Gift of Fire, A: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing Technology Chapter 1 PDF

Gift of Fire, A: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing Technology Fifth Edition Chapter 1 Unwrapping the Gift Slides in this presentat...

Gift of Fire, A: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing Technology Fifth Edition Chapter 1 Unwrapping the Gift Slides in this presentation contain hyperlinks. JAWS users should be able to get a list of links by using INSERT+F7 Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What We Will Cover The Pace of Change Change and Unexpected Developments Themes of Technology Challenges Ethics Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Pace of Change (1 of 2) “In a way not seen since Gutenberg’s printing press that ended the Dark Ages and ignited the Renaissance, the microchip is an epochal technology with unimaginably far- reaching economic, social, and political consequences.” –Michael Rothschild Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Pace of Change (2 of 2) 1940s: First computer was built. 1956: First hard-drive disk weighed a ton and stored five megabytes. 1991: Space shuttle had a one-megahertz computer. Ten years later, some automobiles had 100-megahertz computers. Speeds of several gigahertz are now common. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (1 of 24) “It is precisely this unique human capacity to transcend the present, to live one’s life by purposes stretching into the future – to live not at the mercy of the world, but as a builder and designer of that world – that is the distinction between human and animal behavior, or between the human being and the machine.” –Betty Friedan Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (2 of 24) Cell Phones Relatively few in 1990s. Approximately five billion worldwide in 2011. Used for conversations and messaging, but also for: – taking and sharing pictures – downloading music and watching videos – checking email and playing games – banking and managing investments – finding maps Smartphone apps for many tasks, including: – monitoring diabetes – locating water in remote areas Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (3 of 24) Cell Phones: Location tracking raises privacy concerns. Cameras in cell phones affect privacy in public and non- public places. Cell phones can interfere with solitude, quiet and concentration. Talking on cell phones while driving is dangerous. Other unanticipated negative applications: teenagers sexting, terrorists detonating bombs, rioters organizing looting parties. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (4 of 24) Kill switches Allow a remote entity to disable applications and delete files. Are in operating systems for smartphones, tablets and some computers. Used mainly for security, but raise concerns about user autonomy. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (5 of 24) “While all this razzle-dazzle connects us electronically, it disconnects us from each other, having us “interfacing” more with computers and TV screens than looking in the face of our fellow human beings. Is this progress?” –Jim Hightower, radio commentator, 1995 Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (6 of 24) Social Networking: First online social networking site was www.classmates.com in 1995. Founded in 2003, Myspace had roughly 100 million member profiles by 2006. Facebook was started at Harvard as an online version of student directories Social networking is popular with hundreds of millions of people because of the ease with which they can share aspects of their lives. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (7 of 24) Social Networking: Businesses connect with customers. Organizations seek donations. Groups organize volunteers. Protesters organize demonstrations and revolutions. Individuals pool resources through “crowd funding”. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (8 of 24) Social Networking: Stalkers and bullies stalk and bully. Jurors tweet about court cases during trials. Socialbots simulate humans. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (9 of 24) Communication and the Web In the 1980s, email messages were short and contained only text. People worldwide still use email, but texting, tweeting , and other social media are now preferred. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (10 of 24) Communication and the Web Blogs (“Web log”) began as outlets for amateurs wanting to express ideas, but they have become significant source of news and entertainment. Inexpensive video cameras and video-manipulation tools have resulted in a burst of amateur videos. Many videos on the Web can infringe copyrights owned by entertainment companies. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (11 of 24) Telemedicine Remote performance of medical exams and procedures, including surgery. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (12 of 24) Collaboration Wikipedia: The online, collaborative encyclopedia written by volunteers. Informal communities of programmers create and maintain free software. Watch-dogs on the Web: Informal, decentralized groups of people help investigate crimes. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (13 of 24) E-commerce Amazon.com started in 1994 selling books on the Web. It has grown to be one of the most popular, reliable, and user-friendly commercial sites. eBay.com facilitates online auctions. Traditional brick-and-mortar business have established Web sites. Online sales in the United States now total hundreds of billions of dollars a year. Sellers can sell directly to buyers, resulting in a peer-to- peer economy. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (14 of 24) E-commerce and trust concerns People were reluctant to provide credit card information to make online purchases, so PayPal.com grew out of need for trusted intermediary to handle payments. Encryption and secure servers made payments safer. The Better Business Bureau established a Web site to help consumers see if others have complained about a business. Auction sites implemented rating systems. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (15 of 24) Free stuff Email programs and email accounts, browsers, filters, firewalls, encryption software, word processors, spreadsheets, software for viewing documents, software to manipulate photos and video, and much more Phone services using VOIP such as Skype Craigslist classified ad site University lectures Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (16 of 24) Free stuff Advertising pays for many free sites and services, but not all. Wikipedia funded through donations. Businesses provide some services for good public relations and as a marketing tool. Generosity and public service flourish on the Web. Many people share their expertise just because they want to. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (17 of 24) Free stuff In order for companies to earn ad revenue to fund multimillion-dollar services, many free sites collect information about our online activities and sell it to advertisers. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (18 of 24) Artificial intelligence A branch of computer science that makes computers perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. Researchers realized that narrow, specialized skills were easier for computers than what a five-year-old does: recognize people, carry on a conversation, respond intelligently to the environment. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (19 of 24) Artificial intelligence Many AI applications involve pattern recognition. Speech recognition is now a common tool. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (20 of 24) Artificial intelligence Turing Test: If the computer convinces the human subject that the computer is human, the computer is said to “pass”. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (21 of 24) Discussion Questions How will we react when we can go into a hospital for surgery performed entirely by a machine? Will it be scarier than riding in the first automatic elevators or airplanes? How will we react when we can have a conversation and not know if we are conversing with a human or a machine? How will we react when chips implanted in our brains enhance our memory with gigabytes of data and a search engine? Will we still be human? Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (22 of 24) Robots Mechanical devices that perform physical tasks traditionally done by humans. Can operate in environments that are hazardous for people. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (23 of 24) Smart sensors, motion, and control Motion sensing devices are used to give robots the ability to walk, trigger airbags in a crash, and protect laptops when dropped. Sensors can detect leaks, acceleration, position, temperature, and moisture. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Change and Unexpected Developments (24 of 24) Tools for disabled people Assistive technology devices help restore productivity and independence to people with disabilities. Researchers are experimenting with chips that convert brain signals to controls for leg and arm muscles. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Themes of Technology Challenges (1 of 2) Old problems in a new context: crime, pornography, violent fiction Adapting to new technology: thinking in a new way Varied sources of solutions to problems: natural part of change and life Global reach of Net: ease of communication with distant countries Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Themes of Technology Challenges (2 of 2) Trade-offs and controversy: Increasing security means reducing convenience. Perfection is a direction, not an option. There is a difference between personal choices, business policies, and law. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (1 of 9) What is Ethics: Study of what it means to “do the right thing”. Assumes people are rational and make free choices. Rules to follow in our interactions and our actions that affect others. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (2 of 9) A variety of ethical views: Deontological theories Utilitarianism Natural rights Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (3 of 9) A variety of ethical views: Negative rights (liberties) – The right to act without interference Positive rights (claim-rights) – An obligation of some people to provide certain things for others Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (4 of 9) A variety of ethical views: Golden rules – Treat others as you would want them to treat you. Contributing to society – Doing one’s work honestly, responsibly, ethically, creatively, and well is virtuous. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (5 of 9) A variety of ethical views: Social contracts and a theory of political justice – People willingly submit to a common law in order to live in a civil society. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (6 of 9) A variety of ethical views: No simple answers – Human behavior and real human situations are complex. There are often trade-offs to consider. – Ethical theories help to identify important principles or guidelines. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (7 of 9) A variety of ethical views: Do organizations have ethics? – Ultimately, it is individuals who are making decisions and taking actions. We can hold both the individuals and the organization responsible for their acts. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (8 of 9) Some important distinctions: Right, wrong, and okay Distinguishing wrong and harm Separating goals from constraints Personal preference and ethics Law and ethics Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ethics (9 of 9) Discussion Question Can you think of examples of liberties (negative rights) and claim-rights (positive rights) that are at opposition to each other? Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Copyright © 2018, 2013, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved