BIO 140 Course Lecture Objectives PDF

MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE =================================== BIO 140 Course Lecture Objectives ------------------------- UNIT I ------ [Chapter 1] At the completion of the chapter the student shall BE ABLE TO: 1\. Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses genus and...

MONTGOMERY COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE =================================== BIO 140 Course Lecture Objectives ------------------------- UNIT I ------ [Chapter 1] At the completion of the chapter the student shall BE ABLE TO: 1\. Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses genus and species. 2\. Differentiate among the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. 3\. List several ways in which microbes affect our lives. 4\. Explain the importance of observations made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek. 5\. Discuss the theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis. 6\. Identify the importance of Koch's Postulates. 7\. Describe contributions of Pasteur, Redi, Semmelweis, Lister, Jenner, Koch, Fleming, and Needham. 8\. List three domains used to classify organisms. (Chapter 10) 9\. Define normal microbiota, biofilms, bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths, and viruses. Chapter 3 ========= BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define total magnification, parfocal, resolution, and refractive index. 2\. Identify uses for the following types of microscopes: compound light microscope, darkfield microscope, fluorescence microscope, and electron microscope. 3\. Compare simple and differential stains; list the steps in preparing a Gram stain and acid-fast stain. 4\. List some types of special stains. 5. Identify the 3 basic shapes of bacteria. (Chapter 4) 6. Explain how electron microscopy differs from light microscopy. 7. Identify the parts of the compound light microscope and the functions of each part. [Chapter 4] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Describe the structure and function of the components of the procaryotic cell. 2\. Describe the structure and function of the components of the eucaryotic cell. 3\. Compare and contrast procaryotes and eucaryotes. 4. Describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, pili, plasmids, inclusions, and ribosomes. 5. Compare and contrast the cell walls of gram-positive and gram negative bacteria. 6. Describe the function and formation of endospores. 7. Define organelle, mitochondria, Golgi body, lysosome, endosymbiotic theory of eucaryotic evolution and endoplasmic reticulum. 8. Define passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport and group translocation. 9. Explain the effects of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions on the bacterial cell. [Chapter 5] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define metabolism, and describe the fundamental differences between anabolism and catabolism. 2\. Describe the mechanism of enzymatic action, the factors that influence enzymatic activity, the components of an enzyme, and enzyme classification. 3\. Explain what is meant by oxidation-reduction reactions. 4\. Describe the process of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. 5. Define anaerobic, aerobic, fermentation, chemoautotroph, chemoheterotroph, photoautotroph (Figure 5.28), photoheterotroph and ribozyme. 6. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 7. List some products of fermentation. 8. Provide an example of the use of biochemical tests to identify bacteria. [Chapter 6] BE ABLE TO: 1. Classify microbes into 5 groups on the basis of preferred temperature range. 2. Explain how and why the pH of culture media is controlled. 3. Explain the importance of osmotic pressure to microbial growth. 4. Explain how microbes are classified on the basis of oxygen requirements. 5. Compare and contrast growth of anaerobes and microaerophiles. 6. Describe the formation of biofilms and their potential for causing infection. 7. Describe how the following media are used: enriched, selective and differential, reducing. 8. Describe special culture techniques including the anaerobic jar, the candle jar, and cell culture. 9. Define biosafety levels, proper specimen collection, pure culture, colony, inoculum, streak plate technique, binary fission and generation time. 10. Compare the phases of bacterial growth (bacterial growth curve). 11. List four [direct] methods of measuring cell growth and three indirect methods. [\ Chapter 7] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define sterilization, disinfection, asepsis, antiseptic, sanitation, degerming, commercial sterilization, pasteurization, and cidal. 2\. List methods of sterilization and their mode of action. 3\. List methods of disinfection and their mode of action. 4\. List factors related to effective sterilization and disinfection. 5\. Describe preferred uses for each method of sterilization and disinfection. 6\. Explain the disk diffusion method for evaluating a disinfectant. [Chapter 10] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define taxonomy. 2\. List the characteristics of the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya domains of microorganisms. 3\. Compare and contrast classification and identification. 4\. Explain the purpose of [Bergey's Manual]. 5\. Explain how to identify bacteria. 6\. Name methods for classifying new bacterium. 7\. Describe the principles of agglutination, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and western blotting. (Chapter 18) [Chapter 11] BE ABLE TO: 1\. List at least six characteristics used to classify and identify bacteria according to Bergey's. 2\. Give examples and characteristics of organisms in sections: Spirochetes -- *Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi*; Helical/Vibriod -- *Vibrio cholera, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori*; Aerobic GNR (Gram negative rods) -- *Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila*; GNR -- facultative -- *E. coli, Salmonella, S. typhi, Shigella, Proteus, Yersinia pestis;* GNR -- fastidious -- *Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis;* Gram Negative Diplococci -- *Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis;* *Rickettsias* and *Chlamydias; Mycoplasmas;* Gram positive rods (GPR) -- *Bacillus anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae;* GPR -- anaerobe -- *Clostridium*; and Gram positive cocci -- *Micrococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis*, *Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S.mutans (S. viridans), S. pneumoniae,* and *Enterococcus* (to be covered during the course) [\ Chapter 12] BE ABLE TO: 1\. List the defining characteristics of fungi; define and describe yeast, molds and fleshy fungi and give examples of each. 2\. Compare and contrast fungi and bacterial cells. 