B-07a Safe Work Practices PDF

B-07a Safe Work Practices Workplace Accidents If you can identify a hazard and deal with them, it would be a happier and safer workplace. For every dollar paid out in worker’s compensation, the employer can pay out many times that amount in hidden or indirect costs. The Victim Consequences...

B-07a Safe Work Practices Workplace Accidents If you can identify a hazard and deal with them, it would be a happier and safer workplace. For every dollar paid out in worker’s compensation, the employer can pay out many times that amount in hidden or indirect costs. The Victim Consequences Death Disability Pain Loss of earnings Reduction of self-esteem 1 The Workplace Consequences May lose a trained worker Suffer damage to plant and machinery Incur fines and prosecutions Be sued by workers or their families The Supervisor Consequences Lose valuable production Have to do extra work Lose time doing reports Feel responsible The State Consequences Accidents can also affect the state’s workforce and upset balance of trade. Community pays dearly for workplace accidents. Enforcing and obeying law helps reduce cost. 2 Manual Handling Any activity requiring the use of force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry, or otherwise move, hold, or restrain any animate or inanimate object. Back Injuries: Up to 100 000 cases a year in Australia due to poor workplace design, poor work practice, inadequate training. Can be avoided. Since 1991, employers and workers’ obligations has been the control of risks associated with manual handling injuries. The Work Health and Safety Act of 2011 requires all at a workplace to ensure the health and safety of others. Penalty for breach of the Work Health and Safety Act causing serious injury or death is a fine of up to $300 000 for body corporate or $60 000 and/or 12 months prison for an individual. 3 WH&S Obligations for Manual Handling Worker Obligations Workers should follow instruction and act in a way that does not place their own or other person’s health and safety at risk. Workers must ensure where possible: Methods of work and work procedures are followed Mechanical aids and assistive devices made available are used If mechanical aids are not provided or practical, team lifting procedures are used Manual Handling training sessions are attended and earned principles are applied in the workplace 4 Employer Obligations Employers should provide a workplace designed to minimize risk of back injury. Includes design of organization, workstation layout, plant, equipment, and containers used in the workplace. Where manual handling cannot be designed and it is necessary to complete a task, employers must provide: Mechanical lifting devices Enough staff for team lifting procedures Training and supervision for team lifting Supervision to enable workers to work safety Discussions should be held among: The workers carrying out manual handling work Health and safety representatives Employers to set out the workplace’s manual handling policy 5 Manual Handling Injuries Manual handling leads to: Strained backs, damaged spinal discs, strained shoulders, hernias, and injured hands, and feet, possibly permanent disabilities. Rhythmic human movements need to be adopted in manual handling materials. Control of manual handling risk reduces injuries and improves productivity and efficiency in workplace. Avoid sudden or jerky movements. Most common injuries caused by improper manual handling are back injuries, specifically spinal. Spine and Manual Handling Spine is not suited to lifting loads when upper part of body is acutely bent or twisted because of the forces exerted on the lower back, lumber discs. 95% of all disc injuries occur in three lowest discs, where spinal movement and stress are greatest. 6 7 If you lift with bent back, inter-vertebral discs are compressed on the front of the spine and stretched over the back of the spine. Because bones of spinal column are separated from each other, extra pressure is placed on soft tissue, causing strain/ruptured discs. 8 Safe Lifting and Lifting Limits How Much Can a Worker Lift? From Standing = Avoid lifting loads more than 16 – 20 kg. As weight increases from 16kg – 55kg, the percentage of healthy adults who can safely lift, lower or carry the weight decreases sharply. Mechanical assistance should be provided to reduce risk of injury associated with heavier weights. Trained and supervised team lifting, when mechanical assistance is not practical. Repetitive manual handling, workers with special needs, and lifting for unusual positions require special consideration. While seated you should not life loads over 4.5kg. 9 10 Safe Lifting of Low-Lying Objects When manual handling is unavoidable, follow the Manual Handling Principles when lifting low-lying objects to reduce risk of back injury. Step 1 Ensure path of travel is clear Step 2 Assess load weight, size, shape. Consider physical ability to handle it. If in doubt, ask for assistance. Avoid lifting loads more than 16 – 20kg Step 3 Place feet close to object to be lifted Step 4 Adopt balanced position. Bend knees in semi-squat to comfortable degree, get good handhold. Lift the load, keeping it close to the body. Maintain natural curve in spine. 11 Step 5 Use leg muscle to lift load. Allow load to rest in extended arms. Lift smoothly and rhythmically. Avoid sudden accelerations or jerky movements. Step 6 With load comfortable in hands and arms, move feet in direction or travel. No twist of hips or shoulders. Step 7 Setting the load down safely is just as important as picking it up safely. Using your leg muscles, lower the load by bending you knees in a semi- squat to a comfortable degree. Do not let go of load until it is secure. 12 Handling Loads Always asses the load you are to carry and lift, only if it is within your capabilities. If in doubt, use mechanical aids such as a trolley. With repetitive handling, workers with special needs or lifting from a seat or unusual positions should handle only much smaller loads. High-Risk Work Practices Avoid when lifting or manual handling: Handling awkward shapes or big loads Handling weights too heavy beyond worker’s capacity Over-reaching while handling Handling with an unstable work surface underfoot Repetitive and/or long duration of manual handling Carrying objects extended away from the body Awkward twisting while handling* Insecure grip and poor lifting position, with feet too close together while handling 13 14 Responsibilities in the Workplace Responsibility of the Employer Managers, supervisors or team coordinators are responsible for making sure that you have: Adequate Lighting A clean and tidy work areas Safe machines and material Safety signs and safety equipment Chemicals stored separately, safety hazards and SOP’s. Job Rotation Safe working practices and facilities for workers First Aid Equipment, toilets and wash basins Lunchrooms Information, instruction and training 15 Responsibility of the Employee A worker has the following obligations in a workplace: To comply with instructions given by employer or supervisor for WHS Use PPE if the equipment is provided by the worker’s employer and the worker is properly instructed in its use. Not to interfere willfully or recklessly with or misuse anything provided for WHS in workplace Not to willfully place at risk the WHS of any person at the workplace Not to willfully injure oneself 16 Environment Responsibilities Environmental Management Systems Organisations need to develop environmental management systems to cover all of their activities. The system should meet International standards (ISO 14001) and address environmental issues by integrating the environment into daily business operations. Your General Environmental Duty Your environmental duty is to ensure that you take all reasonable and practicable measures to prevent or minimize environmental damage resulting from your work. Be more aware and informed of environmental responsibilities Help identify environmental risks Help develop and implement reasonable and cost-effective ways to minimize environmental risks. Ask for help if not sure 17 Your Duty to Notify You must tell a supervisor or team leader if you become aware of an activity that is causing or could cause environmental harm. If your supervisor is unavailable or takes no action, notify your senior manager. Duties of Management Managers, Supervisors and Team Leaders must: Plan and act to minimize environmental risks and impacts in daily operations Ensure that staff understand and are fulfilling their legal duties Environmental Due Diligence Exercising due diligence means taking all reasonable care by establishing a proper system to prevent an environmental problem occurring and taking responsible steps to ensure effective operation. Systems used to implement a due diligence program help organizations comply with all environmental legislation, reduce long term costs and improve public image. 18 Ways to Make Your Workplace Safer Adopt Good Housekeeping Practices Minimizes hazards by removing cause of accidents. Practices include: Keep rubbish away from work areas Ensure access to fire extinguishers and exits are not obstructed Keep passages and stairways clear Wiping up split oil, liquids and grease Cleaning up areas after working Using metal containers for greasy or paint-stained rags or waste Keep work areas/benches/machines uncluttered Not leaving loose tools on running machinery or equipment Attend Health & Safety Training Wear PPE. You must be properly trained for PPE and know where to access it. 19 Keep Fit and Healthy Drugs and alcohol are strictly prohibited at work. Develop good posture, whether you spend long periods standing or sitting. Keep yourself well groomed, clean and neatly attired, and maintain hygienic processes. Important for employees involved with sewage treatment, transport and maintenance. Ensure immunizations are up to date and medical problems are attended to by the doctor. Maintain a healthy balance between work and personal life. If work is stressful, talk to someone. Safety Precautions and Short and Simple Rules No unauthorized access to workshops/equipment without supervision Wear PPE Wear only closed toe shoes No jewelry or loose-fitting clothes Contain long hair and beards Walk – do not run 20  Ask if you don’t understand No food or drink Read all material Safety Data Sheets and labels Be aware of emergency procedures, exits, emergency buttons Read & understand safety signs, instructions and notices Think before you act Clean up as you work Accidents Associated with Poor Housekeeping Slips, trips, falls due to debris, greasy floors, poor lighting. Cuts and lacerations from protruding parts, stores or objects. Fire danger from waste products or poorly stored materials Health risks from dusts and fumes of hazardous materials badly stored 21 Safety Precautions in Workshops Use of exotic materials, unorthodox use of tools and equipment, and rapid changes in activities can make it difficult to respect safety regulations. Safety is common sense. Stop and think before you act. Ask technical staff before starting an unfamiliar process. Wrong Tool for the Job If you have the slightest doubt about the suitability of a tool for the operation, ask for advice from technical staff. They will ensure precautions are taken and safety equipment is available or alternative equipment may be suggested. Clean Up Your Mess Areas around machines and walkways are specially marked to prevent accidents. Do not block them with materials or obstacles that may restrict access or emergency evacuation. Clutter in workplace should be removed to make space safer and more efficient. Accidents usually occur when people do silly things or in a hurry. 