Atypical Bacteria Microbiology Lecture Notes PDF November 2023

Atypical Bacteria MLSBACTC | Clinical Bacteriology – Lecture | November 3, 2023 (Finals) Atypical Bacteria Treponema Pallidum Pertenue Spirochetes...

Atypical Bacteria MLSBACTC | Clinical Bacteriology – Lecture | November 3, 2023 (Finals) Atypical Bacteria Treponema Pallidum Pertenue Spirochetes Causative agent of yaws Facultative anaerobe and multiplied by transverse fission and binary fission Disease of the bones All are motile producing axial fibrils. A long flagellum like intracellular organelle Also known as Framboise that are responsible for its motility Causes: Unicellular organisms with flexus structure Primary lesion – Mother Yaws or Framboise Treponema Secondary lesion – Daughter Yaws Treponema – “Turning thread” Tertiary lesion T. pallidum subsp. pallidum – causative agent of syphilis (cannot be isolated in Crab Yaws – Infection of the feet which causes a crippling form of disease artificial media) Treponema carateum Syphillis – STD; more common in female Causative agent of carate or pinta which is characterized by hyperpigmented French disease, Italian disease, Great Pox, Bad Blood, lesion Lues Leptospira T. pallidum subsp. pertenue – causative agent of yaws Thin, flexible organism with tightly coiled spirals and one or both ends may be Cultivation: non-culturable on artificial media but maintain in the bend to form a hook testicular chancres of rabbits Strict aerobic, oxidase and catalase (+), peroxidase (+) T. pallidum subsp. endemicum – causative agent of endemic syphilis Swineherd’s disease, Fort Bragg fever, Pretibial fever, Canicola fever, T. carateum – causative agent of pinta (non-STD discoloration of skin) Autumnal fever, Weil disease (renal failure, hepatic failure, and intravascular Syphilis disease-causing death) Acquired Syphilis Two recognized species Primary stage – dry lesions appear in genitalia known as Hard Chancre or Leptospira interrogans Hunterian chancre (painless) [10-90 days] Leptospira biflexa Laboratory diagnosis: Habitat: proximal tubules of kidneys of infected animals and are passed in Dark field microscopy human, from contact with animal urine or water which has been contaminated Special stains such as Levaditi’s Silve Impregnation with urine like in soil, flood Tech., Fontana Tribondeau Signs and symptoms: mild fever to severe illness including jaundice, kidney Serological tests failure, meningitis Secondary stage – lesions are found all over the body known as Condylomata Laboratory diagnosis: Lata Blood / CSF – end of the first week when symptoms appear Approx. 2-12 weeks after development of primary stage Microscopic – darkfield examination Latent stage – shows no sign and the disease is recognized only through Isolation and Identification – two drops of freshly collected CSF or serological tests blood Development of gummas (granulomatous lesions) Fletcher, Stuart, or EMJH (Ellinghausen-McCullough- Non-treponemal antibody test or non-specific Johnson-Harris) medium Complement fixation test Serologic testing Wasserman Borrelia Flocculation tests (Non-treponemal tests) Relapsing Fever, Tick Fever, Borreliosis or Famine Fever VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) – Loosely coiled, irregular in shape, highly flexible spiral organisms, motile, cholesterol, lecithin, and cardiolipin microaerophilic Uses heated serum Can be visualized by staining with aniline dyes RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) Borrelia recurrentis Coated card Louseborne (Epidemic relapsing fever) or Tick-brone (Endemic relapsing fever) (+) result: Black clumps against white which is tramistted to man by the human body louse background Ornithodoros spp. (Tick-borne); Pediculus humanus (Louseborne) Same contents as VDRL + charcoal Recovered in Kelly medium Uses unheated serum Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction – patients treated with antibiotics experience Not all positive result will be “positive” with fever, chills, headache, myalgia due to sudden release of exotoxins syphilis Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Treponemal antibody test (specific) – confirmatory test Named after Dr. Burgdorf Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) Etiologic agent of Lyme disease (Lyme Arthritis, Bannwarth’s syndrome, Treponema pallidum-particulate agglutination (TP-PA) Erythema Chronicum Migrans) Microagglutination assay for Treponema pallidum Stages: antibodies (MHA-TP) Stage I – A papule at the site of the tick bite Fluorescent Treponema antibody test State II – Characterized by intermittent disease Fluorescent Treponema antibody-absorption test symptoms and produce a syndrome similar to IM, Reiter Protein Complement Fixation involvement of the CVS and CNS Tertiary stage – takes place when the latent stage is untreated Stage III – Indicated by a persistent, chronic arthritis, Neurosyphilis chronic lyme borreliosis Cardiosyphilis PREPARED BY: VON AND VINCE 1  Atypical Bacteria MLSBACTC | Clinical Bacteriology – Lecture | November 3, 2023 (Finals) Other Borrelia spp. Borrelia turicatae and Borrelia parkeri – Tickborne or endemic relapsing fever which is transmitted to man by ticks Borrelia anserina – causative agent of avia spirochetosis Laboratory diagnosis: Light microscopy – Giemsa, Wright, Romanowsky, Leishman- stained blood smears Only spirochetes found in the peripheral blood stained by direct stain Blood picture: monocytosis, slight anemia Animal inoculation test Serologic test Culture: Kelly’s media A and chick embryo Mycoplasmataceae Pleomorphic, cell wall deficient bacteria Slow-growing, highly fastidious, facultative anaerobes requiring complex media M. pnuemoniae, M. hominis – rapidly growing M. hominis – fried egg appearance Pleuropneumonia-like organism Mycoplasmataceae pneumoniae Rickettsiaceae Causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia Small, NM, pleomorphic coccobacilli which are obligate intracellular parasites Milder and higher incidence of pneumonia than S. pneumoniae Requires living cells for growth except Rochalimaea Quintana which can grow Mycoplasmataceae hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in cell free medium Nongococcal urethritis Coxiella burnetti – unique among rickets due to its resistance to heat, drying, Chlamydiaceae and chemical agents Obligate intracellular parasite, gram (-) Laboratory Diagnosis Thought to be viruses of strict intracellular parasitism, like bacteria they: Stained smears – Machiavello and Giemsa stain Have a cell membrane Isolation using guinea pigs and mouse isolation techniques Contain both DNA and RNA Serological tests: Have prokaryotic ribosomes and synthesize their own proteins, Neutralization test nucleic acids, lipids Cross immunity test Susceptible to a wide of antibiotics Complement fixation test Laboratory Diagnosis Slide and capillary agglutination test Cell culture: McCoy, Hep-2, HeLa, and buffalo green monkey kidney Weil-Felix – based on cross reactions between antibodies in the serum of Chlamydia psittaci – cultivated in the yolk sac of embryonated eggs by rickettsial..points intraperitoneal inoculation of mice or by inoculation into HeLa 229 TWAR Strains – DEAE-dextran-treated HeLa 229 cells Chlamydia trachomatis – inoculated in cell cultures, yolk sacs in mice after intercerbral or intraperitoneal (identified by CPE) Specimen sample: biopsy (conjunctival scrapings or swab) McCoy cells – most commonly used method for isolation in cell culture Symptoms: In men: varies in severity from slight morning itching of the penis to discharge, painful urination, swelling of the testicles eye disease and arthritis In women: painful urination, vaginal discharge, menstrual disturbances PREPARED BY: VON AND VINCE 2