.1-6 and 7.2-11 and commentaries........ 78 5.2 Disclosure of information — rr. 5.5-2– 3.5 Financial obligations — r. 7.1-2 and 5.5-3...................................................... 88 commentary............................................. 79 6. Lawyer as witness — s. 5.2................................ 88 4. Duty to uphold the integrity of the 7. Discovery obligations — r. 5.1-3.1...................... 89 profession — rr. 2.1-1–2.1-2.............................. 79 8. Agreement on guilty plea — rr. 5.1-7–5.1-8......... 89 4.1 Outside interests — rr. 7.3-1–7.3-2 and commentaries........................................... 79 Chapter 13 4.2 Public office — r. 7.4-1 and commentary...... 79 Practice management 4.3 Public appearances and statements — 1. Permitted business structures and practice s. 7.5....................................................... 79 arrangements — By-Law 7................................. 91 5. Duty to the administration of justice.................... 80 2. Making legal services available — s. 4.1.............. 91 5.1 Encouraging respect for the 2.1 Marketing legal services — rr. 4.2-0– administration of justice — rr. 5.6-1 4.2-1.1 and commentaries......................... 91 and 7.2-1 and commentaries...................... 80 2.1.1 Marketing prohibitions — rr. 4.2-1, 5.2 Seeking legislative or administrative 4.2-1.2 and commentaries.................... 92 change — rr. 5.6-1–5.6-2 and commentary............................................. 80 xiv LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1.2 Unprofessional marketing practices Chapter 14 — rr. 4.1-2 and 4.2-1 and Accounting, bank accounts, and bookkeeping commentary........................................ 92 1. Accounting in a law practice............................. 111 2.1.3 Contingency fee marketing 1.1 Types of accounting systems.................... 111 requirements — rr. 3.6-2.2 and 4.2- 2. Bank accounts in a law practice........................ 112 2.2 and commentary............................ 93 3. General account.............................................. 112 2.2 Advertising of fees — r. 4.2-2..................... 93 3.1 Depositing to the general account 2.3 Advertising residential real estate (general receipts).................................... 112 services — r. 4.2-2.1 and commentary........ 93 3.2 Withdrawing from the general account 2.4 Advertising nature of practice — r. 3.1-2 (general disbursements).......................... 112 and commentary, r. 4.3-1 and 3.3 Harmonized Sales Tax (HST).................... 113 commentary; By-Law 15............................ 94 4. Trust account................................................. 113 3. File management.............................................. 94 4.1 Opening a trust account........................... 113 3.1 Conflict checking — rr. 3.4-1–3.4-3 and 4.1.1 Types of trust accounts....................... 114 commentaries........................................... 94 4.1.2 Financial institutions for trust 3.2 Opening files, file organization, and accounts........................................... 114 storage.................................................... 95 4.1.3 Sharing trust accounts........................ 114 3.3 Closing, retaining, and disposing of file 4.2 Depositing to the trust account (trust contents.................................................. 96 receipts)................................................ 114 3.4 Documents to be retained by the lawyer...... 97 4.2.1 Methods for depositing or 4. Time management............................................ 98 4.1 Time planning........................................... 98 transferring funds to trust................... 115 4.2 Reminder systems.................................... 98 4.2.2 When to deposit to trust..................... 115 4.3 Time docketing......................................... 99 4.3 Withdrawing from trust (trust 5. Use of technology — r. 3.1-2, commentaries disbursements)....................................... 115 [4A]–[4B]........................................................ 99 4.3.1 Reasons for withdrawal from trust........ 115 5.1 To make available, market, and provide 4.3.2 Methods for withdrawal from trust........ 115 legal services........................................... 99 4.3.3 Individuals authorized to withdraw 5.2 To assist in practice management............. 100 from trust......................................... 116 5.3 Special considerations............................. 100 4.3.4 Withdrawal from trust in error, 6. Managing financial responsibilities..................... 101 corrections........................................ 116 6.1 On behalf of the client — r. 7.1-2 and 4.4 Unclaimed trust funds.............................. 117 commentary........................................... 101 5. Receiving money from clients........................... 117 6.2 To operate a law practice......................... 102 5.1 Restrictions on accepting cash.................. 117 6.3 Reporting and compliance requirements 5.2 Use of credit and debit cards.................... 118 — By-Laws 8 and 9................................. 102 5.3 Clearance periods.................................... 119 7. Managing supervisory responsibilities — 6. Record-keeping requirements........................... 