22 Is it Safe? Some materials, solutions and solvents are unsafe when they mix or come into contact with other substances. Must be used in well-ventilated areas and under fume extraction hoods. Any materials or solutions you bring into the laboratory or workshop must be shown to the technical staff to access if there is any risk in their use in the area. Before using a new material, ask what the safety hazards are and what precautions need to be undertaken. When Things Go Wrong Even when all safety precautions are in place, sometimes things go wrong and emergency procedures must be implemented. 23 Advanced Composite Materials Hazards and Safety Precautions What is a Composite Material? Two or more materials combined to form a much stronger structure than either material by itself. Simple composites ae composed of two elements: Matrix (Bonding Substance Glue) Reinforcement Material Fibreglass is a widely used composite material that is used in sporting equipment, boats, aircraft parts, playground equipment, furniture etc. Reinforcing material Example: Glass fibre cloth material which can be folded or scrunched. Matrix: Resin or compound, in liquid form consisting of two liquid parts which when mixed together, form a solid plastic compound after curing. When glass fibre is impregnated with mixed resin, the result of curing is a high strength forced plastic. 24 Adobe (Mud Brick) Oldest man-made building material and composite formula. It is produced by combining two dissimilar components (mud and straw) to form building bricks. After bricks are allowed to cure in the sun, the resulting building block is substantially stronger and more durable that either of the original components. Advanced Composite Materials Reduce overall weight while maintaining airframe strength. Superior strength-to-weight ratio. Much stronger and stiffer fibres of boron, graphite (carbon) and Kevlar have given composite materials structural properties superior in to metal allows they have replaced. 25 Where Are Advanced Composites Used? Military and commercial. Flight controls, landing gear doors, skins, panels, antennas, radar covers etc. Boeing 737 uses 1500 pounds of composite materials, providing a weight saving of approximately 600 pounds or 29% when compared to conventional sheet metal construction. Advanced Composite Hazards Four main things that can present a hazard: The matrix or resin system The reinforcing or fibre material The solvent or cleaning compound Dusts 26 Matrix or Resin Hazards Uncured resins can present a significant dermal (skin) exposure hazard. Manual handling results in potential skin exposure, leading to skin irritation, rashes and subsequent dermatitis if contact is prolonged. Exposure to vapors emitted from resins may irritate the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract. Irritation may be severe enough to cause bronchitis and pulmonary oedema. If exposure is prolonged, respiratory sensitization (allergic, asthmatic reaction) may occur. Carcinogens: Some elements of certain resins may cause irreversible liver toxicity and damage to the retina when absorbed through ingestion and inhalation. 27 Reinforcing Fibre Hazards Most of the reinforcing materials have potential to cause eye, skin, and upper respiratory tract irritation as a result of mechanical-irritant properties of the fibres. Skin rashes are common with fibre contact. Carbon fibre may be associated with increased risk of skin cancer. 28 Solvents Like resins, solvents present similar hazards. Many solvents used are volatile and flammable. Most are skin and eye irritants, and some may be absorbed through skin. They may cause eye, nose, throat irritation, prolonged contact with the liquid may result in defatting of the skin and resultant dermatitis. In high concentrations, narcosis is produced with symptoms of headache, nausea, light headedness, vomiting, dizziness, poor coordination and unconsciousness. Some solvents have ability to depress central nervous system. ChemAlert System = SDS (Safety Data Sheets) 29 Dusts Most common dust-generating processes are machining and finishing of cured parts and repair of damaged parts. Much of the dust generated in these processes is very fine and can be readily inhaled. Dusts may irritate eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract. Can be severe enough to cause bronchitis and pulmonary oedema. If exposure is prolonged, respiratory sensitization (allergic, asthmatic-type reaction) may occur. Contact with skin may cause irritation, rashes, and subsequent dermatitis if prolonged. 30 Process Material Precautions Many Fibres & Resins = Potential Dermal Exposure Hazards Many Solvents & Some Resins = Potential Inhalation Hazards Some materials present both a dermal and inhalation hazard. Ingestion may be a potential exposure hazard, but usually involves poor personal hygiene or contamination. Wear PPE or vacate area until all airborne contaminants have dissipated. These contaminants might not affect you immediately but more than likely will cause health problems in the future. Most advanced composites manufacturing and repair procedures should be performed under an extraction unit. Where not practical, they should be performed in a well- ventilated area. 31 Waste Hazards and Disposal Hazards associated with the product may also apply to the waste. It’s important to dispose of any waste in an appropriate and safe manner. Items requiring disposal include: All substances collected as spills or leaks Containers that have been emptied after a leak or spill, including broken bags, fibre- board drums, pallets that may have absorbed spillage etc. Heavily contaminated clothing/equipment Surplus or redundant product Non-returnable containers containing residue Suppliers of products may provide advice for disposal. Local waste disposal authority should be consulted regarding the suitability of proposed material. 32 Job Knowledge & Training All personnel working with chemicals must be familiar with hazards they pose, understand the SDS and be familiar with actions in case of poisoning. Operators: Need to be trained in dealing with spillage and firefighting, and appropriate PPE requirements. Other Employees: At minimum, be aware of relevant handling hazards, fire risk and symptoms of poisoning and emergency action. All people using chemicals or employed in storage areas should receive training appropriate to their duties and responsibilities including: Nature of the work and safe use of equipment Properties and hazards associated with substances being kept for use Location of First Aid and Fire Protection Equipment Use of PPE, maintenance and emergency actions Annual simulated emergency exercises should be included in training e.g. fire drills, spillage- handling. 33 Workplace Accidents Most workplaces incidents are avoidable by identifying hazards and dealing with them. Cause and Effect of Accidents An accident is any unplanned or unintentional event, no matter how serious, that stops or interrupts your work and results in personnel injury and/or property damage. Three basic elements of an accident: An unplanned or unintentional Interruption of work Injury or property damage 34 Identifying Cause & Prevention Two facts that form the basis of an accident prevention: All accidents are caused Therefore, the only way to stop them is to prevent or eliminate the cause. The more you know about the cause of the accident, the better equipped you will be to prevent them. Cause of an accident: You (or your team) Your environment Causes could include: Unsafe actions of you/co worker Impaired physical/mental condition who caused or influenced unsafe actions Any defective or unsafe tools, equipment, machines, materials, buildings, compartments or other aspects of work environment 35 Human Error: At least two of every three workplace accidents are caused by a worker’s failure to do/not to do something, or a worker taking shortcuts. Factors leading to accidents: Inadequate training/lack of experience Inadequate/outdated procedures Inadequate posting or listing of safety precautions Behavioral factors (e.g. negative motivation) Medically related factors (e.g. fatigue, pain, illness) Communication Problems (breakdown in passing, receiving or understanding information) Poorly designed equipment 36 Most accidents are preventable. Accidents do not occur without a cause. Most are direct result of some deviation from prescribed safe operating procedures. One purpose of safety rules is to remind the individual the dangers inherent in work. Training in the observance of safety precaution can be instrumental in avoiding preventable accidents. Inadequate Training and Experience Many accidents occur because of inadequate training and lack of job experience. Can cause you to misread instructions, take shortcuts, or make errors that can result in accident. Chances increase when not aware of hazards associated with the task. Do not take shortcuts Ask for help Become familiar 37 Causes of Accidents Inadequate or Outdated Procedures When accident occurs, examine procedures you followed before it happened. Maybe there was not enough detail provided, or technical manual was not updated. As a result, you could be using wrong procedures. Take initiative, complete paperwork, update SOP’s. Inadequate Safety Precautions You must be aware of the safety precautions associated with the job or task you are performing. If not, you would be attempting something hazardous. Behavioral Factors That Cause Accidents Your behavior while performing a task is based on a combination of factors related to your unique experiences, knowledge, attitude and motivation. Behavior that leads to an accident is usually caused by undesirable attitudes and motivations. 38 Attitudes Complex mental states that affect your reaction towards some object, event or state of affairs. They cause you to form opinions and act in certain predictable ways. Attitudes do not support safe behavior hamper accident prevention. Motivations Incentives for specific acts. Your behavior is based on your motivation, and your motivation is shaped by your attitudes. Motivations on and off the job are greatly affected by attitudes, feeling, tensions, and emotions in the world around you. Undesirable motivations leading to accidents: Motivation to save time and effort Motivation to maintain personal comfort Motivation to gain approval and attract attention Motivation to express resentment 39 Medical Factors That Cause Accidents Illness, physical impairment, alcohol abuse, fatigue, motion sickness can cause accidents. These factors are frequently associated either with a high tempo of operations that prevents proper rest and nourishment or with events carried over from a recent return from leave. Illness Ability to work safely is sometimes affected by illness or side effects of medicine. Temporary illness like colds, flu, dizziness, heat stress and nausea can weaken physical abilities. Can reduce strength, stamina, coordination, or disrupt concentration, mental alertness, memory and reasoning. 40 Physical Impairments Any pre-existing physical impairment such as lower back injury, slipped disc or hernia, can make you more susceptible to accidents. Accidents can stem from visual and hearing defects. Common visual problems include colour blindness, faulty depth perception, far-sightedness and near sightedness. Hearing defects can cause an accident if they prevent you from hearing instructions or warning signals. Alcohol Abuse Alcohol is a chemical depressant. Acts as a general anesthetic for parts of the brain that suppress, control and inhibit thoughts, feelings, and actions. Alcohol typically impairs judgement, gives unrealistic confidence, slows coordination, and degrades performance. Causes risk taking behavior leading to unsafe acts. 41 Fatigue It begins when you start a task and increases as you continue to perform the task. At some point during the task, fatigue can become great enough to impair performance. Decrease work output, change attitude and reduce motivation to observe safety precautions. Fatigue decreases your awareness and reflex actions. Symptoms of Fatigue: Lower quality of performance Irritability Impatience Forgetfulness Confusion A higher number of errors 42 Frequent Causes of Fatigue: Hard work, long hours, lack of sleep Environmental stress, such as heat, cold or noise. Vibration and inadequate lighting Boredom and monotony Change in routine Communication Problems That Cause Accidents Accidents can occur when there is a breakdown in passing, receiving or understanding of information. Most common communication is misunderstanding the message being sent to you. Accidents can also stem from language barriers, or if a person is not speaking clear enough. 