New 345 Exam 3 PDF

new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 1. long-term memo- A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of ry information for long periods of time. Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory. 2. serial position...

new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 1. long-term memo- A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of ry information for long periods of time. Long-term memory is one of the stages in the modal model of memory. 2. serial position In a memory experiment in which participants are asked curve to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of partici- pants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list. 3. primacy effect In a memory experiment in which a list of words is pre- sented, enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list. 4. recency effect In a memory experiment in which a list of words is present- ed, enhanced memory for words presented at the end of the list. 5. Hippocampus A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information. 6. episodic memory memory for experiences 7. semantic memo- memory for facts -involves accessing knowledge about ry the world that does not have to be tied to remembering a personal experience. This knowledge can be things like facts, vocabulary, numbers, and concepts 8. explicit memory Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past. 9. implicit memory Memory that occurs when an experience affects a per- son's behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience. 10. procedural mem- Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Pro- ory cedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so. 1/7  new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 11. priming A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus. -when exposure to one thing makes you more likely to respond in a certain way to something related. -hearing the word "doctor" might make you think of "nurse" more quickly. 12. repetition prim- When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the per- ing son's response to the same stimulus when it is presented later. -when previous exposure to a word, image, or idea makes it easier and faster to recognize or respond to that same thing again later. 13. Propaganda ef- People are more likely to rate statements they have read or fect heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements. phenomenon where people are more likely to believe in- formation is true simply because they've heard or seen it multiple times, even if it's false. 14. double dissocia- refers to evidence that two cognitive functions operate tion independently of each other, often shown when damage to one brain area affects function A but not function B, and damage to another area affects function B but not function A. This suggests each function relies on distinct brain regions or pathways. function A ( affected) - Function B (not affected) Function B (affected) - Function A ( not affected) 2/7  new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 15. levels of pro- The idea that memory depends on how information is cessing theory encoded, with better memory being achieved when pro- cessing This theory suggests that memory retention varies depending on the level at which information is processed—shallow levels (e.g., surface features like ap- pearance or sound) lead to weaker memory, while deeper levels (e.g., meaning and connections) lead to stronger, longer-lasting memory. 16. Depths of Pro- The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is cessing being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow. emphasizing that "depth" refers to meaningful engage- ment with information (e.g., analyzing, linking to existing knowledge) rather than just repeating or recognizing it. Deep = elaborative rehearsal. Shallow = maintenance rehearsal. 17. shallow process- Processing that involves repetition with little attention to ing meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal 18. deep processing Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal/ 19. paired-associate A learning task in which participants are first presented learning with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is present- ed and the task is to recall the other word. - if given the pair "dog - bone," seeing "dog" later helps you remember "bone." This method is often used in language learning and cognitive psychology experiments to study associative memory. 20. 3/7  new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 self-reference ef- Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the fect self 21. retrieval cue a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory - For example, seeing a photo of a vacation might help you remember details about that trip. 22. spacing effect The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying. 23. maintenance re- Rehearsal that involves repetition without any considera- hearsal tion of meaning or making connections to other informa- tion 24. free recall A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented - For example, if asked to list all the words they remember from a list presented earlier, they would do so in any order without hints. 25. cued recall A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli. - An example is when a teacher asks students to remem- ber the name of a specific historical figure by providing a hint, such as "This person was the first President of the United States." The hint helps trigger the memory of the answer, which is "George Washington." 26. encoding speci- The principle that we learn information together with its ficity context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information. - if you learn a list of words while listening to a specific type of music. Later, when you try to recall the words, you 4/7  new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 will likely remember them better if you listen to the same music again compared to a different type of music or no music at all. 27. state-dependent The principle that memory is best when a person is in learning the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity. - For example, if you study for a test while feeling happy, you may perform better on the test if you are also feeling happy when you take it. 28. transfer appro- When the type of task that occurs during encoding match- priate process- es the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type ing of processing can result in enhanced memory. - For example, if you learn something by using visual images, you will recall it better if you are tested in a similar visual format. 29. Consolidation The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption. - This often occurs over time after the initial learning expe- rience. 30. synaptic consoli- A process of consolidation that involves structural dation changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes - a process that strengthens the connections between neurons (synapses) after learning, helping to stabilize newly formed memories, involves changes in the synaptic structure that enhance communication between neurons. 31. systems consoli- A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorga- dation nization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years - It involves the transfer of memories from the hippocam- 5/7  new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 pus, which initially stores them, to the neocortex for more permanent storage. 32. long-term poten- The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior tiation(LTP) activity at the synapse. - key mechanism that underlies learning and memory, as it enhances the communication between neurons, making it easier for them to transmit signals to each other. 33. reactivation A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity asso- ciated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cor- tex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas. - process of retrieving or re-experiencing a memory or learned information, often by recalling the original con- text or cues associated with that memory. This can help strengthen the memory trace and make it easier to recall in the future. 34. retrograde amne- Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an sia injury or traumatic event such as a concussion. 35. anterograde am- amnesia for events that occur after an injury (the inability nesia to form new memories) 36. amygdala A subcortical structure that is involved in processing emo- tional aspects of experience, including memory for emo- tional events. 37. flashbulb memo- Memory for the circumstances that surround hearing ry about shocking, highly charged events. It has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate 38. repeated recall Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event. 6/7  new 345 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fycym2 39. constructive na- The idea that what people report as memories are con- ture of memory structed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences. 40. misinformation Misleading information presented after a person witness- effect es an event that changes how the person describes that event later. 41. eyewitness testi- Testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they mony saw during commission of the crime. 42. Mental imagery Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sen- sory input. - This can involve visualizing scenes, sounds, or other sen- sory experiences, often used in tasks like problem-solving, memory recall, and creativity. 43. mental scanning A process of mental imagery in which a person scans a mental image in his or her mind. - as if you are looking at it in real life. It involves mentally moving through the imagined space to focus on different parts of the image, often used in tasks related to memory or spatial reasoning. 44. transcranial Another technique used to investigate connections be- magnetic tween perception and imagery involves transcranial mag- stimulation netic stimulation , the visual cortex while participants were carrying out either a perception task or an imagery task. 45. mental rotation the ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space 7/7