Bacterial Pathogenesis and Bacterial Infections PDF

PHAR 215 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Bacterial Pathogenesis and Bacterial Infections Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER E-mail: [email protected]  Pathogenesis consists of 5 steps;...

PHAR 215 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Bacterial Pathogenesis and Bacterial Infections Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER E-mail: [email protected]  Pathogenesis consists of 5 steps; 1-Transmission (Exposure) 2-Adherence (Attachment) 3-Invasion (Penetration) Bacterial 4-Infection (Colonization and Growth) Pathogenesis A. Toxicity B. Invasiveness 5-Disease (Damage the host) Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  1-Transmission (Exposure) Bacterial species start infection development after being transmitted by different routes to specific sites in the human body Four major routes of transmission; 1.Skin: Through cuts or wounds, hair follicles and sweat glands -Trachoma 2.Gastrointestinal tract: Ingestion of food and water or through fingers and hands -Salmonellosis -Cholera Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  3.Respiratory tract: Through airborne droplets Microorganisms are inhaled into mouth or nose with droplets that contains moisture, dust particles and microorganisms Easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry -COVID-19 -Pneumonia 4.Genital tract: Through sexual contact -HIV -Syphilis Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Disease can be transmitted in two ways; 1.Horizontal disease transmission is the transmission of microorganisms between members of the same species (except parent-child relationship) A.Direct contact (Sexual way, touching, biting); Sexually-transmitted diseases are acquired through contact with body fluids as a result of sexual activity B.Indirect contact airborne droplet, contaminated food or water; Respiratory diseases are acquired through contact with airborne droplets, spread by sneezing, coughing or talking Gastrointestinal diseases are acquired through contaminated food and water Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Vectors allow the transmission of disease without physical contact Vectors may be mechanical or biological A mechanical vector takes an infectious agent from the outside and transmits it in a passive manner Housefly is a mechanical vector It lives on cow dung, takes bacteria from the feces and put on food Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Biological vectors holds pathogen within their bodies and transmits it in an active manner They are required in the life cycle of a pathogen Biological vectors are responsible for serious blood borne diseases such as Malaria Biological vectors are usually arthropods such as mosquitoes Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  2.Vertical disease transmission is the transmission of microorganisms directly from the mother to fetus or baby during pregnancy or childbirth Vertically transmitted microorganisms are included; - Toxoplasma gondii - Chlamydia trachomatis - Herpes Simplex Virus - Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Hepatitis B Virus etc. Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  2-Adherence (Attachment) Adherence: Attachment of the pathogen into the host Adherence is a necessary step for pathogenicity Most microbial infections begin at cuts or wounds in the skin or on the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract The mechanisms for adherence may include two steps; A. Nonspecific adherence: Reversible attachment of the microorganism to the surface (called docking) B. Specific adherence: Irreversible attachment of the microorganism to the surface (called anchoring) Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Adhesins are adhesion molecules that are located on the surface of pathogen Capsule/Slime layer; Escherichia coli - capsule supports binding to the brush border of intestinal microvilli Streptococcus mutans - dextran slime layer supports binding to tooth surfaces Adherence proteins; Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Opa protein supports binding to CD66 receptors on genitourinary tract epithelium Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Lipoteichoic acid; Streptococcus pyogenes - lipoteichoic acid facilitates binding to respiratory mucosal receptor (along with M protein) Fimbriae (pili); Neisseria gonorrhoeae - pili facilitate binding to genitourinary tract epithelium Salmonella species - type I fimbriae facilitate binding to small intestine epithelium Pathogenic Escherichia coli - fimbrial colonization factor antigens (CFAs) facilitate binding to small intestine epithelium Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  3- Invasion (Penetration) Invasion is the ability of a pathogen to enter into host cells or tissues Growth of pathogen may begin on surface of skin or mucous membranes Pathogen growth may also continue at sites distant from the site of entry Reach to distant sites is conducted with blood or lymphatic circulatory system The invasion of a host by a pathogen is facilitated by the production of bacterial extracellular substances called invasins Most invasins are enzymes that provide; - Damage host cells - Facilitate the growth and spread of the pathogen Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Invasins consist of 2 groups; A. Spreading Factors; They affect the physical properties of tissue matrices and intercellular spaces and facilitate the spreading of the pathogen - Hyaluronidase - Collagenase - Neuraminidase - Streptokinase - Staphylokinase Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Invasin Bacteria Involved Activity Streptococcus, Degrades hyaluronic acid of Hyaluronidase Staphylococcus and connective tissue Clostridium