119 ss. 1.1 and 6.1–6.2; By-Law 4; By-Law 7.1, 6.1 Records must be current, permanent, Part I............................................................. 102 and available in paper copy...................... 120 7.1 Hiring support staff................................. 103 6.2 General account...................................... 120 7.2 Training................................................. 103 6.2.1 General receipts journal (6 years)........ 120 7.3 Delegation and supervision...................... 103 6.2.2 General disbursements journal (6 7.4 Supervision in real estate matters — years)............................................... 120 rr. 1.1, 6.1-1 and commentary, and 6.2.3 Fees book (6 years)............................ 120 rr. 6.1-5–6.1-6.2; By-Law 7.1.................. 104 7.5 Supervision of paralegals......................... 104 6.2.4 Clients’ general ledger (optional).......... 121 7.6 Multi-discipline practices — s. 7.8.1........... 104 6.2.5 Monthly general reconciliation 7.7 Supervision of affiliated entities — By- (optional).......................................... 121 Law 7.1, s. 3(2)...................................... 104 6.3 Trust account......................................... 121 8. Managing administrative and business 6.3.1 Trust receipts journal (10 years).......... 121 aspects of the practice..................................... 104 6.3.2 Trust disbursements journal (10 9. Managing mental health and wellness................ 105 years)............................................... 121 9.1 Strategies to improve mental health and 6.3.3 Clients’ trust ledger (10 years)............. 122 well-being.............................................. 106 6.3.4 Trust transfer record (6 years)............. 122 9.2 Mental health supports and resources........ 106 6.3.5 Monthly trust comparison (10 years)... 122 9.3 Mental health and stigma......................... 106 6.4 Other record-keeping requirements........... 123 10. Managing responsibilities under PIPEDA............. 106 6.4.1 Source documents — general and 10.1 Introduction........................................... 106 trust accounts (10 years).................... 123 10.2 PIPEDA and a law practice........................ 107 6.4.2 Duplicate cash receipts book (6 10.2.1 Application........................................ 107 years)............................................... 124 10.2.2 Collection of personal information........ 107 6.4.3 Referral fee records (6 years).............. 125 10.2.3 Use and disclosure of personal 6.4.4 Valuable property record (10 years).... 125 information....................................... 108 7. Sample documents.......................................... 125 10.2.4 Access to personal information............ 108 10.2.5 Retention and security of personal information....................................... 108 10.2.6 Destruction of personal information...... 108 10.3 Breaches of security safeguards................ 109 LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION xv DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS BARRISTER Chapter 15 5. Publishing findings........................................... 154 Indigenous peoples of Canada: history and current 6. Access and solicitor-client privilege.................... 154 legal issues Chapter 19 1. Indigenous culture, governing systems, and Preliminary matters to consider before law................................................................ 133 commencing proceedings 1.1 Definitions/glossary of terms.................... 133 1.2 Indigenous culture................................... 133 1. Introduction.................................................... 155 1.3 Governing systems of Indigenous 2. General principles of the Rules of Civil peoples.................................................. 134 Procedure....................................................... 155 1.4 Indigenous law........................................ 134 2.1 Computation of time................................ 155 2. History of Indigenous–Crown relations............... 134 3. Causes of action.............................................. 155 2.1 Stage 1: separate worlds and first 4. Demand before action...................................... 156 contact................................................... 134 5. Notice required by statute................................. 156 2.2 Stage 2: nation to nation.......................... 135 6. Notice of constitutional question........................ 157 2.3 Stage 3: respect gives way to 7. Limitation of actions......................................... 157 domination............................................. 135 7.1 COVID-19 pandemic: limitation periods 2.4 Stage 4: renewal and renegotiation........... 136 suspended from March 16, 2020, to 2.5 Stage 5: reconciliation............................. 137 September 13, 2020................................ 158 3. Impediments and unique challenges.................. 137 8. Limitation of liability......................................... 158 3.1 Path to self-government........................... 137 9. Interest on judgments...................................... 158 3.2 The legacy of residential schools............... 137 9.1 Prejudgment interest............................... 159 4. Steps towards reconciliation............................. 