43 Equipment Design Factors That Cause Accidents Poorly designed equipment and improperly placed controls can cause accidents. Controls that cannot be reached quickly and easily, emergency controls protected by cumbersome interlocks, and displays that are difficult to read are examples of design problems that can cause accidents. Accident Prevention There is no room for error in aviation. Errors produce accidents. When errors are reduced, accidents are reduced and readiness is improved. The aviation industry considers your safety as important as productivity. Accident prevention is the process of eliminating accident-producing causes. The aviation industry accident prevention program consists of activities directed to eliminate: Unsafe acts of persons Unsafe mechanical, physical or chemical working conditions The authority to correct an unsafe condition may involve any level of the chain of command. 44 The following four avenues are available: Order correction where authority permits: If you have the authority to do so, do not delay ordering unsafe conditions corrected. Report conditions to higher authority: If you do not have the authority to correct unsafe condition, report the hazard or potential hazard to your supervisor. Correct the problem at the source: Do not stop with just correcting the unsafe condition. Find its source and begin your corrective actions there. Hold on the stop training if needed. Take temporary precautions: You may need to delay correcting an unsafe condition because a shortage of funds, personnel or equipment. If this happens, take all temporary precautions needed to protect both yourself and your co-workers until it can be corrected. Secure hazardous area and disconnect power sources, give verbal warning to workers. 45 Summary Accidents cause millions of dollars to be paid out in compensation Important personnel are trained correctly and aware of responsibilities Up-to-date processes need to be in place. Safety precautions must be highlighted and clearly visible in the workplace Behavior related to accidents in workplace usually related to poor attitude and motivation Always report dangerous situations and accept responsibility for them Immediate corrective action. Do not delay. In emergencies, you always have right to take corrective action. Ensure you do not put yourself or others in danger. Inform your supervisor immediately if you cannot safely correct a problem 46 Health and Hygiene Employers should provide: A documented workplace health & safety policy (including guidelines for infection control when workers and first aid personnel are exposed to infection) Up-to-date instructions about appropriate safe work practices Ongoing training and supervision PPE and clothing where required Effective system of injury and illness reporting and follow-up 47 Work Health and Safety To comply with the WH&S Act, risks of injury at all workplaces need to be identified, assessed and controlled. Regulations: Prohibit exposure to a risk or prescribe ways to minimize exposure to a risk. Advisory Standards: State ways to manage exposure to risks common to the industry Industry Codes of Practice: State ways to manage exposure to risks typical in a part of the industry Where there is no regulation, standard or code, you must exercise due diligence The WH&S Act is governed by the Australian Commonwealth Government, and each state and territory has established a local Health and Safety Committee. In Queensland, WH&S is regulated by the state government under the Queensland Work Health and Safety Act 2011. 48 Health and Safety Representatives What do Health & Safety Representatives (HSR) do? Go to safety training Help fix safety problems Know the safety law Participate in committee meetings with managers and supervisors Exercise authority under the law to raise safety problems with your employer Consultation Your occupational HSR can communicate with managers and supervisors or team coordinators about health safety problems. Gives everyone a chance to talk about problems and improvements. Consultation can happen through: Workgroup and team meetings Occupational health and safety committee meetings Discussions with your supervisors or team coordinator (without or without HSR) Workplace audits and inspections 49  Health and safety committees assist in developing health and safety policies and consult with the employer about changes to policies or procedures. At least half of the committee members must be workers. The committee must meet at least once every 3 months. Members presenting workers are elected by the workers (usually the HSR’s). If your supervisor, team coordinator or HSR cannot fix a safety problem, it should go to the committee to be discussed. Important to Remember Under the WH&S Act, both employers and employees are obligated to ensure people’s health and safety in the workplace. Employees have a duty to conduct themselves in a manner that will not harm themselves or others, to carry out certain safety measures, and to use any protective clothing and equipment provided. Be on constant lookout for hazards and notify employers of problems. 50 Noise Safety and Precautions Workplace Noise The first is associated with the outer or middle ear, with some type of damage occurring to the eardrum or bones in middle ear. Second is associated with damage to nerves and cells of inner ear, which convert vibrations into messages to the brain. Hearing loss can happen gradually, and the worker may not realize the loss occurring. It can cause: Headaches Constant ringing in ears Stress High Blood Pressure Increased heart rate Irreparable damage to hearing can be caused by exposure to loud noise for short periods of time or by lower noise levels for extended periods. 51 52 Noise Control in the Workplace Noise Control What we can do in the workplace is reduce noise emissions and protect ourselves from what remains. Once discovered, action for noise problems need to be taken to control it or get rid of it. 53 Personal Protective Equipment Workers exposed to unacceptable level of noise are provided with suitable work instructions and PPE to reduce exposure to harmful levels. All hearing protection should comply with the appropriate Australian Standard (AS). Hazards in the Workplace Machinery and Equipment Check your plant and machinery regularly, using a checklist to ensure it is safe and in working order. Report immediately if faults are discovered and stop working. Electricity Human body is an excellent conductor of electricity. Electrical hazards may be due to: Cracked or faulty insulation Overheating equipment Damp conditions 54  Ways to ensure safety around electricity including following: Wear correct clothing, such as non-conductive footwear, and remove metal watches, jewelry and belts with metal buckles Keep power chords away from heat and water. Protect and run your power chords at heights they will not be damaged Have earth leakage devices installed so current is cut immediately if power is short-circuited Use wooden or fibreglass ladders when working near power lines or performing electrical work (as they are non-conductive) Attend to faulty tools and equipment by having them checked regularly and ensure that cords are not frayed Turn off all power sources after use 55 Hazardous Substances Employers must train workers to use hazardous substances properly when it is part of their job. A worker’s primary protection is the label. Storage containers of hazardous substances must be correctly labelled in English. SDS sheets provide information about: Dangers involved in using chemicals and substances Precautions for use Health effects and relevant first aid procedures 56 Working in the Sun Working in sun without adequate protection can cause dehydration, headaches, sunstroke and skin cancer. To reduce effects of sun: Drink water Wear Broad brimmed hat Apply sunscreen minimum 15+ protection Wear long-sleeved, close-weave shirts and trousers Wear neck protectors under hard hats Avoid working unprotected for long periods between 11:00am – 3:00pm 57 Safety Data Sheets To maintain a safe working environment, all substances, compounds and materials used in the workplace must be identified. SDS must provide information about: Hazards of the chemical and how to handle it safely, including storage and disposal Physical and chemical properties, potential health and emergency response measures Environmental effects of the chemical Data must be available by hard copy or electronic versions like ChemAlert. 58 Reporting Hazards and Accidents in Aircraft Maintenance The Hazard Report Form If you notice anything hazardous, you should report it to your supervisor or Health & Safety Officer. If action is not taken to rectify the matter, you should fill out a Hazard Report Form. A copy should be given to your supervisor and additional copies sent to your Workplace Health and Safety Officer and Workplace Health and Safety Coordinator for your business. Report of Injury, Illness or Dangerous Event Form Used for recording all work injuries, work-caused illnesses and dangerous events. Can be submitted: Manually (This is blue and in triplicate. Sent to places detailed in bottom left corner) Electronically (Sent to places detailed in bottom left corner) 59 Form Description Front Page = Explains how to use the form Second Page = Lists Codes you can use to describe the: Type of Injury Part of body injured Incident Major Cause Action to Rectify Third Page = Where you record your details All work injuries, worked-caused illnesses and dangerous events are recorded within 3 days. 60 Safety Signs Signs In workshops, picture safety signs use universal symbols to: Prevent accidents Signal Health Hazards Indicate the location of safety, first aid and fire protection equipment Give clear guidance and instruction in emergency procedures Form part of the total safety information system of the area 61 Standard Symbols and Color Markings Signs Categories Regulatory Information Warning Each category is distinguished by its shape and divided into sub categories that can be recognized by their colour. 62 Regulatory Signs 63 Information Signs 64 Warning Signs 65 Signs and Symbols To help remind you or tell you something. Can be different types: pictures only, words only, or both pictures and words. Fall into four general categories and they are color coded for easy recognition. Information Signs (Green & White) These signs give you information about the area you are in. They are usually rectangular or diamond shaped and can be a tag system. 66 Prohibition Signs (Red & Black) These signs inform you of things you must not do. They usually have a red circle with a line through it from the top left to the bottom right. Example: No Eating, No Flames, No Drinking. 67 Warning Signs (Yellow & Black) These signs advise you of potential hazards. In a variety of conditions, the law requires certain signs to be used. 68 Mandatory Signs (Blue & White) Mandatory signs inform you of things you must do to ensure personal safety. There is no suggestion here = Must Do instructions 69 Usually consists of a symbol, which is a letter or picture surrounded by a border of a definite shape and colour. Simple, easy to learn and recognize. They may include simple wording to help reinforce message or provide additional information. Most effective signs combine symbol and verbal message. 70 Symbols for Hazardous Materials By law, hazardous materials received in the workplace must be identified with special symbols on container labels. These symbols indicate the nature of the hazardous material, such as compressed gas, oxidizing material, or toxic material. Controlled Products Regulation under Federal Hazardous Product Act = Information about symbols to use and colour restrictions Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) symbols. 71 Safety Colors No legislation requires use of colour in workplace, it can be used to indicate hazards or point out safety equipment. Colour can be applied on: Indicator lights or buttons Pipes Separate work areas Machinery Vehicles Aisles, Floors, Stairs Indicator Lights or Buttons 72 Other Use of Colour (Hazards) 73 Posting Signs Considerations when posting signs: Clearly visible, free from obstruction Must be well lit to easily recognize safety color and hazard is clearly visible Be within appropriate distance of hazard (enough time required to avoid hazard) Related signs placed together. No more than four signs. Unrelated signs placed far apart (eliminate confusion) Directional signs visible from all directions. Posted at intervals so correct route is clear Signs hung from ceilings, must be at least 2.2 m above floor 74 Making Signs Using Easy-to-Read and Easy-to-Understand language in signs: To understand quickly, displayed in plain English with easily learned or recognized symbols. Symbols kept simple and clear as possible. Sign is most effective with following information: A signal word (e.g. Danger, Warning) Hazard Symbol Information about consequence if hazard is not avoided Instructions to avoid hazard Uppercase letter used for first letter of first word, lower case for rest. Commands/cautionary words = Uppercase 75 Wording One message per sign, otherwise use multiple signs. Appropriate cautionary words: DANGER = To warn of immediate or grave hazard that will cause serious, irreversible injury or death WARNING = To draw attention to potential risk that could result in serious injury or death CAUTION = To alert people to potential risk that can cause minor or moderate injury. Also used to warn unsafe practice. 76 Signage in Aircraft Maintenance Maintenance Signage Signage in workplace must be appropriate, clearly visible and well maintained. 77 Ingestion Hazards An exterior placard on an aircraft warns of the engine intake danger zone. 78 Cockpit Signage Warning Tags in Cockpit Below examples of safety precautions used during aircraft maintenance. Warning tags are attached to controls to alert others that a system is in inoperative or dangerous to operate. 79 Switches in the Cockpit Switch guard with a tell-tale copper safety wire which must be broken to activate the switch. Safety-wired switches are for emergency operation only. 80 Handles in the Cockpit Red handles or levers indicate emergency operation or release. 81 Aircraft Cabin Door Safety Aircraft door and emergency exit internal operating handles are painted red for quick identification of a latched or unlatched door and emergency use. Yellow = Door and emergency slide arming levers are painted yellow to distinguish them from normal door-operating handle. Aircraft door-open stowing latches are other hold-open devices are typically yellow. 82 83 Biological Hazards Hazardous Material Because of its quantity, concentration or physical or chemical characteristics may pose a substantial hazard to human health or to the environment when released or accidently spilled. Hazardous Waste Any discarded material (liquid, solid, or gas) which meets the definition of hazardous material. It is everyone’s responsibility to promote safe and healthy working conditions when using hazardous materials and waste. Biological Hazards Human specimens, viruses, bacteria, human organs. They are packed in clearly marked containers. 84 Common Aircraft Symbols Following symbols may be found on commercial transport aircraft and on military aircraft and helicopters borrowed from NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Mooring/Tie Down Point Anchor symbol painted on aircraft structure adjacent to the tie-down attachment location. Used to secure a parked aircraft against strong winds. Jacking & Shoring Point Indicated by this symbol painted on structure adjacent to jacking location. Located under struts of landing gear, wings etc. 85 Earth Point/Ground Point Indicated by this symbol painted on aircraft structure adjacent to the ground connection. Ground points are used during fueling operations and whenever an aircraft is in the hanger. Ground in hanger is painted concrete and does not earth tires. Lifting Point Indicated by this symbol painted on the aircraft structure adjacent to the lifting attachment location. Located on heavy components such as flaps, flight control surfaces, doors and engine transport stands. Hook is upside down to attach to a crane. 86 Aircraft Placards (Sign/Sticker) Normally fairing access panels are identified by the aircraft manufacturer’s alphanumeric code, while servicing panels are placarded with their description. Panel identification codes and locations can be found in the Aircraft Maintenance Manual. 87 88 Fluid Line Identification Fluid hoses, pipes and tubing are identified by colour-coded decal strips. Name of fluid is printed across the decal, followed by standardized symbol. Symbol = Identifies direction of flow. 89 General Safety Precautions in Maintenance Aircraft Propellers Treat all propellers as ‘live’ at all times. Particularly important with piston-engine aircraft which have magneto grounding switches that are not always reliable. At night, rotating propellers may appear stationary under effect of strobe lighting. 90 Maintenance Documentation Always check the aircraft paperwork (Maintenance Documentation) first to ensure its safe to work on. 91 Foreign Object Damage (FOD) Ingestion of foreign objects and debris into jet engines accounts for a large % of unscheduled engine changes. FOD is caused by poor housekeeping and everyday carelessness. Use of protection covers, FOD walks and Tool Control Program can eliminate problem. If you see FOD, pick it up and dispose. 92 Tyre Inflation Safety Precautions Aircraft Tyres Aircraft tyres can be a lethal store of energy, some inflation pressures exceed 250psig. Inflate to Maintenance Manual recommended pressure Use gas recommended in Maintenance Manual, typically nitrogen (nonflammable) Use a regulated supply, not high-pressure shop air. Deflate the tyre before attempting to split the wheel Always deflate tyre before removing the valve core as pressure can eject the valve at high velocity. Place wheel assembly inside a safety cage before inflating a new tyre for the first time or inflating a tyre when the wheel assembly is not installed. Cage is protection against injury caused by bursting tyre, wheel or wheel tie-bolt failure. 93 Large aircraft wheel and tyre assemblies are heavy and require special handling equipment and procedures to avoid injury. Aircraft wheels are two-piece assemblies. Safety requirement to deflate tyre before removing wheel assembly from landing gear axle. This prevents wheel assembly failure, personal injury or death if wheel tie bolts are loose, broken or missing. If wheel is deflated as part of a multi wheel bogey, the landing gear assembly must be jacked first to avoid overloading other wheels when tyre has been deflated. 94 Compressed Air Hazards Even low-pressure gas less than 100psi can be a hazard. Used for pneumatic power tools. Safety precautions: Inspect air lines for abrasions, chemical damage, cracking etc. Never direct jet of air towards person/animal Never look into end of compressed air device Never use compressed air to blow dust or dirt off body/clothing Never kink hose to stop airflow – turn off at valve. Pressure no higher than 30psi for cleaning. Always wear eye protection Before disconnecting hose from airline, cut off air and bleed remaining air from line Do not modify any air tool 95 Aircraft Oxygen Safety Precautions Aircraft Oxygen Systems Can be fixed or portable, some aircrafts have both. Oxygen is normally only used in an emergency. Vital to the preservation of life at high altitude due to failure of pressurized system. Oxygen systems are regularly tested and are used time to time to meet operation requirements. Main reason for depletion of emergency oxygen. Contamination (odours) in aviation breathing oxygen system must be reported. 96 Oxygen Safety Oxygen itself will not burn, however combustion cannot occur without oxygen. As atmosphere becomes more oxygen enriched, ignition temperature of substances decreases. In 100% oxygen-enriched atmosphere, there is a thousandfold increase in the ignitability of most substances. In an oxygen-enriched environment, any source of ignition can start combustion including: Burning cigarette Engine exhaust Electrical Arc A Spark including electrostatic spark 97 Aircraft Preparation for Oxygen Servicing Before you start oxygen servicing procedure, read safety precautions and general maintenance instructions in the aircraft AMM (‘Oxygen Servicing’ section of Chapter 12 and Chapter 35 ‘Oxygen’) 1. Ensure aircraft is grounded 2. Ground the oxygen trolley to the aircraft 3. Switch off aircraft electric power 4. Ensure no operating powered equipment within 50 feet 5. Aircraft must not be serviced with fuel, oil, or anti-icing fluids 6. Ensure oxygen servicing area is free of combustible materials, especially fluids No oil, fuel, grease should be present anywhere near an oxygen servicing area. 98 Aircraft and Oxygen Cart Grounding Aircraft and oxygen must be correctly grounded during servicing of the crew oxygen system. 1. Start by attaching grounding cable to a ‘known serviceable’ earth reference point (on the hanger floor of apron area). 2. Then attach opposite end to an approved earthing (grounding) point on the aircraft. 3. After grounding the aircraft, connect oxygen cart to same earth reference point on the floor or apron. 4. Then connect the cart to an approved earthing point on the aircraft. Unlike earthing procedure to Ground Service Equipment (GSE) for replenishing flammable fluids (e.g. fuel), replenishment of an oxygen system does not require bonding of the filling connector to the aircraft. AC 21-99 Section 2, Chapter 14 = Electrical Earthing & Bonding Procedures and GSE. 99 Importance of Cleanliness Ensure hands, clothes, tools, area, equipment are clean, free of petroleum, oil, grease, hydraulic fluid, or dirt. Use only oxygen clean components in oxygen system. Contamination on a component can cause fire or explosion. Use clean components from a sealed bag. Some fittings used in oxygen system are the same as fittings in other systems and are not oxygen clean. Check bag labels to identify. 100 Operate an Oxygen Valve Slowly An oxygen shutoff valve must be opened (and closed) slowly. Connection of an oxygen line must be released slowly. Carrying action too fast can raise temperatures to point of ignition. Rapid opening of a cylinder valve or release of pressure from a line can result in momentarily high oxygen velocity. Particles pushed through system very fast causes frictional heat. If system has dead end, such as where pressure regulator is connected to oxygen cylinder, heat can be generated through compression of oxygen. Can result in fire. 101 Oil and Grease Precautions Around Oxygen Cylinders Oil and greases are extremely hazardous substances in enriched oxygen environment. Will explode when subject to low-pressure oxygen. Do not permit oxygen-enriched air to come into contact with organic materials or flammable or combustible substances. Never use oil or grease on an oxygen component likely to come into contact with oxygen- enriched environment. 102 Oxygen-Safe Lubricants Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) have been independently tested and proven acceptable for oxygen and other reactive chemical compatibility. This chemical resistance delivers non-flammability and helps reduce lubricant deterioration and chances of equipment failure. Fluroine has replaced all usual hydrogen, creating a molecule that is highly stable in the reactive chemical environment. Film forming capability provides thick oil layer that reduces friction and wear, extending equipment life. Non-oxidizing nature of oils make it last longer. 103 Aircraft Oxygen Storage Cylinders Commercial aircraft use gaseous oxygen stored in steel or steel alloy cylinders under high pressure 1850 psi. SAE aerospace standard AS 1065A = Defines quality and serviceability of aircraft cylinder assemblies charged with Aviator’s Breathing Oxygen. AS 8010D = Defines required purity of contents. Maximum permitted moisture content must be extremely low. Water condensation and pressurized oxygen inside causes corrosion. Condensed moisture water can also freeze and stop flow in lines, regulators and valves. Do not discharge below 50psi, or moisture can enter the cylinder. Aircraft Oxygen Cylinders = Wakefield Green 104 Aviators Breathing Oxygen Identification mark: Must be painted in white lettering on the cylinder Must be visible for inspection 105 Oxygen Cart When servicing oxygen systems, ensure a serviceable oxygen cart is used. Only Aviator’s Dry Breathing Oxygen is used. Liquid Oxygen (LOX) is used requires special safety precautions due to extremely low temperature and explosive nature. Generally used on military aircraft. LOX PPE: Face shields, gloves, apron, shoes, protective clothing 106 Oxygen Replenishment Cylinders Extra High Pressure (EHP) Cylinders (Aircraft Servicing Oxygen Bottles) Black with White neck. 3600 psi maximum pressure. Do not discharge below 500 psi (gauge pressure) to avoid ingress or moisture which causes corrosion. 107 When storing oxygen and nitrogen cylinders, ensure correct gas is selected and used. 108 Hydrostatic Testing Oxygen cylinders are scheduled for regular hydrostatic testing for safety. Cylinder is visually inspected for stress cracks and corrosion and is pressurized to 1.67 times rated pressure to ensure its continued ability for safe operation. Make sure oxygen hydrostatic test date is within prescribed service life limit. Service Life = Established by national regulatory authorities, manufacturer or airline Test date will be printed on label near top of oxygen cylinder. 109 Oxygen Safety Precautions (Summary) Never use oil and grease in, on or around oxygen systems Never use oxygen to dust off components in work area Never expose oxygen system to high temperatures or possible ignition source Never open oxygen valve rapidly (raises temperature) Only use tools from dedicated oxygen tool kit Ensure tools are degreased prior to use Return tooling to clean stowage after use Always follow Manufacturers Maintenance Instructions Never substitute materials Always ground aircraft, oxygen cart and equipment before servicing Check and recheck only Aviator’s Dry Breathing Oxygen is used Do not let oxygen mix with other gases, fumes or flammable materials 110 Electrical Safety Human Functions of Life Human body depends on two bodily functions to maintain life: Breathing or respiration Heartbeat, or circulation To maintain these two functions, the brain sends electrical pulses through nervous system to the muscles that control breathing and circulation functions. If these two functions fail, life is in danger. When body is exposed to electric shock, the shock causes current to flow within the body that can interfere with electrical impulses that control respiration and circulation functions. Interference depends on: Where the current flows within the body The amount of current flowing Duration of electric shock 111  Shock passing from one arm through the chest to the other arm is much more dangerous than a shock between two toes. Electric Shock Human body is not designed to withstand a continuous application of electricity. Muscular contraction caused by electric shock can lead to serious injury or death. The Danger of Current (Milliamperes) Flow of current passing through body is what may clamp the heart or cause it to fibrillate. Current involved in shock = Determined by both voltage and resistance of the circuit (your body). 112  Below 2mA = Mild Sensation 2mA – 8mA = Shock sensation obvious/painful 8mA – 12mA = Muscle spasms and pain 12mA – 20mA = Inability to control muscles (impossible to let go of live conductor) *20mA – 50mA = If across chest, interference with heart and lung muscles may stop breathing. 50mA – 100mA = If across chest, heart commences ventricular fibrillation (death) 100mA – 200mA = Heart may stop beating Above 200mA = Severe burns to body 113 Examples A static electricity shock could be 20,000 volts or more but at an extremely low current and for an extremely short duration, the shock will be harmless. A 9V battery is at an insufficient voltage to drive dangerous level of current. A 240V AC power point is at a dangerous voltage and more than capable of driving a dangerous current. Lightning strike is about 300 million volts, can deliver extremely high current (30,000 amps). 114 Chemical Safety Chemicals Some substances are benign most the time but may in certain circumstances produce fumes (overheated grease, or oils, smoldering insulation). 115 Solvents Powerful cleaning properties to dissolve oils and greases. Common hazardous solvents include acetone and trichloroethylene. Solvents can be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through skin. Can cause short-term adverse health effects such has dermatitis, including drying, cracking, reddening or blistering; headaches, drowsiness, poor co-ordination, and nausea. Exposure to high concentrations of solvent vapor can lead to unconsciousness and death. 116 Battery Safety Battery maintenance may come in the form of an open circuit voltage (OCV) check, period check, capacity test, or various others. Both electrolytes are corrosive; avoid skin and eye contact. Lead-acid Nickel-cadmium Improper handling can destroy living tissue, mucous membranes, eyes, the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory passages and skin. Do not neutralize spills on skin. Flush with water only. Mixing acid and alkali produces salts and heat. If neutralizing is carried out, heat produced will burn skin and drive chemicals under flesh. Include following controls: Include local exhaust ventilation Temperature Control Wear PPE. 117 Aviation Oils and Fuel Hazards Aviation oils are generally low-risk when compared to aviation fuel, petrol, and kerosene. Most lubricating oils are flammable if enough heat is generated but when kept away from heat, comparatively safe. Synthetic lubricating oils, methanol and some hydraulic oils may be harmful or toxic if their vapors are inhaled. If they come into contact with skin or eyes, they can cause injury or blindness. Oils and fuels have an adverse effect on paintwork, adhesives and sealants. In event of a spill, Spill Response Procedures are designed to ensure following actions are carried out: 1. Quickly and safely stop spill and isolate 2. Report spill to supervisor 3. Contain the spilt material away from stormwater/waterways using Spill Response Kit 4. Clean up spill with reference to ChemAlert and SDS. 5. Complete and submit relevant paperwork describing event. 118 With gasoline and kerosene, there is a much greater chance of fire, so more precautions are required. Don’t carry matches, cigarette lighters, ensure all replenishing equipment is fully serviceable. During any fueling operation in a workshop/hanger/flight line, the relevant fire extinguishers must be in place. 119 Hydraulic Fluids and Lubricants Pressure-servicing units for engine oil, hydraulic fluids, or grease must have a permanently attached placard indicating type of fluid used on that unit to highlight contents. This is a regulatory requirement. This reduces possibility of using incorrect oil or fluid to replenish aircraft systems. To avoid over pressurizing during servicing process: Small aircraft = airframe lubrication is carried out with hand-operated equipment Larger commercial aircraft = Replenishing containers are often pressurized by compressed hangar air. 120 Aircraft Refueling and Defueling Safety Refueling and Defueling Refueling and defueling operations are reformed with: The Aircraft Maintenance Manual Local Instructions To prevent fuel-flow-induced static electricity build up becoming a fire hazard, prior to any fueling operation to ensure: 1. Refueling vehicle is positioned and earthed 2. Aircraft is earthed to ground 3. Aircraft is earthed to refueling vehicle 4. Fueling coupling or nozzle is earthed to aircraft 121 Fuel Tank Safety Fuel tanks of large aircraft are a hazardous place to work. They contain toxic vapors from fuel and chemicals. Danger of explosion and chronic illness or death is present. Precautions must be taken when performing: Defueling Earthing (grounding) aircraft Removing fuel tank panels Removing trapped fuel Venting Testing for fuel vapors Entering a fuel tank 122 Defueling Safety Before maintenance can be performed on a fuel tank, it will need to be defueled. On a large aircraft defueling is carried out by one of the following methods: Transferring fuel to another tank Transferring fuel to an aviation fuel supply company tanker Should be performed outside of the hanger, not always possible. Aircraft must be earthed (grounded) while in hanger. Grounding procedure is same as for fueling. When draining into drums, drums must be earthed to the aircraft and to the hangar or tarmac earth point. 123 During defueling operations, wipe up spilled fuel using Spill Response Equipment. Do not sweep spilled fuel with a dry broom. This may cause static electricity which can ignite any fuel vapors. Fire Extinguisher for Class B fire must be available. 124 Safe Tooling Near Flammable Gases or Liquids Never use electric power tools in locations where flammable gases are or may be present. Electric power tool motors produce sparks, which may ignite fuel vapor. Use hand tools such as screwdrivers, speed braces, pneumatic tools etc. to remove fuel tank panels. 125 Safe Task Lighting Near Flammable Gases or Liquids Explosion-proof lights are intended for use in locations where flammable gases may be present in sufficient quantities to produce fire/explosion. Approved low-voltage explosion-proof lights must be used inside and in the vicinity of an open aircraft fuel tank. Never use ordinary lead light or torch in or near an open fuel tank. They can ignite flammable mixtures if globe shatters or the switch arcs. 126 Explosion Hazards and Safety Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) The concentration of the contaminants in air below which the propagation of a flame does not occur on contact with an ignition source. Due to little concentration of fuel vapors. Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) The concentration of the contaminants in the air above which the propagation of flame does not occur on contact with an ignition source. Due to insignificant oxygen. An explosion will occur between the LEL and UEL. Example: LEL for Jet A1 is 0.7% 127 Fuel Tank Venting It is necessary to keep the concentration of the fuel vapors in the tank below its LEL. It is also necessary to have breathable oxygen levels inside the tank so that maintenance personnel can carry out their tasks safely. Continuous venting of the fuel tank removes volatile fuel and chemical vapors. Venting also removes the vapors from cleaning solvents and other substances taken into the tanks by maintenance personnel. Atmosphere inside tank must be continuously monitored to ensure toxic concentrations do not exceed legally allowable levels. Adequate level of oxygen for breathing must be maintained. Gas detectors measure the concentration of combustible vapors, oxygen, oxygen levels and other gases. The detector registers and alarm when concentration reaches explosion hazard level. 128 129 Exposure Limit TWA (Time-Weighted Average) = The average airborne concentration of a particular substance when calculated over a normal 8-hour work day for 5-day week. Safe exposure to fuel tank atmospheres without safety breathing equipment is time weighted. Fuel Tank Confined Space Entry Fuel Tank Entry Fuel tank entry is a task for three team members: 1. Confined Space Entrant (performs maintenance inside fuel tank) 2. A Standby Person 3. An Alternative Standby Person Breathing equipment is required if fuel tank atmosphere contains toxic concentrations and oxygen levels are below safe level. 130 The safety equipment includes: Two filtered air supplies: One for Confined Space Entrants use – Primary Rig – Shop Air One for Standby Person’s use – Standby Rig – Bottle Air A face mask respirator for each person. Breathing equipment sustains life, not remove risk of explosion. 131 Fuel Tank Safety Equipment 132 133 The Entry Crew Duties Confined Space Entrant’s Duties The Confined Space Entrant performs the maintenance inside fuel tank. Standby Person’s Duties Ensure the safety of the Confined Space Entrant Check to ensure all cylinders (bottles) are fully charged Ensure hose connections are secure Maintain and monitor air supply and the Confined Space Entrant Control hose movements and prevent tangles Switch air supply if a warning sounds or if the confined Space Entrant is in distress and assist in their exit Monitor gauges. If primary air supply pressure falls below 85 psi, switch to emergency air and recall Confined Space Entrant. Must be connected to the bottled air supply, remain at their post and be vigilant. 134 Alternate Standby Person’s Duties Take over the responsibilities of the Standby Person. In an emergency that requires a Standby Person to enter the fuel tank to rescue the Confined Space Entrant, the Alternate Standby Person’s responsibilities include: Monitoring both entrants and controlling their hose movement Monitoring air pressure gauges on both primary and secondary rigs Changing the air supply bottle if a warning whistle sounds Must remain in general area where fuel tank work is being performed and be vigilant. 135 Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation Safety Radiation Spectrum and Types Electromagnetic radiation sits on a spectrum and is often divided into categories: Ionising radiation and non-ionising radiation. Ionising Radiation includes: Alpha Particles Beta Particles Gamma rays and X-rays Non-ionising radiation consists of: Extreme low frequency radiation (ELF) Radio frequency and microwave radiation Infrared radiation (IR) Visible light radiation Ultraviolet radiation (UV) 136 137 Ionising Radiation Type of energy released by atoms that travels in form of electromagnetic waves (gamma,x-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta or alpha). Unstable elements or radionuclides like uranium-238, spontaneously disintegrate and emit ionising radiation. Ionising radiation has enough energy to cause chemical changes by breaking chemical bonds. Possesses sufficient energy to damage DNA as it passes through tissue of the body. Xrays and Gamma Rays (Electromagnetic) Bundles of energy with no mass. Extremely high amounts of energy and can use that to remove electrons from atoms unlike other types of electromagnetic radiation. Alpha and Beta Particles & Neutrons (Particulate) Not found on electromagnetic spectrum. Energetic charged particles. 138 Non-Ionising Radiation Found at the long wavelength end of the spectrum and may have enough energy to excite molecules and atoms causing them to vibrate faster. This is very obvious in a microwave oven where the radiation causes water molecules to vibrate faster creating heat. Does not directly damage DNA as it passes through body tissues. Extremely low frequency radiation (ELF) ELF produced at 60HZ is produced by powerlines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment. Common sources of intense exposure include ELF induction furnaces and high voltage power lines. Danger from Low frequency is electrocution from direct contact of the antenna. 139 Radio frequency and microwave radiation Microwave radiation (MW) = Absorbed near the skin. Radiofrequency Radiation (RF) = May be absorbed throughout the body. At high enough intensities, both will damage tissue through heating. Sources of RF and MW radiation include radio emitters and cell phones. Electric and magnetic fields are complex physical agents. General health effects explore possible carcinogenic, reproductive and neurological effects. Health effects by exposure source are noted in radar traffic devices, wireless communications with cellular phones, radio transmission, and MRI. Microwaves accelerate the vibrations of any moist material raising the temperature and cooking the material. A human would not survive a microwave source (E.g. Aircraft Weather Radar). 140 Infrared Radiation (IR) The skin and eyes absorb infrared radiation as heat. Sources of IR Radiation include furnaces, heat lamps, and IR lasers. Danger is burning like putting your hand in an oven. 141 Visible Light Radiation The different visible frequencies of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum are seen by our eyes as different colors. Good lighting is conductive to increased production and may help prevent incidents related to poor lighting conditions. Danger from excessive visible radiation is that it can damage skin and eyes. 142 Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Has a high photon energy range and is particularly hazardous because there are usually no immediate symptoms of excessive exposure. Sources of UV radiation include the sun, black lights, welding arcs, UV lasers. Danger from excessive UV radiation is it can cause a number of degenerative changes in cells, fibrous tissue and blood vessels of skin. 143 Radiation Sources on Aircraft Radium sources can be found on aircraft instruments made prior to 1970, where radium paint was used to make components like dials ‘glow in the dark’. Traces are found in: Aircraft flight instruments and clocks Glow in dark buttons and switches Tritium signs for emergency exits. Radioactive aircraft components are not considered a health risk as long as they are intact and in good condition. Radium however is highly radioactive, emitting alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Effects are toxic if inhaled or ingested since there is no shielding within the body. Body treats radium as it does calcium, storing it in bone where it may cause bone degeneration and cancer. Radium paint can easily be ingested by inhaling flaking paint. Old radium dials no longer produce light due to breakdown of crystal structure of luminous zinc sulphide, however will remain just as radioactive. Dangers and risks of radiation is divided into: 144  Internal radiation that results from radioactive particles becoming absorbed into a person’s body External radiations from people being next to source of radiation Radiation and Radar Hazards in Aviation Radiation and Radar Maintenance Always complete maintenance in accordance with AMM or OEM approved documentation. Aviation Radar Hazards Electronic system which measures the range and bearing of objects by transmitting an electromagnetic pulse at the object and listening for echo. Many types of radars are in use in aviation: Area Radars, Surveillance Radars, and Approach Radars allow controllers to track aircraft within their area of responsibility Precision Approach Radars (PAR) enable controllers to provide precision approach guidance to aircraft landing in instrument conditions 145  Surface Movement Radar enables controllers to track movement of aircraft and vehicles on aerodrome surface Aircraft Weather Radar gives pilots awareness of hazardous weather. Radio Altimeters accurately measure height of aircraft above surface Secondary Surveillance Radar enables aircraft to pass additional information such as identification and flight level, back to the interrogating radar. 146 Laser Hazards Lasers emit optical (Ultra-violet, visible light, Infra-Red) radiations and are primarily an eye and skin hazard. Common lasers include CO2 IR laser; helium – neon, neodymium YAG, ruby visible lasers and the Nitrogen UV laser. Human body is vulnerable to output of certain lasers and under certain circumstances, exposure can result in damage to skin and eyes. Human eye is always more vulnerable to injury than human skin. 147 Fuel Systems Maintenance Hazards You need to be aware of Radio Frequency (RF) hazards to fuel as non-ionizing radiation from high-powered RF transmitters has potential for igniting fuel vapors from RF induced arcs during fuel handling. Transmitters on vehicles, aircraft, and handheld by personnel are potential sources of harmful non-ionising radiation. Diesel fuel and Aviation jet fuel (JP-5/JP-8) present minimal hazard from electromagnetic radiation. The more volatile JP-4 fuel, Motor Vehicle Gasoline, and Aviation Gasoline (AVGAS) present fuel hazard from electromagnetic radiation during fuel-handling operations. 148 Hazardous Substances Safety Precautions Hazardous Substances Advisory Standard The purpose of Hazardous Substances Standard (Part 13 of WH&S Regulations 1997) is to give practical advice about ways to manage specific risks that arise when hazardous substances are used at workplaces. All persons exposed to chemicals must do the following: Avoid eating, drinking, smoking or going to the toilet during mixing, application, or clean up. After handling chemicals, wash hands before eating, drinking, smoking, toilet. Immediately attend injuries such as cuts or abrasions Make clean protective clothing, gloves and footwear available for on-site wear Keep PPE, eye washes and safety showers clean, serviceable and ready to use Check all equipment for leaks and any operative problems, keep records. Ensure application system estimates accurately to minimize amount of chemical that must be disposed of 149 How do Hazardous Substances Enter the Body? There are four major routes which a substance can enter the body: Inhalation (breathing) Skin (or eye) contact Ingestion (swallowing or eating) Injection (breaking of skin) The consequences can range from mild superficial to life threatening. Highly hazardous chemicals and substances are handles different to everyday chemicals. 150 Inhalation Through Lungs One of the greatest risks of a contaminant entering body is through lungs. Within lungs, chemicals are absorbed from the air directly to bloodstream and carried to all parts of body. Dust particles are not absorbed into blood but can penetrate lungs and remain there. Lung disease develops when lungs are continually exposed to hazards, takes months to years to develop. The airways that bring air into the lungs (trachea and bronchi) are made of smooth muscle and cartilage, allowing airways to constrict and expand. They exchange gas that your body needs to get of (carbon dioxide) for a gas your body can use (oxygen). Lungs also help regulate concentration of hydrogen ion (pH) in your blood. 151 When Lungs Fail Diseases or conditions of the lung fall into two classes: Those that make breathing harder Those that damage lungs ability to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen Conditions that minimize or prevent gas exchange: Pulmonary Oedema: Fluid buildup, slows down exchange Hydrogen Sulphide Poisoning: Rotten Egg Gas/H2S/Sewer Gas Smoke Inhalation: Smoke particles coat the alveoli and prevent exchange Diseased that influence mechanics of breathing: Asthma: Bronchioles constrict, reduce size of airways, makes muscles work harder Emphysema: Lungs become stiff with fibres and less elastic Bronchitis: Airways become inflamed and narrower Asbestosis: Breathing in asbestos particles Silicosis: Breathing in silica particles 152 Skin Contact Through Skin (or Eyes) Absorption through the skin is a major route for entry of toxic substances. Further problems can also arise when the skin is broken (cuts or abrasions, contact with sharps) and bacteria can enter the body. How the Skin Works Average body is covered by 2m squared of skin. Made up of cells and tissue to act as boundary. Loaded with sensors and has very tough layered design to handle realities of environment like abrasion and sunlight. 153 Injection Injection injury is where incident causes the breaking of skin. It presents same risk as using toxins with an open cut or wound which falls under both skin contact risk and injection risk. Needle-Stick Injuries Risks are due to discarded needles and other sharp objects. Allows pathogens to enter commonly resulting in an infection. Injuries should be reported and checked regularly for signs of inflammation and infections. Sometimes cuts and puncture wounds allow life-threatening pathogens to enter the body. The risk from these diseases occurs when a sharp object that has been previously contaminated with the blood of an infected person. 154 Consumption Eating or Drinking Less risk is involved in swallowing hazardous substances. People can swallow food and drink which have been contaminated with chemicals in workplace or on hands. Dust particles in air can be swallowed. Risk can be minimized by washing hands before eating and not consuming food or drink during working with hazardous substances. Illness and Disease Diseases usually develop slowly. Have regular check-ups with our doctor. Make yourself aware for biological hazards in your workplace. 155 156 Labels and placards issued by Hazchem (Hazardous Chemicals Warning Plate System) utilize a numbering system of 0 to 4 to determine the seriousness or the hazard of the substance in the three categories of: Health Flammability Reactivity 0 = Least Threat 4 = Greatest Danger 157 Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment PPE is any clothing or equipment which, when correctly worn or used, reduces exposure to foreseeable risks of injury or disease. Your first obligation is to follow good practice and procedures for safe working conditions. PPE is the last measure of control. Most effective form of hazard control is elimination. Hierarchy of Control 1. Elimination = Modifying the process, method or material to eliminate hazard 2. Substitution = Replacing the material, substance or process with less hazardous 3. Engineering = Changing work process to reduce or eliminate risk or isolate personnel from hazard by safeguarding, by space or time 4. Administration = Adjusting time or conditions or risk exposures/probation/training 5. PPE = Use appropriately designed equipment where other controls are not practicable 158 159 PPE Responsibilities What are you required to do with your PPE? 1. Follow instructions given by employers 2. Do not misuse anything provided 3. Use equipment as you have been trained 4. Wear it when you need to 5. Look after and keep it clean What is your employer required to do? 1. Provide you with PPE 2. Train you in using it properly 3. Replace equipment if broken 4. Make sure it fits you 160 When are you required to wear PPE? When you feel unsafe When supervisor/workmates tell you to When the related SDS tells you to When warning sign tells you to When there is a chance of injury PPE Around Chemicals Operators must wear PPE when performing following tasks: Mixing – Loading Cleaning & maintaining equipment Cleaning up spills Disposing of Rinsate (pesticide) Performing any activity likely to result in direct chemical contact Avoid skin and eye contact when handling chemicals. 161 Following PPE must be worn: Body wear Gloves Footwear Eye Protection Hard Hats Common form of protection against falling or protruding object. They also protect your hair and head from dust and other airborne contaminates. Wide brim hats protect worker in outdoors from UV rays along with sunscreen. Hearing Protection Earmuffs give a better overall protection for the ear than ear plugs. Both can be worn for better protection. 162 163 Eye Protection Safety glasses should be worn in the plant at all times. They have hardened lenses and sometimes wings on the arms. While working in certain circumstances, a full-face shield or hard hat with full face shield is advised. Hand Protection Leather gloves = Protect against heat, cuts, abrasions (general purpose) Long Vinyl/Rubber gloves with fabric reinforcement = chemical resistant Non-cut gloves (e.g. Kevlar) = For sharp objects e.g. glass Woven Cotton Gloves = Low resistant for hot areas (hot engine components). Anti- static 164 165 Body Protection Overalls are the best protection for the body. Fire Risk = Cotton overalls. Less likelihood of static electricity building up. Synthetic would melt and cause burns to the skin Fumes and Vapors = Synthetic fabrics are better choice, less absorbent than cotton Absorbent Materials = An overall plus an acid suit to prevent skin absorbing dangerous materials Example of PPE Clothing in Extreme Conditions Flame-resistant Nomex (Aramid fibre) garments help protect workers from flames. E.g. Firefighters, race car drivers, US military personnel, Astronauts. 166 Foot Protection Leather with Steel Toecaps = Protect toes from falling weights and hard objects Rubber Knee-Boots = Protect the feet in wet areas Anti-Static Soles = Prevent static build up when working with flammable materials. Breathing Protection Basic Cloth/Paper Mask = Protect from dust Cartridge/Canister Mask = Protect from Fumes Air Respirators 167 Machinery Always make sure that before using a piece of machinery, you are trained in how to operate it and maintain it. You must know how to stop it in an emergency. Always make sure you are wearing the appropriate protective clothing and PPE and all machine guards are in place. No loose clothing, rings, watches, dangling jewelry. Hair tied back. Do not wear metal-rimmed glasses. They become a conductor for electrical current if contact is made, same with jewelry. 168 Must operate machinery in adequate light and turn off when not in use. Never distract others who are using machinery. Machinery is not to be operated when tired or under influence of drugs or alcohol. Any defects of machinery must be reported to your supervisor or manager and the machine taken out of service. 169 Storage and Care of PPE Following PPE will be provided where chemicals are stored or handled: PVC jacket/trousers or overalls Elbow-length protective rubber of PVC gloves Chemical goggles or full-face shield PVC or rubber boots Washable hat with wide brim or safety helmet A storage cabinet shall be provided for PPE to: Protect equipment and clothing from contamination Segregate it from normal clothing 170 Care and Maintenance PPE and protective clothing should be: Cleaned after use Maintained in accordance to Australian Standards Disposed of in appropriate matter if heavily contaminated Kept separate from other clothing Laundered appropriately, separately from family washing 171 General Emergency Tools First Aid Station A First Aid Station should be provided and maintained in a clean area wherever chemicals are stored. Should comprise at minimum: Appropriate First Aid Kit Eyewash Facilities Minimum one person must be trained in first aid. Follow SDS if exposed to chemicals taken place by ingestion, inhalation, splashing onto skin/eyes. 172 Emergency Procedures You must know and understand emergency procedures in place. Procedures are written steps or detailed actions you should take in event of an emergency. Emergency Response Plan will contain: What to do in emergency Your chain of command in emergency Communication procedures Site you are working on Building you are working in Evacuation Procedure 173 In an emergency, you should: Raise the alarm Stay calm Keep yourself out of danger Do what you can to help and leave Follow instructions Go to designated assembly point Know the Plan. Be prepared. 174 Fire Safety Fire Emergencies Fire can be one of the most devastating of all industrial emergencies. Emergency Plan should include: Actions to be taken List of Contact Numbers for Emergency SDS’s ready for easy access in the event of emergency In an Emergency: Do not panic Rinse any contamination off body Seek professional medical assistance 175 Fire Hazards Three factors must be present at same time produce fire: Enough Oxygen to sustain combustion Enough heat to raise material to ignition temperature Some type of fuel or combustible material Fire = Chemical Reaction involving rapid oxidation (burning) of fuel. If you remove any of the three factors of the Fire Triangle, a fire will not start or an existing fire will be extinguished. Fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away one or more of the elements in the fire triangle. Keep fuel sources and ignition sources separate = no fire 176 Industrial Fires Can be caused by variety of hazards, including: Unprotected or faulty equipment Unsafe storage Combustible Materials Inadequate ventilation Failure to follow established safety guidelines (smoking in restricted areas) Inattention Human Error Arson Common causes are electrical faults and careless discarded smoking materials. Fire hazards are required in risk assessments. Basic Requirement: All premises meeting certain specified criteria must have a valid fire certificate issued by fire authorities. 177 Managing Fire Safety Fire Safety Management should include the following: Maintenance of security procedures and prevention of combustible material storage next to buildings Storage and use of highly flammable substances (e.g. solvents) Elimination of ignition sources (e.g. sparks, heat, naked flames) Management of dust extractor systems Maintenance of clear escape routes/exit doors Management of waste and rubbish Provision of information and training Provision and maintenance of appropriate equipment (detectors, alarms, lighting, extinguishers) Appointment of fire marshals Development of emergency procedures/drills Raising alarm and contacting emergency services 178 Fire Risk Assessment A fire risk assessment helps determine the chances of fire occurring and fire dangers your workplace poses for people who use it. 1. Identify potential hazard (Assess) 2. Decide who might be in danger 3. Evaluate risks arising from hazard & carry out necessary improvements 4. Record your findings and any actions taken and communicate to employees 5. Keep assessment under review and revise (Assess) 179 Identify Fire Hazards For a fire to occur, it needs sources of heat and fuel. If these hazards can be kept apart, removed or reduced, then the risks to people and business are minimized. Identify any Combustibles These can be divided into two main groups Combustible Fuels: Paper, wood, cardboard etc. Highly combustible fuels: Thinners Solvents, polyurethane, foam Identify any Sources of Heat All workplaces contain heat/ignition sources. Heat from chemical processes or electrical equipment may be less obvious. Identify any Unsafe Acts Determine whether people are undertaking unsafe acts, e.g. smoking next to combustible materials. 