3\. Describe fungi that are useful to man. 4\. Give examples of yeast and fungal infections of man including *Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis,* dermatophytes, *Histoplasma capsulatum*, *Coccidioides immitis, Sporothrix schenckii, Aspergillus fumigatus,* and *Mucor/Rhizopus*; describe the type of infection, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each. 5\. Define cyst and trophozoite. 6\. List the defining characteristics of protozoa. 7\. Describe the outstanding characteristics of the following medically important protozoa: *Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii,* and *Trichomonas vaginalis*; give an example of each including its life cycle, type of human infection, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. 8\. Define intermediate host, definitive host, and vector. 9\. List the distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminths. 10. List the causative agents, mode of transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for *Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus,* and *Taenia solium.* [Chapter 13] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Differentiate between a virus and a bacterium. 2\. Describe the chemical and physical structure of both an enveloped and a non-enveloped virus. 3\. Define viral species, virion, plaques, latency, and cytopathic effect. 4\. Give an example of a family, genus and common name for a virus. 5\. Describe how bacteriophages are cultured. 6\. Describe how animal viruses are cultured. 7\. List three techniques used to identify viruses. 8\. Describe the lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophages. 9\. Describe the lysogenic cycle of Lambda bacteriophages. 10\. Outline the steps in multiplication of both RNA and DNA **animal** viruses. 11\. Describe symptoms, means of transmission, prevention, and treatment of the following viruses: Rhinovirus, RSV, Influenzae virus (including antigenic shift and antigenic drift)*,* Mumps virus, Rubella virus, Measles Virus, Smallpox Virus, Varicella-zoster Virus, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, Rotavirus, Norwalk virus, Herpes simplex type I and II, HPV, HIV, Polio virus, Rabies virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Cytomegalovirus (to be covered in the course) 12\. Define Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Mad Cow disease, and prions. [\ Chapter 14] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define pathology, etiology, infection, disease, syndrome, normal flora, opportunistic organisms, contagious disease, noncommunicable disease, communicable disease, reservoir of infection, carrier, healthcare--associated (nosocomial) infection, compromised host, epidemiology, and notifiable disease. 2\. Give examples of normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestines and urogenital system. 3\. Review Koch's postulates. 4\. Define herd immunity, occurrence of disease, stages of disease, and duration of disease. 5\. Explain the extent of host involvement in disease and predisposing factors. 6\. Describe methods of disease transmission including direct contact, indirect contact (fomites), droplets, vehicles, and vectors (biological and mechanical). 7\. Describe the function of the CDC. 8\. Explain the causes and prevention of healthcare-associated infections. 9\. List three (3) probable reasons for emerging infectious diseases and give an example of each. [Chapter 15] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Identify the principal portals of entry of pathogens. 2\. Define preferred portals of entry and exit. 3\. Define LD~50~, ID~50~, antigenic variation, invasins, siderophores. 4\. Using examples, explain how microbes adhere to host cells. 5\. List the four virulence factors of pathogens including: adherence mechanisms (capsules, ligands), cell wall components, enzymes and toxins. Give examples of how each aids in the establishment of disease. 6\. Compare and contrast exotoxins (including A-B) and endotoxins (including pyrogenic responses). 7\. Outline the mechanism of action of toxin produced by gram positive organisms and toxins produced by gram negative organisms. 8\. Using examples, describe the roles of plasmids and lysogeny in pathogenicity. 9\. List five cytopathic effects of viral infections. [Chapter 16] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Describe the role of the skin and mucous membranes in non-specific resistance. 2\. Differentiate between physical and chemical factors, and list five (5) examples of each. 3\. Define phagocytosis, phagocyte, differential white-blood cell count, macrophage, and opsonization. 4\. List the five (5) types of white cells. 5\. Describe the process of phagocytosis, and include the stages of adherence and ingestion. 6\. List the stages of inflammation. 7\. Define and give examples of cytokines. 8\. Describe phagocyte migration and emigration (diapedesis). 9\. Describe the stages of phagocytosis and inflammation. 10\. Explain how microbes escape phagocytosis. 11\. Describe the cause and effects of fever. 12\. Define complement, interferon and toll-like receptors. 13\. Describe three pathways for activation of complement. 14\. Explain the results of activated complement (opsonization, cytolysis, and inflammation) and interferon. [Chapter 17] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Differentiate between non-specific and specific (adaptive) immunity. 2\. Compare and contrast the "two arms" of specific immunity which are cell mediated immunity (CMI) and antibody mediated immunity (AMI). AMI is also defined as humoral immunity. 3\. Explain the function of antibodies and describe their structural and chemical characteristics. Diagram the clonal selection theory. 4\. Compare and contrast the five (5) classes of antibodies. 