138 9.2 Postjudgment interest.............................. 159 4.1 United Nations Declaration on the Rights 9.3 Discretion of the court.............................. 159 of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)................ 138 10. Choice of procedure......................................... 159 4.2 The Truth and Reconciliation 11. Small Claims Court.......................................... 159 Commission............................................ 139 12. Method of attendance at hearings...................... 159 4.3 Taking into account Indigenous 12.1 Attendance at virtual hearings................... 160 perspectives........................................... 139 Chapter 20 4.4 New child welfare legislation..................... 139 Parties: persons who can sue and be sued 4.5 New Indigenous Languages Act................. 140 5. Trauma-informed and anti-racist approach 1. Introduction.................................................... 161 to practice of law............................................. 140 2. Three types of parties under disability................ 161 2.1 Duties of a litigation guardian.................... 161 2.2 Litigation guardian for plaintiff or Civil Litigation applicant: court appointment not necessary............................................... 162 Chapter 16 2.3 Litigation guardian for defendant or respondent: by court appointment............. 162 Jurisdiction and organization of the courts of 2.4 Who may be a litigation guardian............... 162 Ontario 2.5 Failure to appoint a litigation guardian........ 163 1. Organization of the courts of Ontario................. 143 2.6 Limitations Act, 2002............................... 163 1.1 Language............................................... 143 2.7 Service of documents............................... 163 1.2 Part I — Court of Appeal for Ontario.......... 144 2.8 Court approval of settlement..................... 164 1.3 Part II — Court of Ontario........................ 144 2.9 Money to be paid into court....................... 164 1.3.1 Superior Court of Justice..................... 144 2.10 Liability for costs..................................... 164 1.3.2 Ontario Court of Justice....................... 147 2.11 Removal of litigation guardian................... 164 1.3.3 Specialized courts: Toronto Region....... 147 2.12 Removal of a lawyer for a litigation 1.3.4 Case management.............................. 148 guardian................................................. 165 3. Executors, administrators, and trustees.............. 165 1.3.5 Simplified procedure........................... 149 3.1 Proceedings by or against executors, 1.4 COVID-19 pandemic: adaptations.............. 149 administrators, and trustees..................... 165 Chapter 17 3.2 Where a deceased person has no The lawyer-client relationship personal representative............................ 166 3.3 Remedial provisions................................. 166 1. Introduction.................................................... 151 3.4 Foreign administrators and executors......... 167 2. Lawyer must have authority to act..................... 151 3.5 Defences that may be raised by personal 3. Client must have capacity................................. 151 representatives....................................... 167 4. Communicating with clients.............................. 151 3.6 The Estates List in Toronto........................ 167 5. Encourage compromise or settlement and 4. Representation of an interested person who awareness of alternative dispute resolution......... 152 cannot be ascertained...................................... 167 6. Withdrawal of service....................................... 152 5. Corporations................................................... 168 6. Partnerships and sole proprietorships................. 168 Chapter 18 6.1 Partnerships............................................ 168 Privacy issues and litigation 6.2 Sole proprietorships................................. 169 1. Gathering evidence for litigation........................ 153 7. What to do when your client dies....................... 170 2. Pleadings........................................................ 153 8. Bankrupt parties.............................................. 170 3. Discovery....................................................... 153 9. Vexatious litigants........................................... 170 4. Factums......................................................... 154 xvi LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 21 3.11.2 Divisional Court................................. 188 Joinder and interventions 4. Material on an application................................. 188 4.1 Application record and factum................... 188 1. Joinder of parties............................................ 171 4.2 Contents of application record................... 188 1.1 Territorial jurisdiction: actions in 4.3 Filing of copy of transcript........................ 188 personam and in rem.............................. 171 5. Evidence on an application — R. 39................... 188 1.2 Necessary and proper parties................... 171 6. Disposition of an application............................. 189 1.2.1 Necessary parties and mandatory 6.1 Application treated as action..................... 