180 Identify any Unsafe Conditions Hazards that may assist a fire to spread in the workplace, e.g. open stairs, shafts, hardboard/polystyrene tiles. Identify Locations and Persons Who are at Significant Risk Consider the risk to any people who may be present. On some occasions certain people will be at special risk from fire because of their specific role, disability, location, or workplace activity. Consider matters if: Visitors or contractors are present on-site Persons are disabled (e.g. physically, visually, mentally) People are unable to react quickly People are isolated away from surface level You must consider all persons at risk. 181 Reduce & Evaluate Risks Determine If Existing Arrangements are Adequate or Need Improvement. Reduce risk by: Removing hazard altogether Reducing the hazard to the point where there is little or no risk Replacing the existing hazards with a safer alternative Segregating the hazard from the workplace Develop a prevention policy and culture to ensure hazards do not occur in workplace Preplan and introduce new processes or working practices and appropriate control measures put in place. 182 Attempt to classify each area as high, normal, or low risk. Low Risk Minimal risk to persons lives, risk of fire occurring is low or potential for fire, heat and smoke spreading is negligible and people have plenty of time to react to fire alert. Normal Risk All parts of most workplaces. Outbreak is likely to remain confined or spread slowly, with effective warning allowing persons to escape. High Risk Available time to evacuate area is reduced by speed of a fire’s development, such as where highly flammable or explosive materials are stored or used. 183 The Findings Finding of assessment and actions arising from it should be recorded including: Date assessment was made Hazards identified Any staff and other people especially at risk What actions needed to be taken and by when (Action Plan) The Conclusions arising Fire Emergency Plan The aim of emergency plan is to ensure that in event of fire, everyone is familiar with the actions they should take and workplace can be safely evacuated. Employer is responsible for preparing the plan. Training All staff should receive induction and regular training. Contractors should also be informed. 184 Aircraft Maintenance Fire Hazards Flammable Liquid Hazards Aircraft fuels, lubricants, hydraulic oil and de-icing fluids are common liquids easily ignited. Some of these fluids not only burn but give off flammable, even explosive, vapor at normal temperatures. Risk of fire is high particularly during aircraft refueling and de-fuelling operations where there is a danger of the flammable fuel vapor ignited by spark caused by static electricity discharging to earth. Leaks from aircraft breaks and neighboring hydraulic systems are also dangerous particularly If hydraulic fluid flows onto break discs made hot by heavy breaking. Drums containing flammable liquid are to be opened with non-sparking, non-ferrous tools. 185 Oxygen Fire Hazards Oxygen is essential component of any fire, and atmospheric oxygen supports combustion. Pure oxygen carried on board aircraft for emergency and therapeutic purposes can make materials which are not normally flammable burn fiercely, and combustible materials such as oils and greases can ignite in its presence. Leakage from any part of an aircraft’s oxygen system, adds risk of ignition. No oil or grease is to be applied to parts of oxygen system because of risk of explosion. Electrical Equipment Hazards Poor electrical contacts, overloaded circuits, chafed connecting cable insulation are common cause of fire in electrical equipment. Inspection and maintenance must be thorough. The use of electrical equipment in vicinity of aircraft should be avoided. Where unavoidable only approved equipment is to be used. When aircraft fuel tanks are being serviced, only form of illumination allowed is an approved explosion-proof lamp or torch 186 Naked Lights Smoking is not permitted in the vicinity of aircraft, hangers, ramp areas, fuel installations etc. Personal Electrical Equipment Hazards Personal electrical equipment such as mobiles, radios and portable entertainment devices must not be used in the vicinity of aircraft or of live aircraft equipment. Metal Fire Hazards Most metals will burn. A typical aircraft metal fire involves magnesium or aluminium castings, such as wheels, overheated by emergency breaking. Fine particles of metal or filings produced by machining in the hangar or workshop also pose a fire hazard. 187 Actions on Discovering a Fire Call for assistance Raise the alarm by breaking nearest break glass call point (red) Call the emergency telephone number and give the correct location Attack fire using correct fire extinguisher if safe Do not put yourself at risk, keep escape route clear Close all doors when leaving area Leave by nearest available fire exit Report designated fire assembly point Do not enter area where alarms are ringing continuously 188 Fire Extinguishing Tools Six classes of fire (A to F) Class A: Solids Ordinary combustible or fibrous material including: Wood Paper Fabric Coal Leather Sugar Rubber & some plastics 189 Class B: Liquid Fueled by flammable liquid including: Petrol (avgas) Kerosene (Jet Fuel) Alcohol Oil Hydraulic Fluid Paint Thinners Class C: Gas Burn Flammable gases including the following: Propane Butane Acetylene Hydrogen Natural Gas Methane 190 Class D: Combustible Metal Fueled by combustible metal including: Potassium Sodium Lithium Aluminium Magnesium Metal Swarf Class E: Live Electrical Fueled by live electrical equipment including: Computers Switchboards Power tools A fire is not Class E is electricity supply to equipment is unplugged/disconnected. 191 Class F: Fats & Oil Burn cooking oil or fat. 192 Types of Extinguishers Water Extinguisher (APW) Colour = Red Fires = Class A Only They are filled about two-thirds full with ordinary tap water and pressurized with air. Removes the heat element of the fire triangle. Never use Water Extinguisher on Electrical, Magnesium, Flammable Liquid fires Water on electrical fire may cause electrocution. Water on flammable liquid fires may splatter and spread flammable liquid. 193 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher (CO2) Colour = Red & Black Band Fires = Class E (B Limited) They have a large nozzle shield at the end of a flexible hose. C02 extinguishes the fire by displacing the air and thus removing oxygen. They also provide a limited cooling effect. They may not be suitable outdoors as the gas is affected by wind, reducing capacity to extinguish fire. When extinguishing agent dissipates, re-ignition may occur. Never use CO2 in confined spaces as it may cause asphyxiation. 194 Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers (DC) Colour = Red & White Band Fires: AB(E) = Class A, B, C, E Fires: B(E) = Class B, C, E, F Extinguishers are filled with a fine powder and pressurized by nitrogen. They extinguish a fire by smothering it, which separates the fuel from the oxygen. Special powder is available for Class D (metal) fires. 2 main dry powder chemistries in use, AB(E) & B(E). Either one may be used for Class C only after source of gas is turned off. 195 Class D Fire Extinguishers (Dry Powder) Colour = Yellow Fires = Class D Designed specifically for combustible metal fires. They are suitable for metal shop and other places where metals are heated, particularly metals in form of machined swarf or powder. Dry Powder = M28. This Extinguisher is based on sodium chloride treated with flow and moisture-repellent additives. Heat from fire causes the powder to cake and form a crust, excluding air and dissipating heat from burning metal. M28 is not suitable for burning lithium. 196 Foam Extinguishers (AFFF) Colour = Red & Blue Band Fires = Class A & B Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) provides good ‘flame knock down’. Once fire is out, it will not readily restart because of the sealing effect of foam. It smothers the fire and seals it from oxygen. Materials burning determine the technique to be used: Fires involving Solids Point jet at base of flames and keep It moving across the area of fire. Fire involving Liquids Do not aim jet straight on liquid. Where the liquid on fire is in a container, point jet at the inside edge of container or on nearby surface above burning liquid. Allow foam to build up across liquid. Alcohol and Acetone = Requires special foam (AFFF contains water) Must not be used on electrical fires (AFFF contains water) 197 Wet Chemical Extinguishers Colour = Red & Oatmeal/Gold Band Fires = Class A, F Ideal for fires involving cooking oils and fats. Extremely effective as wet chemical rapidly knocks the flames out, cools the oil burning and chemically reacts to form a soap-like solution, sealing the surface preventing re-ignition. Gentle application helps prevent oil splashing onto user. Also suitable for freely burning materials (Class A) such as wood, paper and fabrics. Contains Water. Must not ever be used on electrical fires. 198 Vaporizing Liquid Extinguishers (Halotron) Colour = Red & Yellow Band Fires = Class A, E Expels jet of rapidly evaporating liquid upon contact with heat of fire. Effect is to smother the fire and cool area making re-ignition less likely. Halon/BCF banned for use in buildings because of its very powerful ozone- depleting properties. In aviation sole remaining use of BCF is in fire extinguishers carried inside the aircraft. Halotron (HCFC) is permitted for ground use, safe for the environment. Pressurized inside the extinguisher cylinder using argon gas. Leaves no residue and its electrically nonconductive. Intended for us in computer rooms, server rooms. Lack of residue is a major advantage for class E fire. Damaged cause by dry powder extinguish and release in a server room may be more expensive to rectify. 199 200 Fire Blankets Safety device designed to extinguish incipient (starting) fires. Consists of a sheet of fire- retardant material (usually woven glass fibre) placed over a fire to smother it by blocking oxygen to access fire. Used on Class F fires. These non-flammable blankets are helpful in temperatures up to 900 degrees F. Due to its simplicity, a fire blanket may be more helpful for someone who is inexperienced with fire extinguishers. 201 Fire Extinguisher Locations and Signage Identify extinguisher locations quickly and easily in case of fire. Location will have a generic sign. 202 Fire Hose Location 203 Fire Extinguisher Usage PASS = Pull Aim Squeeze Sweep Stand approximately 3m from the fire and squeeze the handle to discharge the extinguisher. If you release the handle, the discharge will stop. 204 Using a Foam Fire Extinguisher When using a foam (AFFF) extinguisher to extinguish a burning liquid (e.g. avgas, avtur), spray the foam stream against a backing wall and allow the foam to spread forward over the fire, smothering it. Do not spray the foam directly onto the liquid. This may cause splashing and the fire may increase in intensity and spread. 205 Using Carbon Dioxide Dire Extinguisher Give a short burst before applying extinguishing agent to clear the nozzle and ensure serviceability CO2 extinguishers are affected by wind. The fire may re-ignite after CO2 dissipates and then a flammable situation still exists. Using a Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher Give a short burst before applying extinguishing agent to clear the nozzle and ensure serviceability. Dry Chemical Powder leaves significant residue, necessitating clean-up. Rules for Responding to a Fire Evacuation is mandatory. The primary purpose of fighting fire is to minimize damage to valuable property. Preserving life is more important so fighting fire is optional while raising the alarm and initiating evacuation. 206 After Discovering the Fire