5\. Explain five different ways that antibodies react with an antigen and identify the consequences of the reaction. 6\. Distinguish between a primary and a secondary immune response. 7\. Outline how T-cells are activated; describe at least one function of each of the following: M cells, TH~**1**~ cells, TH**~2~** cells, TH~17~ cells, regulatory T cells, CTLs, Natural Killer (NK) cells, and CD. 8\. Define antigen-presenting cells (APC) and MHC (class I and II in T cell activation). 9 Compare and contrast T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens. 10\. Contrast the four types of acquired immunity. 11\. Define: antigen, antibody, hapten, B-cell, plasma cell, T-cell, apoptosis, monoclonal antibodies, and cytokines (including interleukins and interferon). [Chapter 18] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define vaccine, vaccination, attenuated, toxoid, herd immunity. 2\. Describe the five (5) different types of vaccines including attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit (including recombinant), conjugated, and DNA vaccines. 3\. List examples of each of the five different types of vaccines. 4\. Discuss vaccine safety and current issues contributing to decreasing vaccination rates. [\ Chapter 19] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Describe the mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity and the process of desensitization. 2\. Describe the mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity (cell-mediated reactions) and name two examples. 3\. Define immunotherapy and give two examples. 4\. Describe the structure and replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 5\. Discuss the transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HIV infection. [Chapter 20] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define chemotherapy, chemotherapeutic agent, antibiotic, and synthetic drugs. 2\. Identify the contributions of Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Flemming, Chain and Florey to chemotherapy. 3\. Identify five (5) methods of action of antimicrobial drugs. 4\. Describe the characteristics of an "ideal" antibiotic. 5\. Describe the method of action of the following: penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, ethambutol, tetracycline, erythromycin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, Polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, sulfonamides and isoniazid (INH). 6\. Describe the Kirby-Bauer and MIC methods for microbial susceptibility testing to chemotherapeutic agents. 7\. Describe the mechanisms of drug resistance (such as MRSA and VRE). 8\. Define synergism and antagonism. 9\. List four (4) factors that have contributed to increased microbial resistance to antimicrobial drugs. #### #### Chapter 21 BE ABLE TO: 1\. Describe the structure of the skin and mucous membranes and the ways pathogens can invade the skin. 2\. List/Review the causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, laboratory diagnoses and treatment of dermatitis, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, otitis externa, necrotizing fascitis, and warts. 3\. Review diseases caused by Herpes virus, smallpox virus, measles virus, varicella-zoster virus, rubella virus, *Candida albicans*, and dermatophytes. 4\. List/Review the causative agent, mode of transmission, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of neonatal ophthalmia, inclusion conjunctivitis, and trachoma. #### Chapter 22 BE ABLE TO: 1\. Define central nervous system, blood-brain barrier, meningitis and encephalitis. 2\. Discuss/Review the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of meningitis caused by *H. influenzae*, *S. pneumoniae*, *N. meningitidis*, *S. agalactiae*, *and Listeria monocytogenes.* 3\. Discuss/Review the epidemiology of tetanus, including mode of transmission, etiology, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures. 4\. Discuss/Review the epidemiology, mode of transmission, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy, rabies, and polio. 5\. Review botulism and *C. neoformans* meningitis. ### ### Chapter 23 BE ABLE TO: 1\. Identify the role of the cardiovascular system in spreading and in eliminating infections. 2\. Identify the role of the lymphatic system in spreading infections and in eliminating infections. 3\. Define and describe the symptoms and etiologic agents of septicemia, puerperal sepsis, endocarditis and rheumatic fever. 4\. Discuss/Review anthrax, gangrene, plague, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and infectious mononucleosis. 5\. Review malaria and toxoplasmosis. [Chapter 24] BE ABLE TO: 1\. Describe how microorganisms are prevented from entering the respiratory system. 2\. Define pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis and sinusitis. 3\. List/Review the causative agents of upper and lower respiratory infections including bacteria (*Streptococcus pyogenes*, *Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia trachomatis).* 4\. Compare and contrast organisms in \#3 with route of transmission, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infection. [\ Chapter 25] BE ABLE TO: 1\. List examples of the microbiota for each part of the intestinal tract. 2\. Describe the events that lead to dental caries and periodontal disease. 3\. List/Review the causative agents, suspect foods, signs and symptoms, and treatments for staphylococcal food poisoning, shigellosis, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, cholera, gastroenteritis, peptic ulcer disease, and mumps. 4\. Differentiate among Hepatitis A, B, C, D, & E. 5\. Identify the causes of ergot poisoning and aflatoxin poisoning. 6\. List/Review causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms and treatments for giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, tapeworms, pinworms, hookworms, and ascariasis (covered in Chapter 12; reviewed in Chapter 25). 7\. Discuss/Review botulism (see Chapter 22). 8\. Explain why *Clostridium difficile* is an opportunistic infection. #### #### Chapter 26 BE ABLE TO: 1\. List the antimicrobial features of the urinary system. 2\. Identify the portals of entry for microbes into the reproductive system. 3\. List/Review the causative agents, symptoms, lab diagnosis and treatment for cystitis, pyelonephritis, gonorrhea, PID, NGU, syphilis, genital herpes, HPV, trichomoniasis, vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and AIDS.