189 joinder.............................................. 172 6.2 Trial of an issue...................................... 189 1.2.2 Proper parties and permissive joinder... 172 6.3 No summary judgment or determination 1.3 Curative provisions and the importance of law.................................................... 189 of proper joinder..................................... 173 1.4 Parties in particular cases........................ 173 Chapter 24 1.4.1 Proceedings in contract....................... 173 Service of process 1.4.2 Proceedings in tort............................. 174 1. Service of documents generally......................... 191 1.4.3 Actions for possession of land.............. 174 1.1 Who performs service.............................. 191 1.5 Relief against joinder............................... 174 2. Manner of personal service in particular 1.6 Intervention........................................... 175 cases............................................................. 192 1.6.1 Intervention as an added party............ 175 2.1 Service on an individual........................... 192 1.6.2 Intervention as a friend of the court..... 175 2.2 Service on a municipality......................... 192 2. Consolidation or hearing together..................... 176 2.3 Service on a corporation.......................... 192 3. Separate hearings........................................... 177 2.4 Service on a partnership.......................... 192 2.5 Service on a sole proprietor...................... 193 Chapter 22 3. Alternatives to personal service........................ 193 Commencement of proceedings 3.1 Acceptance of service by a lawyer............. 193 1. Place of commencement.................................. 179 3.2 Service by mail to last known address....... 193 2. Action or application?...................................... 179 3.3 Service at place of residence.................... 194 3. Originating process......................................... 179 3.4 Service on a corporation at last recorded 4. Types of originating process............................. 180 address.................................................. 194 4.1 Actions.................................................. 180 4. Substituted service, dispensing with service, 4.2 Applications............................................ 180 or validating service........................................ 194 5. Form and content of court documents............... 181 5. Service of documents not requiring personal 6. Issuance of originating process......................... 182 service........................................................... 195 7. Representation by lawyer................................. 182 6. Other rules..................................................... 195 7.1 Lawyer of record..................................... 182 6.1 Service by email..................................... 195 7.2 Limited scope retainer............................. 183 6.2 Service by mail....................................... 196 8. Proportionality................................................ 183 7. Where document does not reach person served........................................................... 196 Chapter 23 8. Proof of service............................................... 196 Applications 9. Service outside Ontario.................................... 196 9.1 Setting aside service outside Ontario......... 197 1. Introduction................................................... 185 9.2 Manner of service outside Ontario............. 197 1.1 Parties to application............................... 185 1.2 Notice of appearance and factum.............. 185 Chapter 25 1.3 Examinations.......................................... 185 Pleadings 1.4 Hearing of application.............................. 185 2. Authority to commence application.................... 185 1. Overview........................................................ 199 2.1 Application authorized by statute.............. 185 2. Function of pleadings....................................... 199 2.2 Application authorized by the Rules........... 185 2.1 Content of pleadings — r. 25.06................ 199 2.2.1 Applications under r. 14.05(3)............. 185 2.1.1 “Material” facts.................................. 199 2.2.2 Trial of an issue................................. 186 2.1.2 Clear statement................................. 199 3. Procedure on an application — R. 38................. 186 2.1.3 Timing.............................................. 199 3.1 Case management and applications — 2.1.4 No evidence...................................... 199 R. 77..................................................... 186 2.1.5 Point of law....................................... 199 3.2 Practice directions for applications............ 186 2.1.6 Form of pleading — r. 25.02................ 200 3.3 Application under s. 140(3) of the CJA....... 186 2.2 Documents or conversations — 3.4 Pre-trial or case conference...................... 186 r. 25.06(7)............................................. 200 3.5 Commencement of application.................. 186 2.3 Nature of act or condition of mind — 3.6 Form of notice of application.................... 186 r. 25.06(8)............................................. 200 3.7 Service and filing of notice of application... 187 2.4 Contract or legal relationship.................... 200 3.7.1 Who should be served........................ 187 2.5 Condition precedent — r. 25.06(3)............ 200 3.7.2 Consequences where no notice............ 187 2.6 Res ipsa loquitur..................................... 200 3.7.3 When service to be effected................ 187 2.7 Judicial notice......................................... 200 3.7.4 Filing of notice................................... 187 2.8 Foreign law............................................ 200 3.8 Confirmation of application — r. 38.09.1.... 187 2.9 Inconsistent pleadings in the alternative 3.9 Notice of appearance............................... 187 — rr. 25.06(4)–(5).................................. 200 3.10 Jurisdiction and forum............................. 187 2.10 Aggravation and mitigation of damages..... 201 3.11 Place and date of hearing......................... 188 3. Delivery of pleadings — r. 25.04....................... 201 3.11.1 Counter-application............................ 188 3.1 Statement of claim.................................. 201 LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION xvii DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS BARRISTER 3.2 Statement of defence — r. 18.01............... 201 2.3.4 No notice of motion to defendant.......... 211 3.3 Reply — r. 25.04(3)................................. 201 2.3.5 Affidavit evidence on motion................ 211 3.4 Counterclaim — R. 27.............................. 201 2.3.6 Judgment, dismissal, or trial................ 211 3.5 Crossclaims — R. 28................................ 202 2.4 Setting aside or varying default — 3.5.1 Defence to crossclaim......................... 202 rr. 19.03 and 19.08................................. 211 3.6 Third party claims — R. 29....................... 202 2.4.1 Motion before judge or associate 3.6.1 Third party defence............................ 202 judge................................................ 211 3.7 Other pleadings — r. 25.01(5).................. 202 2.4.2 Criteria and test................................. 211 4. Specific pleadings............................................ 202 3. Summary judgment — R. 20............................. 212 4.1 Statement of claim.................................. 202 3.1 Availability.............................................. 212 4.1.1 Claim for relief................................... 202 3.1.1 No genuine issue for trial..................... 212 4.1.2 Post-relief.......................................... 202 3.1.2 Difference from R. 21.......................... 212 4.1.3 Family Law Act................................... 203 3.2 Moving party........................................... 212 4.1.4 Simplified procedure: statement of 3.2.1 Motion by plaintiff............................... 212 claim — R. 76.................................... 203 3.2.2 Motion by defendant........................... 212 4.2 Statement of defence............................... 203 3.3 Material on motion................................... 212 4.2.1 Deemed admissions............................ 203 3.3.1 Information and belief......................... 212 4.2.2 Damages deemed to be in issue........... 203 3.3.2 “Other evidence”................................ 213 4.2.3 Admissions........................................ 203 3.3.3 Factum — r. 20.03.............................. 213 4.2.4 No surprises...................................... 203 3.3.4 Responding party’s affidavit material..... 213 4.2.5 Types of defence................................ 203 3.4 Jurisdiction of an associate judge............... 213 4.2.6 Simplified procedure: defendant’s 3.5 Disposition on motion............................... 213 objection — R. 76............................... 203 3.5.1 Where trial necessary.......................... 213 4.2.7 Special defences................................. 203 3.5.2 Stay of execution................................ 214 4.2.8 Set-off and counterclaim..................... 205 3.5.3 Costs................................................ 214 4.3 Reply and subsequent pleadings................ 206 4. Determination of an issue before trial — 5. Amendment of pleadings — R. 26...................... 206 R. 21.............................................................. 214 5.1 Granting of amendment........................... 206 4.1 Determination of an issue of law — 5.2 New cause of action................................. 207 r. 21.01(1)(a)......................................... 214 5.3 Amendment at trial.................................. 207 4.2 No reasonable cause of action or 5.4 Amendment after trial.............................. 207 defence — r. 21.01(1)(b).......................... 214 5.5 Jury trial................................................ 207 4.3 Stay or dismissal — r. 21.01(3)................. 214 6. Attacking pleadings......................................... 207 4.4 Promptness — r. 21.02............................. 214 6.1 Striking out a pleading or other 4.5 Factum — r. 21.03................................... 214 document — r. 25.11............................... 207 4.6 Test....................................................... 214 6.1.1 Scandalous, frivolous, or vexatious....... 207 4.7 Principles and strategies for 6.1.2 Timing of motion................................ 207 r. 21.01(1)(b)......................................... 215 6.1.3 Lengthy, anticipatory, or inconsistent 4.7.1 Principles........................................... 215 pleading............................................ 207 4.7.2 Strategy............................................ 215 6.1.4 Difference from R. 21 motion for 5. Special case: action or application — R. 22......... 215 determination of an issue before trial.... 207 5.1 Form and content.................................... 216 6.2 Motion for particulars — r. 25.10............... 208 5.2 Court of Appeal....................................... 216 6.2.1 Written demand................................. 208 6. Discontinuance or withdrawal of action — 6.2.2 Facts missing..................................... 208 R. 23.............................................................. 216 6.2.3 Material facts and particulars............... 208 6.1 Discontinuance by plaintiff........................ 216 6.1.1 Party under disability.......................... 216 6.2.4 Contrast with motion to strike.............. 208 6.1.2 Effect on counterclaim, crossclaim, 6.2.5 Timing of motion................................ 208 or third party action............................ 216 Chapter 26 6.1.3 Costs of discontinuance....................... 216 Disposition without trial 6.2 Withdrawal by defendant.......................... 216 6.2.1 Deemed default.................................. 216 1. Overview........................................................ 209 6.2.2 Withdrawal of admission...................... 216 2. Default proceedings — R. 19............................. 209 7. Abandonment of application — R. 38.................. 217 2.1 Noting default — R. 19............................. 209 7.1 Party under disability............................... 217 2.1.1 Filing proof of service of claim.............. 209 7.2 Deemed abandonment............................. 217 2.1.2 Defendant under disability................... 209 7.3 Respondent entitled to costs..................... 217 2.1.3 Defence struck out............................. 209 8. Dismissal of action for delay — R. 24................. 217 2.1.4 Motion by co-defendant....................... 209 8.1 Availability of dismissal............................. 217 2.1.5 Consequences of default...................... 209 8.2 Plaintiff under disability............................ 217 2.2 Signing default judgment — r. 19.04......... 210 8.3 Notice of order........................................ 217 2.2.1 Entitlement........................................ 210 8.4 Effect on counterclaim, crossclaim, or 2.2.2 Requisition for default judgment........... 210 third party or subsequent action................ 217 2.2.3 Costs................................................ 210 8.5 Costs of deemed dismissal........................ 217 2.3 Motion for default judgment — r. 19.05...... 210 8.6 Test....................................................... 218 2.3.1 Entitlement........................................ 210 8.7 Material on motion................................... 218 2.3.2 Motion before an associate judge.......... 210 8.8 Dismissal by registrar............................... 218 2.3.3 Judicial adjudication required............... 210 xviii LAW SOCIETY OF ONTARIO: NOT TO BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 27 2.4.1 Motion before proceeding Subsidiary claims — counterclaims, crossclaims, commenced....................................... 225 and third party claims 2.4.2 Motion post-judgment......................... 226 2.4.3 Motion not allowed............................. 226 1. Overview....................................................... 219 2.5 Notice of motion..................................... 226 2. Counterclaim — r. 27.01(1)–(2)........................ 219 2.6 Service and filing of notice of motion......... 226 2.1 Joining a party........................................ 219 2.6.1 Person or party to be served................ 226 2.1.1 Co-counterclaimant............................ 219 2.6.2 Consequences where no notice............ 226 2.2 Separate trials — r. 27.08........................ 219 2.6.3 Motion without notice......................... 226 2.3 Dismissal — r. 52.01(2)(b)....................... 219 2.4 Discontinuance or dismissal of action......... 219 2.6.4 When service to be effected................. 226 2.5 Pleadings............................................... 219 2.6.5 Where service not required.................. 226 2.5.1 Service — rr. 27.02 and 27.04............. 219 2.6.6 Extension or abridgment of time for 2.5.2 Response — r. 27.05.......................... 219 service.............................................. 226 2.5.3 Further response — r. 27.06................ 220 2.7 Place of hearing on a motion — r. 37.03.... 226 2.5.4 Amendment — r. 27.07...................... 220 2.8 Jurisdiction of judge and associate judge 2.6 Stay of main action, stay of execution, — r. 37.02.............................................. 227 and set-off............................................. 220 2.8.1 Interlocutory injunction....................... 227 3. Cro

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