species Dissolves collagen framework Collagenase Clostridium species of muscles Vibrio cholerae Degrades neuraminic acid of Neuraminidase and Shigella intestinal mucosa dysenteriae Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Converts plasminogen to Kinases species plasmin which digests fibrin Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  B. Enzymes; Cause lysis of different cells - Leukocidin - Streptolysin - Hemolysin - Lecithinase - Coagulase - Phospholipase Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  4-Infection (Colonization and Growth) Infection begins with colonization, growth and reproduction of a microorganism Infection: Growth of microorganisms in the host Infection is colonization, growth and reproduction of a microorganisms; disease is damage or injury to the host Most of colonized microorganisms are located in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host This situation is not called infections Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Colonization by a pathogen depends on; -The route of entry of the microorganism -The virulence of the microorganism -The quantity or load of the initial inoculant -The immune status of the host Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Infection is occured by 2 different way; A. Invasiveness B. Toxicity A. Invasiveness; Further growth of microorganisms at original and distant sites The ability of microorganisms to enter the body and spread in the tissues Invasiveness includes; 1- Colonization (adherence and initial multiplication) 2- Production of extracellular substances (invasins), that promote the invasion in tissues 3- Overcome host defense Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  B. Toxicity; is the ability of microorganism to cause disease by means of a toxin production Toxin inhibits host cell function or kills host cells There are 2 different groups of toxin; 1.Exotoxin 2.Endotoxin 1.Exotoxins are toxic proteins released from the pathogen cell as it grows These toxins leave from a site of infection and cause damage at distant sites Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Exotoxins are divided into three categories; 1. The cytolytic toxins degrade the cytoplasmic membrane integrity, cause lysis and death of cells E.g. Diphtheria toxin 2. The superantigens stimulates the large numbers of immune cells, result in extensive inflammation and tissue damage Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  3. The AB toxins consist of two subunits, A and B The B component binds to a host cell surface receptor It facilitates the transfer of the A subunit across the targeted cell cytoplasmic membrane, where it damages the cell Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  A subset of the exotoxins are the enterotoxins Enterotoxins affect the small intestine They cause secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen and result in diarrhea They are acquired by ingestion of contaminated food or water Enterotoxins are produced by different species of bacteria; - Staphylococcus aureus - Clostridium perfringens - Vibrio cholerae - Escherichia coli, etc. Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Toxins are strongly antigenic Specific antibodies (antitoxin) neutralize the toxicity of toxins Toxins are unstable so they may lose their toxic properties but maintain their antigenic properties with chemical treatment (formaldehyde) in laboratory condition for toxoid production Toxoids are produced by destroy toxic properties of toxins but their antigenicity and their immunizing capacity are not affected So, toxoids stimulate the immun system Toxoids are used as immunization agents against disease which caused by pathogens that can produce toxins Diphtheria and tetanus Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  2.Endotoxins: Gram negative bacteria have toxic lipopolysaccharides in their outer membrane These lipopolysaccharides are called endotoxins Endotoxins are bound to cell and released only when the cells lyse Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Lipid component (Lipid A) is associated with toxicity of Gram negative bacteria Polysaccharide (O antigen) components is associated with immunogenicity Endotoxins cause nonspecific pathophysiological conditions such as; fever, changes in white blood cell counts, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hypotension, shock, lethality Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  5-Disease (Damage the host) Infection: Colonization, growth and reproduction of a microorganism in the tissue of host Infection can lead to disease but every infection does not cause disease Disease: The pathologic state that results damages or disrupts of tissues and organs Bacteremia: A disease in which bacteria present in the blood are usually cleared from the vascular system with no harmful effects Septicemia: A disease in which the bacteria growth in blood and transfer of the infectious agent from one site to another with severe harmfull effects Toxemia: The presence of microbial toxins in the blood Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Bacterial Infections Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Staphylococcus Gram-positive Cocci shape and grow in grape-like clusters Facultative aerobes Non-motile Catalase-positive Convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen Staphylococcus genus includes at least 40 species Most of them are normally live on the skin and mucous membranes of human Opportunist pathogen Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Staphylococcus aureus; Lives in normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and the skin But in the spesific conditions, it causes many infections S. aureus infections can spread through; -Skin-to-skin contact with an infected person -Contact with contaminated objects such as towels, clothes, etc. S. aureus causes different types of skin infections such as furuncles, carbuncles Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Produces different types of enzymes TSST-1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1) causes a severe disease characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, shock, multiple organ failure and death Enterotoxin A that is produced by S. aureus causes food poisoning It is self-limiting disease, characterized by diarrhea and vomiting Enterotoxin is high resistance to heat, drying, radiation and high osmotic pressures Contaminates the hands and easily enters food Mayonnaise, cream sauces are mechanical vectors Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Exfoliative toxin causes staphylococcal scalded- skin syndrome (SSSS), which occurs most commonly in infants and young children The exfoliative toxins causes peeling of the skin S. aureus also can cause; - Healthcare-associated infections - Secondary infections (influenza) - Skin lesions (wounds) Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Streptococcus Gram-positive Cocci shape and grow in chain Most of them are facultative anaerobes Catalase-negative Can not convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen Species of Streptococcus are classified according to their hemolytic activities on the blood agar Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Streptococcus pneumoniae; Alpha-hemolytic Found in the respiratory flora up to 40% of healthy individuals Causes severe respiratory disease in compromised individuals, elderly and children Causes meningitis in children and the elderly Causes septicemia in HIV-infected persons Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Streptococcus pyogenes; Beta-hemolytic Produces toxins Causes streptococcal pharyngitis or “strep throat’’ Streptococcal pharyngitis is characterized by inflammation of pharyngeal mucosa with exudate formation, enlarged cervical lymph nodes, fever Scarlet fever is a complication of streptococcal pharyngitis Within 1 to 2 days after the initial clinical symptoms of pharyngitis develop, a diffuse erythematous rash initially appears on the upper chest and then spreads to the extremities Other toxigenic infections of S. pyogenes is streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, which can be life-threatening Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Clostridium Gram positive Bacilli shape Anaerobic Produce spore There are four medically important species; - Clostridium botulimun - Clostridium tetani - Clostridium perfringens - Clostridium difficile Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Clostridium botulinum; Produces oval and subterminal endospores Inhabits soil or water, but its endospores may contaminate raw foods Endospores may germinate and produce botulinum toxin Botulinum toxin is neurotoxin and causes the muscular paralysis seen in botulism Toxin blocks the signal transmission between neurons Muscle paralysis causes respiratory failure and arrhythmias and eventually death Botulism can occur due to improperly preserved canned food that was not processed using correct preservation times and/or pressure Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Clostridium tetani; Endospores appear like tennis rackets due to the terminal endospores under microscope Enters a host through a wound to the skin After starts the toxin production (tetanolysin and tetanospasmin) Toxin blocks the inhibitory transmitter Disease (Tetanus) is characterised with muscular spasms and can lead to repiratory failure 10-50% mortality Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Neisseria Gram negative Diplococci shape Aerobic Non-motile Many of them ara commensal Two important human pathogens; - Neisseria meningitides - Neisseria gonorrhea Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Neisseria meningitides; 30% of individuals carry N. meningitidis in the nasopharynx with no harmful effects Spreads through the saliva and other respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing or kissing Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, membranes surrounding the central nervous system, especially the spinal cord and brain Meningitis is characterized by sudden onset of headache, vomiting, and stiff neck, and can progress to coma and death in a matter of hours The other disease is meningococcal septicaemia Most distinguishing feature is the purpuric rash that does not fade when pressed Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Neisseria gonorrhea; Inhabits the mucous membranes Causes the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea 10% of infected males and 80% of infected females are asymptomatic In females, it causes pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) PID is a chronic inflammatory disease In males, it causes a painful infection of the urethral canal Also causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, urethritis and prostatitis Untreated gonorrhea can disseminate and become a serious systemic infection Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Mycobacterium Aerobic Non-motile Does not contain endospore and capsule Mycobacterium species have a characteristic cell wall, This cell wall is thicker than in many other bacteria and contains mycolic acids Two important human pathogens; - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Mycobacterium leprae Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis Easily transmitted by the respiratory route Tuberculosis is developed by inhalation of small droplets of respiratory secretions containing bacteria Inhaled M. tuberculosis is ingested by alveolar macrophages and multiply intracellulary Macrophages lyse and large numbers of bacteria are released Most infections are asymptomatic and latent 10% of the latent infections eventually cause active disease If tuberculosis is left untreated, it can kill more than 50% of those who are infected Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  The symptoms of tuberculosis depend on where the bacteria grow in the body Bacteria usually grow in the lungs and may cause; - Bad cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks - Pain in the chest - Coughing up blood - Sweating at night - Chills - Fever - Fatigue - Weight loss - No appetite Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Diagnosis of active tuberculosis is based on radiology, microscopic examination and microbiological culture of body fluids Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis is based on the tuberculin skin test and/or blood tests Tuberculosis is treated with several drugs including isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol Drug therapy must continue for at least 9 months to get rid of the bacteria Because intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis makes it difficult for the drugs to reach the bacteria Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Enterobacteriaceae Gram negative Bacilli shape Facultative aerobes Non-sporulating Fermentates sugars to produce lactic acid and different other end products Many members are a normal part of intestinal flora Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram negative bacteria that includes, - Escherichia coli - Salmonella sp. - Yersinia pestis - Klebsiella sp. - Shigella sp. - Proteus sp. - Enterobacter sp. - Serratia sp. etc. Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Escherichia coli; Universal inhabitants of the intestinal system of humans Enteropatogenic E. coli (EPEC)– diarrhea (infants and small children) Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)– diarrhea (adults) with high fever Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)– traveler’s watery diarrhea without fever Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)- bloody (hemorrhagic) diarrhea and kidney failure Up to 90% of all EHEC infections are caused by E. coli strian O157:H7 Most disease has been through undercooked, contaminated beef or pork (hamburger disease) Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Salmonella sp.; Usually pathogenic Cause different diseases such as; - Typhoid fever - Paratyphoid fever - Foodborne diseases Salmonellosis (food poisoning Salmonella) is a disease caused by raw or undercooked food Disease occurs 8–48 hours after ingestion Symptoms include the sudden onset of headache, chills, vomiting, and diarrhea, followed by a fever Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Salmonella typhi; Most virulent strain Causes Typhoid fever S. typhi is not found in animals Spreads only food or water contaminated with feces S. typhi grows within phagocytic cells, spreads to into multiple organs by lysis of phagocytic cells Infected persons have sustained fever weakness, stomach pains, headache Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Legionella pneumophila Gram negative Bacilli shape Aerobic Inhaled bacteria are ingested by alveolar macrophages and multiply intracellulary Large numbers of bacteria are released by lysis of macrophages Causes 2 different diseases; Legionnaires disease is a potentially fatal pneumonia accompanied by multisystemic disease Pontiac fever is a flu-like illness with fever, chills, headache, myalgia (pain in the muscles), cough, nausea Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Corynebacterium diphtheria Gram positive Irregular bacilli shape Microaerophilic Causes diphtheria by secreted exotoxin, a severe respiratory disease that typically infects children Spreads from healthy carriers or infected individuals to susceptible individuals by airborne droplets Now it is rarely encountered because an effective vaccine is available Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram negative Aerobic Coccobacilli shape Opportunist pathogen Associated with urinary and respiratory tracts infections in humans It is the most common cause of burn infections Causes lungs infection in people suffering from cystic fibrosis It is the most frequent colonizer of medical devices such as catheters Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Vibrio cholerae Gram negative Facultatively aerobic Comma shape Transmitted via contaminated water with V. cholerae Causes cholera disease Produces cholera toxin and toxin causes massive watery diarrhea (15 l) Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Campylobacter jejuni Gram-negative Curved rods to spiral-shaped Microaerophiles Motile Transmitted to humans via contaminated food, most frequently in poultry, pork, raw shellfish or in surface waters After ingestion, C. jejuni multiplies in the small intestine, invades the intestinal epithelial cells and causes inflammation Infection causes a high fever, headache, malaise, nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea The disease resolves in about 7–10 days Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Listeria monocytogenes Gram positive Coccobacilli shape Facultatively aerobic Tolerates acid, salt and cold conditions Disease occurs after consumption of raw vegetables, sea foods, salads, meat and meat products, milk and milk products contaminated by bacteria Causes listeriosis, a gastrointestinal food infection that may lead to bacteremia and meningitis Elderly, pregnant women, newborns and immunosuppressed individuals are susceptible to listeriosis Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology  Thank you for listening See you next lecture Altınbaş Üniversitesi Asst. Prof. Dr. Cansu VATANSEVER [email protected] PHAR 215 Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology